Which Travel Package Makes People Happier? Cultural Or 3s
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 389 - 405, 30.10.2023
Zeynep Albayrak
,
Dilek Atçı
Öz
Happiness is one of the central concerns of many disciplines and also one of the most controversial topics of all time. Researches show there are many factors that affect happiness. Traveling is considered as one of these factors. This study aims to determine whether traveling for vacation makes significant difference on the level of happiness and which tour package affects happiness most. The study has a quasi-experimental and longitudinal design. Experimental group consisted of two sub-groups that included individuals who took a cultural tour or sea, sun and sand tour, and the control group consisted of contributors who did not travel for vacation in the last 6 months and had no vacation plans in the next 6 months. The questionnaire was applied to the experimental group (and control group at the same time) 15 days before and 15 days, 2 months and 6 months after the vacation. As a result of the analyses, it was verified that the level of happiness does not change depending on demographic factors, but the study revealed that traveling for vacation has an effect on the level of happiness that lasts longer than 2 months. Results show happiness level of the experimental group was higher than the control group, and traveling for vacation really increased the level of happiness. Between the two different tour packages tourists participating in cultural tours have greater level of happiness.
Etik Beyan
Mersin Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Etik Kurulu 19/09/2019 tarih 025 no.lu kararı
Kaynakça
- Ağca, Y., and Aksoy, H. (2017). A Study on the Determination of the Relationship Between the Vacation and Happiness. The Journal of Social Sciences, 4(16), 248-258.
- Aktaş Polat, S. (2016). Tourism and tourist psychology. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Baiocco, R., Verrastro, V., Fontanesi, L., Ferrara, M. P., & Pistella, J. (2019). The contributions of self-esttem, loneliness, and friendship to children’s happiness: The roles of gender and age. Child Indicators Research, 12, 1413-1433.
- Bargemon, B., Joh, C.-H, Timmermans, H. (2002). Vacation behavior using a sequence aligment method. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 320-337.
- Bimonte, S., Faralla, V. (2012). Tourist types and happiness a comparative study in Maremma, Italy. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 1929-1950.
- Bimonte, S., Faralla, V. (2015). Happiness and outdoor vacations appreciative versus consumptive tourists. Journal of Travel Research,54 (2), 179-192.
- Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being. Oxford: Aldine.
- Buckley, R. (2020). Nature Tourism and Mental Health: Parks, Happiness and Causation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(9), 1409-1424.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2023). Experimental Patterns. Pretest-Posttest Control Group Pattern and Data Analysis Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık
- Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measure of well-being. American Psychologist, 31(2), 117-124.
- Can, A. (2019). Quantitative Data Analysis in Scientific Research Process with SPSS. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
- Chen, Y. (2011). The effect of vacation on travelers’ subjective well-being. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
- Chen, Y., Lehto, X. Y. Cai, L. (2013). Vacation and well-being: a study of chinese tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 284-310.
- Chen, Y., Fu, X, Lehto, X. Y.(2016). Chinese tourist vacation satisfaction and subjective well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1), 49-64.
- Corvo, P. (2011). The pursuit of happiness and the globalized tourist. Social Indicators Reseach, 102(1), 93-97.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2008). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper &Row.
- Çakıroğlu Çevik, A. (2016). The Status of Women in Turkey in the Framework of the Relationship between Quality of Life and Happiness. Woman 2000-Journal of Woman Studies, 17(2), 133-160.
- Dann, G. M. S. (2002). Senior tourism and quality of life. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 9(1-2), 5-19.
De Bloom, J., Kompier, M., Geurts, S., De Weerth, C., Taris, T., Sonnentag, S. (2009). Do we recover from vacation? Meta-anaylsis of vacation effects on health and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health, 51(1), 13-25.
- De Bloom, J., Geurts, S. A. E., Taris, T. W., Sonnentag, S., De Weerth, C., Kompier, M. A. J. (2010). Effects of vacation from work on health and well-being: lots of fun, quickly gone. Work& Stress,24(2), 196-216.
- De Bloom,J., Geurts, S., Kompier, M. (2011). Vacation from work as prototypical recovery opportunity. Gedrag en Organisatie, 23(4), 333-349.
- Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being andill-being. Journal of Happiness Studies,7(4), 397-404.
- Emmons, R. A., McCullough, M., E. (2003). Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-being in Daily Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
- Etzion, D. (2003). Annual vacation: Duration of relief from job stres or sand burnout. Anxiety Stress&Coping,16(2), 213-226.
- Gilbert, D., Abdullah, J. (2002). A study of impact of the expectation of a holiday on an individual’s sense of well-being. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8(4), 352-361.
- Gilbert, D., Abdullah, J. (2004). Holidaytaking and the sense of well-being. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 103-121.
- Güner, F. (2019). Determinants of Emotional Well-being in the Workplace and Its Effect on Prosocial Service Behavior and Intention to Leave: A Research on Bank Employees. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur.
- Ha, S. E., Kim, S. (2013). Personality and subjective well-being: Evidence from South Korea. Social Indicators Research, 111, 341-359.
- Haidt, J. (2014). The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom.New York: Basic Books.
- Hefferon, K., & Boniwell, I. (2011). Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. London: McGraw-Hill.
- Hobson, J.S.P., Dietrich, U. C. (1995). Tourism, health and quality of life. Journal of Travel& Tourism Marketing, 3(4), 21-38.
- Kabadayı, T. (2013). Arisotle: on virtue education. Pamukkale University Journal of The Institute of Social Sciences, 14, 77-84.
- Klein, S. (2014). The Happiness Formula. Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınevi.
- Kühnel, J., Sonnentag, S. (2011). How long do you benefit from vacation? A closer look at the fade-out of vacation effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 125-143.
- Lin, Y.-S., Huang, W.-S., Yang, C.-T., Chiang, M.-J. (2014). Work-leisure conflict and its associations with well-being: The roles of social support, leisure participation and job burnout. Tourism Management, 45, 244-252.
- Liu, K. (2013). Happiness and tourism. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(11), 67-70.
- Lu, L., Hu, C.-H. (2005). Personality, leisure experiences and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies,6, 325-342.
- Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happines lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.
- Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131.
- Lyubomirsky, S., Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being?.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57-62.
- Lyubomirsky, S. (2019). The how of happiness. A scientific approach to getting the life you want. London: Penguin publishing group.
- Marques, C., da Silva, R.V., Antova, S. (2021). Image, Satisfaction, Destination and Product Post-Visit Behaviours: How do They Relate in Emerging Destinations, Tourism Management, 1-12.
- McCabe, S., Johnson, S. (2013). The happiness factor in tourism: Subjective well-being and social tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 42-65.
- Milman, A. (1998). The impact of tourism and travel experience on senior travelers’ psychological well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 166-170.
- Nawijn, J. (2010). The holiday happiness curve: Apreliminary investigation into mood during a holiday abroad. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12, 281-290.
- Nawijn, J., Peeters, P. M. (2010). Traveling ‘green’: is tourists’ happiness at stake? Current Issues in Tourism, 13(4), 381-392.
- Nawijn, J., Marchand, M. A., Veenhoven, R., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2010). Vacationers happier, but most not happier after a holiday. Applied Research Quality Life, 5, 35-47.
- Nawijn, J. (2011). Happiness through vacationing: Just a temporary boost or long-term benefits? Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 651-665.
- Nawijn, J., Veenhoven, R. (2011). The effect of leisure activities on life satisfaction. In I. Bardar (Ed.). The Human pursuit of well- being: A cultural approach (pp: 39-53). Berlin: Springer Science+ Business Media.
- Nawijn, J. Veenhoven, R. (2013). Happiness through leisure. In T. Freire (Ed). Positive Leisure Science: From Subjective Experience to Social Contexts, (pp: 193-209). Dordrecht, Springer Science+Business Media.
- Okwaraji, F. E., Nduanya, C. U., Okorie, A., & Eke Okechukwu, H. (2017). Personality traits, happiness, and life satisfaction, in a sample of Nigerian adolescents. The Journal of Medical Research, 3 (6), 284-289.
- Peng, J., Yang, X., Fu, S., Huan, T.C. (2023). Exploring the Influence of Tourists’ Happiness on Revisit Intention in the Context of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultural Tourism. Tourism Management, 94, 1-17.
- Rossouw S., Greyling T., Adhikari T. (2021). The Evolution of Happiness Pre and Peri-COVID-19: A Markov Switching Dynamic Regression Model, PLoS ONE 16(12), 1-17.
- Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2001). On happines and Human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
- Servidio, R., Ruffolo, I. (2016). Exploring the relationship between Emotions and memorable tourism experiences through Narratives. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 151-160.
- Sheldon, K. M., Lyubomirsky, S. (2006b). Achieving sustainable gain in happiness: change your actions, not your circumstances. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 55-86.
- Sirgy, J. M. (2010). Toward a quality-of-life theory of leisure travel satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 49(2), 246-260.
- Stanton-Rich, H. M., Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1998). Burnout and leisure. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,28 (21), 1931-1950.
- Su, L., Tang, B., Nawijn, J. (2020). Eudamonic and Hedonic Well-being Pattern Changes: Intensity and Activity. Annals of Tourism Research, 84 (2020), 1-14.
- Terzi, Y. (2019). Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences, 19 Mayıs University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Statistic Department.
- Wang, R., Dai, M., Ou, Y., Ma, X. (2021). Residents’ Happiness of Life in Rural Tourism Development. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, 1-11.
- Westman, M., Etzion, D. (2001). The impact of vacation and job stres on burnout and absenteeism. Psychology &Health, 16(5), 595-606.
- Wu, B., Zhu, H., Xu, X. (2000). Trends in China’s domestic tourism development at the turn of the century. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(5), 296-299.
- Zevnik, L. (2014). Critical perspectives in happines research: The birth of modern happiness. Springer International.
Which Travel Package Makes People Happier? Cultural Or 3s
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 20 Sayı: 3, 389 - 405, 30.10.2023
Zeynep Albayrak
,
Dilek Atçı
Öz
Happiness is one of the central concerns of many disciplines and also one of the most controversial topics of all time. Researches show there are many factors that affect happiness. Traveling is considered as one of these factors. This study aims to determine whether traveling for vacation makes significant difference on the level of happiness and which tour package affects happiness most. The study has a quasi-experimental and longitudinal design. Experimental group consisted of two sub-groups that included individuals who took a cultural tour or sea, sun and sand tour, and the control group consisted of contributors who did not travel for vacation in the last 6 months and had no vacation plans in the next 6 months. The questionnaire was applied to the experimental group (and control group at the same time) 15 days before and 15 days, 2 months and 6 months after the vacation. As a result of the analyses, it was verified that the level of happiness does not change depending on demographic factors, but the study revealed that traveling for vacation has an effect on the level of happiness that lasts longer than 2 months. Results show happiness level of the experimental group was higher than the control group, and traveling for vacation really increased the level of happiness. Between the two different tour packages tourists participating in cultural tours have greater level of happiness.
Kaynakça
- Ağca, Y., and Aksoy, H. (2017). A Study on the Determination of the Relationship Between the Vacation and Happiness. The Journal of Social Sciences, 4(16), 248-258.
- Aktaş Polat, S. (2016). Tourism and tourist psychology. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Baiocco, R., Verrastro, V., Fontanesi, L., Ferrara, M. P., & Pistella, J. (2019). The contributions of self-esttem, loneliness, and friendship to children’s happiness: The roles of gender and age. Child Indicators Research, 12, 1413-1433.
- Bargemon, B., Joh, C.-H, Timmermans, H. (2002). Vacation behavior using a sequence aligment method. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(2), 320-337.
- Bimonte, S., Faralla, V. (2012). Tourist types and happiness a comparative study in Maremma, Italy. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 1929-1950.
- Bimonte, S., Faralla, V. (2015). Happiness and outdoor vacations appreciative versus consumptive tourists. Journal of Travel Research,54 (2), 179-192.
- Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being. Oxford: Aldine.
- Buckley, R. (2020). Nature Tourism and Mental Health: Parks, Happiness and Causation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(9), 1409-1424.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2023). Experimental Patterns. Pretest-Posttest Control Group Pattern and Data Analysis Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık
- Campbell, A. (1976). Subjective measure of well-being. American Psychologist, 31(2), 117-124.
- Can, A. (2019). Quantitative Data Analysis in Scientific Research Process with SPSS. Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
- Chen, Y. (2011). The effect of vacation on travelers’ subjective well-being. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
- Chen, Y., Lehto, X. Y. Cai, L. (2013). Vacation and well-being: a study of chinese tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 42, 284-310.
- Chen, Y., Fu, X, Lehto, X. Y.(2016). Chinese tourist vacation satisfaction and subjective well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11(1), 49-64.
- Corvo, P. (2011). The pursuit of happiness and the globalized tourist. Social Indicators Reseach, 102(1), 93-97.
- Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2008). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper &Row.
- Çakıroğlu Çevik, A. (2016). The Status of Women in Turkey in the Framework of the Relationship between Quality of Life and Happiness. Woman 2000-Journal of Woman Studies, 17(2), 133-160.
- Dann, G. M. S. (2002). Senior tourism and quality of life. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 9(1-2), 5-19.
De Bloom, J., Kompier, M., Geurts, S., De Weerth, C., Taris, T., Sonnentag, S. (2009). Do we recover from vacation? Meta-anaylsis of vacation effects on health and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health, 51(1), 13-25.
- De Bloom, J., Geurts, S. A. E., Taris, T. W., Sonnentag, S., De Weerth, C., Kompier, M. A. J. (2010). Effects of vacation from work on health and well-being: lots of fun, quickly gone. Work& Stress,24(2), 196-216.
- De Bloom,J., Geurts, S., Kompier, M. (2011). Vacation from work as prototypical recovery opportunity. Gedrag en Organisatie, 23(4), 333-349.
- Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being andill-being. Journal of Happiness Studies,7(4), 397-404.
- Emmons, R. A., McCullough, M., E. (2003). Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-being in Daily Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
- Etzion, D. (2003). Annual vacation: Duration of relief from job stres or sand burnout. Anxiety Stress&Coping,16(2), 213-226.
- Gilbert, D., Abdullah, J. (2002). A study of impact of the expectation of a holiday on an individual’s sense of well-being. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8(4), 352-361.
- Gilbert, D., Abdullah, J. (2004). Holidaytaking and the sense of well-being. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 103-121.
- Güner, F. (2019). Determinants of Emotional Well-being in the Workplace and Its Effect on Prosocial Service Behavior and Intention to Leave: A Research on Bank Employees. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur.
- Ha, S. E., Kim, S. (2013). Personality and subjective well-being: Evidence from South Korea. Social Indicators Research, 111, 341-359.
- Haidt, J. (2014). The Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom.New York: Basic Books.
- Hefferon, K., & Boniwell, I. (2011). Positive psychology: Theory, research and applications. London: McGraw-Hill.
- Hobson, J.S.P., Dietrich, U. C. (1995). Tourism, health and quality of life. Journal of Travel& Tourism Marketing, 3(4), 21-38.
- Kabadayı, T. (2013). Arisotle: on virtue education. Pamukkale University Journal of The Institute of Social Sciences, 14, 77-84.
- Klein, S. (2014). The Happiness Formula. Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınevi.
- Kühnel, J., Sonnentag, S. (2011). How long do you benefit from vacation? A closer look at the fade-out of vacation effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 125-143.
- Lin, Y.-S., Huang, W.-S., Yang, C.-T., Chiang, M.-J. (2014). Work-leisure conflict and its associations with well-being: The roles of social support, leisure participation and job burnout. Tourism Management, 45, 244-252.
- Liu, K. (2013). Happiness and tourism. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(11), 67-70.
- Lu, L., Hu, C.-H. (2005). Personality, leisure experiences and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies,6, 325-342.
- Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happines lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131(6), 803-855.
- Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131.
- Lyubomirsky, S., Layous, K. (2013). How do simple positive activities increase well-being?.Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57-62.
- Lyubomirsky, S. (2019). The how of happiness. A scientific approach to getting the life you want. London: Penguin publishing group.
- Marques, C., da Silva, R.V., Antova, S. (2021). Image, Satisfaction, Destination and Product Post-Visit Behaviours: How do They Relate in Emerging Destinations, Tourism Management, 1-12.
- McCabe, S., Johnson, S. (2013). The happiness factor in tourism: Subjective well-being and social tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 41, 42-65.
- Milman, A. (1998). The impact of tourism and travel experience on senior travelers’ psychological well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 166-170.
- Nawijn, J. (2010). The holiday happiness curve: Apreliminary investigation into mood during a holiday abroad. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12, 281-290.
- Nawijn, J., Peeters, P. M. (2010). Traveling ‘green’: is tourists’ happiness at stake? Current Issues in Tourism, 13(4), 381-392.
- Nawijn, J., Marchand, M. A., Veenhoven, R., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2010). Vacationers happier, but most not happier after a holiday. Applied Research Quality Life, 5, 35-47.
- Nawijn, J. (2011). Happiness through vacationing: Just a temporary boost or long-term benefits? Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 651-665.
- Nawijn, J., Veenhoven, R. (2011). The effect of leisure activities on life satisfaction. In I. Bardar (Ed.). The Human pursuit of well- being: A cultural approach (pp: 39-53). Berlin: Springer Science+ Business Media.
- Nawijn, J. Veenhoven, R. (2013). Happiness through leisure. In T. Freire (Ed). Positive Leisure Science: From Subjective Experience to Social Contexts, (pp: 193-209). Dordrecht, Springer Science+Business Media.
- Okwaraji, F. E., Nduanya, C. U., Okorie, A., & Eke Okechukwu, H. (2017). Personality traits, happiness, and life satisfaction, in a sample of Nigerian adolescents. The Journal of Medical Research, 3 (6), 284-289.
- Peng, J., Yang, X., Fu, S., Huan, T.C. (2023). Exploring the Influence of Tourists’ Happiness on Revisit Intention in the Context of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultural Tourism. Tourism Management, 94, 1-17.
- Rossouw S., Greyling T., Adhikari T. (2021). The Evolution of Happiness Pre and Peri-COVID-19: A Markov Switching Dynamic Regression Model, PLoS ONE 16(12), 1-17.
- Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L. (2001). On happines and Human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141-166.
- Servidio, R., Ruffolo, I. (2016). Exploring the relationship between Emotions and memorable tourism experiences through Narratives. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 151-160.
- Sheldon, K. M., Lyubomirsky, S. (2006b). Achieving sustainable gain in happiness: change your actions, not your circumstances. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 55-86.
- Sirgy, J. M. (2010). Toward a quality-of-life theory of leisure travel satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 49(2), 246-260.
- Stanton-Rich, H. M., Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1998). Burnout and leisure. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,28 (21), 1931-1950.
- Su, L., Tang, B., Nawijn, J. (2020). Eudamonic and Hedonic Well-being Pattern Changes: Intensity and Activity. Annals of Tourism Research, 84 (2020), 1-14.
- Terzi, Y. (2019). Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences, 19 Mayıs University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Statistic Department.
- Wang, R., Dai, M., Ou, Y., Ma, X. (2021). Residents’ Happiness of Life in Rural Tourism Development. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 20, 1-11.
- Westman, M., Etzion, D. (2001). The impact of vacation and job stres on burnout and absenteeism. Psychology &Health, 16(5), 595-606.
- Wu, B., Zhu, H., Xu, X. (2000). Trends in China’s domestic tourism development at the turn of the century. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(5), 296-299.
- Zevnik, L. (2014). Critical perspectives in happines research: The birth of modern happiness. Springer International.