Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 77 - 91, 21.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21657/soilst.1408051

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Al-Adari, A. (2020). Lectures in soil science. University of Baghdad.
  • Al Obaidy, A. & Al Mashhadi, A. J. (2013). Heavy metal contaminations in urban soil within Baghdad City, Iraq. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.41008
  • Alloway, B. J. (2012). Sources of heavy metals and metalloids in soils. In B. J. Alloway (Ed.), Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability (3rd ed., pp. 11–50). Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7
  • Blake, G. R. & Hardge, K. H. (1986). Bulk Density. In A. Klute. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods (1st ed. pp. 363–375). American Society of Agronomy-Soil Science Society of America. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13
  • Brady, N. C. (1984). The Nature and Properties of Soils. New York, USA. Macmillan.
  • Brady, J.P., Ayoko, G.A., Martens, W.N. & Goonetilleke, A. (2015). Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(5), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4563-x
  • Bruand, A., Hartmann, C. & Lesturgez, G. (2005). Physical properties of tropical sandy soils: A large range of behaviours. In C. Braund, A. And Hartmann (Ed.), Management of Tropical Sandy Soils for Sustainable Agriculture, A holistic approach for sustainable development of problem soils, Thailand. (pp. 20–25).
  • Brümmer, G. W., Gerth, J. & Herms, U. (1986). Heavy metal species, mobility and availability in soils. Zeitschrift Für Pflanzenernährung Und Bodenkunde, 149(4), 382–398. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19861490404
  • Cachada, A., Rocha-Santos, T. & Duarte, A. C. (2018). Soil and pollution: an introduction to the main issues. In A. Cachada (Ed.), Soil pollution (pp. 1–28). Academic Pre. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-849873-600001-7
  • Chaudhari, P.R., Ahire, D.V., Ahire, V.D., Chkravarty, M. & Maity, S. (2013). Soil bulk density as related to soil texture, organic matter content and available total nutrients of Coimbatore soil. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(2), 1–8.
  • Chen, T., Zheng, Y., Lei, M., Huang, Z., Wu, H., Chen, H., Fan, K., Yu, K., Wu, X., & Tian, Q. (2005). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere, 60, 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.072
  • Erşahin, S. (1999). Aluviyal bir tarlada bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özelliklerinin uzaysal (Spatial) değişkenliğinin belirlenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(19), 23–32. https://doi.org/https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12881/9671
  • Gee, G. & Bouder, J. (1986). Particle Size Analysis. In A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods (pp. 383–411). American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. https://doi.org/10.12691/env-3-5-3
  • Gonzalez, A. E., Rodriguez, M. T., Sanchez, J. C. J., Espinosa, A. J. F. & De la Rosa, F. J. B. (2000). Assessment of metals in sediments in a tributary of Guadalquivir river (Spain), heavy metal partitioning and relation between the water and the sediment system. Water, Air Soil Pollution, 121, 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005203012514
  • Gunarathne, V., Rajakaruna, N., Gunarathne, U., Biswas, J.K., Raposo, Z.A., & Vithanage, M. (2019). Influence of soil water content and soil amendments on trace metal release and seedling growth in serpentine soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 19(2), 3908–3921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02349-9
  • Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Resources, 14, 975-1001 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
  • He, Y., Peng, C., Zhang, Y., Guo, Z., Xiao, X. & Kong, L. (2022). Comparison of metals in urban soil and dust in cities of China: characteristics and health risks. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20, 2247–2258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010733
  • Holpp, M., Anken, T., Rek, J., Reiser, R., Oberholzer, H., Weisskopf, P. & Hensel, O. (2010). Controlled traffic farming under Central European conditions. In International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geothecnical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105288
  • Hu, B., Shao, S., Ni, H., Fu, Z., Hu, L., Zhou, Y. & Shi, Z. (2020). Current status, spatial features, health risks, and potential driving factors of soil heavy metal pollution in China at province level. Environmental Pollution, 266, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114961
  • Huang, J. & Hartemink, A. E. (2020). Soil and environmental issues in sandy soils. Earth-Science Reviews, 2, 103–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103295
  • Imperato, M., Adamo, P., Naimo, D., Arienzo, M., Stanzione, D. & Violante, P. (2003). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 124, 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00478-5
  • Ismail, Z. (2010). Measurement of the concentrations of lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium and uranium in the soil of some areas of Maysan Governorate. University of Baghdad. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2011.8.1.39-43
  • Ittihad, A. (1989). A study on field capacity and the permanent wilting point of soils in some areas on the outskirts of Baghdad. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Baghdad University, 1, 109. https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1F.14Ms-2022-06-29
  • Izol, E. & Inik, O. (2022). Topraktaki Ağır Metallerin Güncel Analiz Yöntemleri. European Journal of Science and Technology, 36, 116–120. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1111496
  • Jackson, D.R. & Watson, A. P. (1977). Disruption of nutrient pools and transport of heavy metals in a forested watershed near a lead smelter. Soil Science Society of America, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1977.00472425000600040001x
  • Kabata Pendias, A. (2001). Trace metals in soils-a current issue in Poland. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, Prace Botaniczne, 79, 13–20.
  • Klute, A. (1986). Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods. In Methods of soil analysis. (2nd edn. M, p. 188). ASA and SSSA.
  • Kowalska, J.B., Mazurek, R., Gąsiorek, M. & Zaleski, T. (2018). Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination-a review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(6), 2395–2420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z
  • Krishna, A. K. & Mohan, K. R. (2016). Distribution, correlation, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface soils around an industrial area, Hyderabad, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(5), 411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5151-7
  • Kumar, P., Morawska, L., Martani, C., Biskos, G., Neophytou, M., Di Sabatino, S. & Britter, R. (2015). The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities. Environment International, 75, 199-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.019
  • Lee, C.S.L., Li, X., Shi, W., Cheung, S.C.N. & Thornton, I. (2006). Metal contamination in urban, suburban, and country park soils of Hong Kong: based on GIS and multivariate statistics. Science of the Total Environment, 356(1-3), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.024
  • Lindsay, W. L. (1979). Chemical equiliberia of soils. Vol I. John Wiley and Sons Publishing. Newyork. Luo, X. S., Ding, J., Xu, B., Wang, Y. J., Li, H. B. & Yu, S. (2012). Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils. Science of the Total Environment, 424, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.053
  • Ma, L.Q. & Rao, G. N. (1997). Chemical fractionation of cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc in contaminated soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 26(1), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600010036x
  • Metin, S.Ü. (2010). Bursa ovası aluviyal, koluviyal ve vertisol grubu tarım topraklarının ağır metal kirliliği yönünden incelenmesi. Uludağ University. http://hdl.handle.net/11452/8363
  • Mulla, D., & McBratney, A. B. (2001). Soil spatial variability. In A. W. Warrick (Ed.), Soil physics companion (pp. 343–370). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Muller, G. (1969). Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Journal of Geology, 2(3), 108–118.
  • Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., & Kccney, D. K. (1982). Chemical and Mierobiologieal Properties. In Methods of Soil Analysis. ASA, SSSA, Agronomy Series No: 9.
  • Pan, J., Plant, J. A., Voulvoulis, N., Oates, C. J. A & Ihlenfeld, C. (2010). Cadmium levels in Europe: implications for human health. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9273-2
  • Peng, C., Ouyang, Z., Wang, M., Chen, W., Li, X., & Crittenden, J. C. (2013). Assessing the combined risks of PAHs and metals in urban soils by urbanization indicators. Environmental Pollution, 178, 426-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.058
  • Peris, M., Recatalá, L., Micó, C., Sánchez, R. & Sánchez, J. (2008). Increasing the knowledge of heavy metal contents and sources in agricultural soils of the European Mediterranean region. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 192(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9631-1
  • Rhoades, J. D. (1982). Determining soil salinity from measurements of electrical conductivity, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 21, 861–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629009368347
  • Robertson, A., Overpeck, J., Rind, D., Mosley-Thompson, E., Zielinski, G., Lean, J., Koch, D., Penner, J., Tegen, I. & Healy, R. (2001). Hypothesized climate forcing time series last 500 years. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 14783–14803. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900469
  • Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. & Webb, J. S. (1981). Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. Elsevier Publishing.
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Assessment of ecological risk potential in metal-contaminated soils of Baghdad city, Iraq

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2, 77 - 91, 21.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21657/soilst.1408051

Öz

Metal pollution in the soil leads to the deterioration of agricultural production by negatively affecting the all properties of the soil. Because the more than 7 million people living in and the old military camp was used as residence by poor families after the war of 2003, Baghdad city has a risk factor from metal pollution. With this aim, metal pollution in the soil of Baghdad city was studied. Three different sites (farm, camp, and park) were selected. Ten soil samples were taken randomly from 0-15 cm depth on each of the sites. Concentrations of metals [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni)] of soil samples were measured using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). Basic soil properties such as texture class and pH were measured on the disturbed samples. Concentrations increased Cr

Kaynakça

  • Al-Adari, A. (2020). Lectures in soil science. University of Baghdad.
  • Al Obaidy, A. & Al Mashhadi, A. J. (2013). Heavy metal contaminations in urban soil within Baghdad City, Iraq. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.41008
  • Alloway, B. J. (2012). Sources of heavy metals and metalloids in soils. In B. J. Alloway (Ed.), Heavy metals in soils: trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability (3rd ed., pp. 11–50). Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4470-7
  • Blake, G. R. & Hardge, K. H. (1986). Bulk Density. In A. Klute. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods (1st ed. pp. 363–375). American Society of Agronomy-Soil Science Society of America. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c13
  • Brady, N. C. (1984). The Nature and Properties of Soils. New York, USA. Macmillan.
  • Brady, J.P., Ayoko, G.A., Martens, W.N. & Goonetilleke, A. (2015). Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(5), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4563-x
  • Bruand, A., Hartmann, C. & Lesturgez, G. (2005). Physical properties of tropical sandy soils: A large range of behaviours. In C. Braund, A. And Hartmann (Ed.), Management of Tropical Sandy Soils for Sustainable Agriculture, A holistic approach for sustainable development of problem soils, Thailand. (pp. 20–25).
  • Brümmer, G. W., Gerth, J. & Herms, U. (1986). Heavy metal species, mobility and availability in soils. Zeitschrift Für Pflanzenernährung Und Bodenkunde, 149(4), 382–398. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.19861490404
  • Cachada, A., Rocha-Santos, T. & Duarte, A. C. (2018). Soil and pollution: an introduction to the main issues. In A. Cachada (Ed.), Soil pollution (pp. 1–28). Academic Pre. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-849873-600001-7
  • Chaudhari, P.R., Ahire, D.V., Ahire, V.D., Chkravarty, M. & Maity, S. (2013). Soil bulk density as related to soil texture, organic matter content and available total nutrients of Coimbatore soil. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 3(2), 1–8.
  • Chen, T., Zheng, Y., Lei, M., Huang, Z., Wu, H., Chen, H., Fan, K., Yu, K., Wu, X., & Tian, Q. (2005). Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing, China. Chemosphere, 60, 542–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.12.072
  • Erşahin, S. (1999). Aluviyal bir tarlada bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal toprak özelliklerinin uzaysal (Spatial) değişkenliğinin belirlenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(19), 23–32. https://doi.org/https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12881/9671
  • Gee, G. & Bouder, J. (1986). Particle Size Analysis. In A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods (pp. 383–411). American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America. https://doi.org/10.12691/env-3-5-3
  • Gonzalez, A. E., Rodriguez, M. T., Sanchez, J. C. J., Espinosa, A. J. F. & De la Rosa, F. J. B. (2000). Assessment of metals in sediments in a tributary of Guadalquivir river (Spain), heavy metal partitioning and relation between the water and the sediment system. Water, Air Soil Pollution, 121, 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005203012514
  • Gunarathne, V., Rajakaruna, N., Gunarathne, U., Biswas, J.K., Raposo, Z.A., & Vithanage, M. (2019). Influence of soil water content and soil amendments on trace metal release and seedling growth in serpentine soil. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 19(2), 3908–3921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-019-02349-9
  • Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Resources, 14, 975-1001 https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
  • He, Y., Peng, C., Zhang, Y., Guo, Z., Xiao, X. & Kong, L. (2022). Comparison of metals in urban soil and dust in cities of China: characteristics and health risks. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20, 2247–2258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010733
  • Holpp, M., Anken, T., Rek, J., Reiser, R., Oberholzer, H., Weisskopf, P. & Hensel, O. (2010). Controlled traffic farming under Central European conditions. In International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geothecnical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105288
  • Hu, B., Shao, S., Ni, H., Fu, Z., Hu, L., Zhou, Y. & Shi, Z. (2020). Current status, spatial features, health risks, and potential driving factors of soil heavy metal pollution in China at province level. Environmental Pollution, 266, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114961
  • Huang, J. & Hartemink, A. E. (2020). Soil and environmental issues in sandy soils. Earth-Science Reviews, 2, 103–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103295
  • Imperato, M., Adamo, P., Naimo, D., Arienzo, M., Stanzione, D. & Violante, P. (2003). Spatial distribution of heavy metals in urban soils of Naples city (Italy). Environmental Pollution, 124, 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00478-5
  • Ismail, Z. (2010). Measurement of the concentrations of lead, cadmium, nickel, chromium and uranium in the soil of some areas of Maysan Governorate. University of Baghdad. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2011.8.1.39-43
  • Ittihad, A. (1989). A study on field capacity and the permanent wilting point of soils in some areas on the outskirts of Baghdad. Journal of the College of Agriculture, Baghdad University, 1, 109. https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.1F.14Ms-2022-06-29
  • Izol, E. & Inik, O. (2022). Topraktaki Ağır Metallerin Güncel Analiz Yöntemleri. European Journal of Science and Technology, 36, 116–120. https://doi.org/10.31590/ejosat.1111496
  • Jackson, D.R. & Watson, A. P. (1977). Disruption of nutrient pools and transport of heavy metals in a forested watershed near a lead smelter. Soil Science Society of America, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1977.00472425000600040001x
  • Kabata Pendias, A. (2001). Trace metals in soils-a current issue in Poland. Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, Prace Botaniczne, 79, 13–20.
  • Klute, A. (1986). Part 1: Physical and mineralogical methods. In Methods of soil analysis. (2nd edn. M, p. 188). ASA and SSSA.
  • Kowalska, J.B., Mazurek, R., Gąsiorek, M. & Zaleski, T. (2018). Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination-a review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(6), 2395–2420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z
  • Krishna, A. K. & Mohan, K. R. (2016). Distribution, correlation, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface soils around an industrial area, Hyderabad, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75(5), 411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5151-7
  • Kumar, P., Morawska, L., Martani, C., Biskos, G., Neophytou, M., Di Sabatino, S. & Britter, R. (2015). The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities. Environment International, 75, 199-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.019
  • Lee, C.S.L., Li, X., Shi, W., Cheung, S.C.N. & Thornton, I. (2006). Metal contamination in urban, suburban, and country park soils of Hong Kong: based on GIS and multivariate statistics. Science of the Total Environment, 356(1-3), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.024
  • Lindsay, W. L. (1979). Chemical equiliberia of soils. Vol I. John Wiley and Sons Publishing. Newyork. Luo, X. S., Ding, J., Xu, B., Wang, Y. J., Li, H. B. & Yu, S. (2012). Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils. Science of the Total Environment, 424, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.053
  • Ma, L.Q. & Rao, G. N. (1997). Chemical fractionation of cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc in contaminated soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 26(1), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600010036x
  • Metin, S.Ü. (2010). Bursa ovası aluviyal, koluviyal ve vertisol grubu tarım topraklarının ağır metal kirliliği yönünden incelenmesi. Uludağ University. http://hdl.handle.net/11452/8363
  • Mulla, D., & McBratney, A. B. (2001). Soil spatial variability. In A. W. Warrick (Ed.), Soil physics companion (pp. 343–370). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Muller, G. (1969). Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Journal of Geology, 2(3), 108–118.
  • Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., & Kccney, D. K. (1982). Chemical and Mierobiologieal Properties. In Methods of Soil Analysis. ASA, SSSA, Agronomy Series No: 9.
  • Pan, J., Plant, J. A., Voulvoulis, N., Oates, C. J. A & Ihlenfeld, C. (2010). Cadmium levels in Europe: implications for human health. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 32, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9273-2
  • Peng, C., Ouyang, Z., Wang, M., Chen, W., Li, X., & Crittenden, J. C. (2013). Assessing the combined risks of PAHs and metals in urban soils by urbanization indicators. Environmental Pollution, 178, 426-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.058
  • Peris, M., Recatalá, L., Micó, C., Sánchez, R. & Sánchez, J. (2008). Increasing the knowledge of heavy metal contents and sources in agricultural soils of the European Mediterranean region. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 192(1), 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9631-1
  • Rhoades, J. D. (1982). Determining soil salinity from measurements of electrical conductivity, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 21, 861–901. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629009368347
  • Robertson, A., Overpeck, J., Rind, D., Mosley-Thompson, E., Zielinski, G., Lean, J., Koch, D., Penner, J., Tegen, I. & Healy, R. (2001). Hypothesized climate forcing time series last 500 years. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 14783–14803. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900469
  • Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. & Webb, J. S. (1981). Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration. Elsevier Publishing.
  • Salman, S.A., Zeid, S.A., Seleem, E.M.M. & Abdel-Hafiz, M. A. (2019). Soil characterization and heavy metal pollution assessment in Orabi farms, El Obour, Egypt. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 43(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0082-1
  • Selim, H.M. & Sparks, D. L. (2001). Heavy metals release in soils. CRC press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780367801366
  • Şen, G. & Yakupoğlu, T. (2022). Moralli deresi sisteminin akarsu-göl çökellerindeki ağır metallerin ekolojik ve çevresel risk değerlendirmesi, Tuşba, Van, Türkiye. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27(1), 14-29. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1058884
  • Taylor, S.R. & Mclennan, S. M. (1995). The geochemical evolution of the continental crust. Advanced Space and Earth Science, 33(2), 241–265. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00262
  • Tseng, W.C., Johnson Escauriza, A.J., Tsai-Morris, C.H., Feldman, B., Dale, R.K., Wassif, C.A. & Porter, F. D. (2021). The role of Niemann–Pick type C2 in zebrafish embryonic development. Development, 148(7), 194-258. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.194258
  • Weaver, C.E. & Pollard, L. D. (2011). The chemistry of clay minerals. Elsevier.
  • Wei, B. & Yang, L. (2010). A review of metal contaminations in urban soils, road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchemical Journal, 94(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.014
  • Vu, C. T., Lin, C., Shern, C. C., Yeh, G. & Tran, H. T. (2017). Contamination, ecological risk and source apportionment of heavy metals in sediments and water of a contaminated river in Taiwan. Ecological Indicators, 82, 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.06.008
  • Xu, Y., Shi, H., Fei, Y., Wang, C., Mo, L. & Shu, M. (2021). Identification of soil metal sources in a large-scale area affected by industry. Sustainability, 13(2), 511. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020511
  • Yaqin, J.I., Feng, Y., Wu, J., Zhu, T., Bai, Z. & Duan, C. (2008). Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(5), 581–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62096-3
  • Yost, J.L. & Hartemink, A. E. (2019). Effects of carbon on moisture storage in soils of the Wisconsin Central Sands. European Journal of Soil Sciencen, 70(3), 565-577 https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12776
  • Zhang, J. & Gao, X. (2015). Heavy metals in surface sediments of the intertidal Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China: distributions, sources and contamination assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 98 (1-2), 320-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.035
  • Zheng, S. & Zhang, M. (2011). Effect of moisture regime on the redistribution of heavy metals in paddy soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23(3), 434-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60428-7
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ziraat Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Gülay Karahan 0000-0003-1285-6546

Hussain Ali Hussain Alzuabidi Bu kişi benim 0009-0007-7583-2564

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Karahan, G., & Alzuabidi, H. A. H. (2023). Assessment of ecological risk potential in metal-contaminated soils of Baghdad city, Iraq. Soil Studies, 12(2), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.21657/soilst.1408051