EFFECTS OF SPIRULINA ON EXERCISE and SPORTS PERFORMANCE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 231 - 244, 30.09.2024

Tuğçe Nur Erdoğmuş , Dicle Aras

https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1455121

Öz

Spirulina is a food that is gaining increasing attention in the field of sports and exercise nutrition due to its rich biochemical composition and positive effects on health. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of spirulina have been proven in various studies, but its effects on athletes and people exercising are not clear. The effects of a herbal food with high protein content, such as spirulina, are important in the athlete population, where the use of vegetable protein increases. The purpose of this review is to examine current studies on spirulina supplements and exercise and to provide updated and complementary information on the subject by summarizing the use of spirulina to increase exercise and sports performance and accelerate post-training recovery.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spirulina protein intake, plant proteins, muscle damage, exercise, sport, recovery, antioxidants, immunomodulatory, anti inflammatory

SPİRULİNANIN EGZERSİZ ve SPOR PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Öz

Spirulina zengin biyokimyasal bileşimi ve sağlık üzerindeki olumlu etkileri nedeniyle spor ve egzersiz beslenmesi alanında giderek ilgi çekmekte olan bir besindir. Spirulinanın antioksidan, anti inflamatuar, immunomodülatör etkisi çeşitli çalışmalarla kanıtlanmıştır ancak sporcular üzerindeki etkisi belirsizdir. Bitkisel protein kullanımının giderek arttığı sporcu popülasyonunda spirulina gibi yüksek protein içeriğine sahip bir bitkisel besinin etkileri önem taşımaktadır. Bu derleme makalenin amacı, spirulina takviyesi ve egzersiz üzerine yapılan güncel araştırmaları incelemek, spirulinanın egzersiz ve spor performansını artırmak ve antrenman sonrası iyileşmeyi hızlandırmak için kullanımına dair çalışmaları özetleyerek güncel ve derleyici bilgi sunmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spirulina, protein alımı, bitkisel proteinler, kas hasarı, egzersiz, spor, toparlanma, antioksidan, immünomodülatör, antienflamatuvar

Kaynakça

• Ali, Y., Aubeeluck, R., & Gurney, T. (2024). Fourteen-Days Spirulina Supplementation Increases Hemoglobin, but Does Not Provide Ergogenic Benefit in Recreationally Active Cyclists: A Double-Blinded Randomized Crossover Trial. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 21(3), 261-280.
• Becker, E. W. (2007). Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnology advances, 25(2), 207-210.
• Blinkova, L., Gorobets, O., & Baturo, A. (2001). Biological activity of Spirulina Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2001 Mar-Apr;(2): 114–8. Review. In this review information of Spirulina platensis (SP), a blue-green alga (photosynthesizing cyanobacterium) having diverse biological activity is presented. Due to high content of highly. Zh Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol, 2, 114-118.
• Brito, A.D.F., Silva, A.S., De Souza, A.A., Ferreira, P.B., De Souza, I.L.L., & Araujo, L.C.D.C. (2018) Aortic response to strength training and Spirulina platensis dependent on nitric oxide and antioxidants. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 1522.
• Chidley, C., & Davison, G. (2018). The effect of Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation on immune responses to two days of intensified training. European Journal of Nutrition, 57, 2529–36
• Chaouachi, M., Gautier, S., Carnot, Y., Bideau, N., Guillemot, P., Moison, Y., Groussard, C., & Vincent, S. (2021). Spirulina platensis provides a small advantage in vertical jump and sprint performance but does not improve elite rugby players’ body composition. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 18(6), 682-697.
• Chaouachi, M., Gautier, S., Carnot, Y., Guillemot, P., Pincemail, J., Moison, Y., Collin, T., Groussard, C., &Vincent, S. (2022). Spirulina supplementation prevents exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, inflammation and skeletal muscle damage in elite rugby players. J Human Nutrition Diet, 35(6), 1151–1163.
• El Sheikh, S.M., Shalaby, M.A.M., Hafez, R.A., Metwally, W.S.A., & El-Ayoty, Y.M. (2014). The immunomodulatory effects of probiotic bacteria on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS) of allergic patients. American Journal of Immunology, 10(3), 116–130
• Evans, W.J., & Cannon, J.G. (1991). The metabolic effects of exercise-induced muscle damage. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 19, 99-125.
• Fallah, A.A., Sarmast, E., Habibian Dehkordi, S., Engardeh, J., Mahmoodnia, L., Khaledifar, A., & Jafari, T. (2018). Effect of Chlorella supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition, 37(6), 1892–901.
• Fournier, D.B., & Gordon, G.B. (2000). COX-2 and colon cancer: potential targets for chemoprevention. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Supplement, 34, 97–102
• Gurney, T., & Spendiff, O. (2020). Spirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120, 2657-2664.
• Gurney, T., & Spendiff, O. (2022). Algae supplementation for exercise performance: current perspectives and future directions for spirulina and chlorella. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 865741.
• Gurney, T., Brouner, J., & Spendiff, O. (2022). Twenty-one days of spirulina supplementation lowers heart rate during submaximal cycling and augments power output during repeated sprints in trained cyclists. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 47(1), 18-26.
• Han, P., Li, J., Zhong, H., Xie, J., Zhang, P., Lu, Q., Li, J., Xu, P., Chen, P., & Leng, L. (2021). Anti-oxidation properties and therapeutic potentials of spirulina. Algal Research, 55, 102240.
• Jung, F., Krüger-Genge, A., Waldeck, P., & Küpper, J.H. (2019). Spirulina platensis, a super food?. Journal of Cellular Biotechnology, 5(1), 43-54.
• Juszkiewicz, A., Basta, P., Petriczko, E., Machaliński, B., Trzeciak, J., Łuczkowska, K., & Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A. (2018). An attempt to induce an immunomodulatory effect in rowers with spirulina extract. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 9.
• Kalafati, M., Jamurtas, A.Z., Nikolaidis, M.G., Paschalis, V., Theodorou, A.A., Sakellariou, G.K., Koutedakis, Y., & Kouretas, D. (2010). Ergogenic and antioxidant effects of spirulina supplementation in humans. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 42(1), 142-151.
• Kalpana, K., Kusuma, D., Lal, P., & Khanna, G. (2017). Impact of spirulina on exercise induced oxidative stress and post exercise recovery heart rate of athletes in comparison to a commercial antioxidant. Food Nutrition Journal, 2(4), 139.
• Kashani, A., Keshavarz, S.A., Jafari-Vayghan, H., Azam, K., Hozoori, M., Alinavaz, M., & Djafarian, K. (2022). Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on exercise-induced muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammation in taekwondo athletes: a randomized cross-over trial. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(3), 589-595.
• Khan, M., Varadharaj, S., Ganesan, L.P., Shobha, J.C., Naidu, M.U., Parinanadi, N.L., Tridandapani, S., Kutala, V.K., & Kuppusamy, P. (2006.) C-phycocyanin protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury of heart through involvement of p38 MAPK and ERK signaling. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 290(5), 2136–2145
• Lafarga, T., Fernández-Sevilla, J.M., González-López, C., & Acién-Fernández, F.G. (2020). Spirulina for the food and functional food industries. Food Research International, 137, 109356.
• Li, X., Wu, B., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., & Liang, Y. (2014). Research advance of the functions and fermentation of Spirulina, Food Research and Development, 35, 145–148.
• Lu, H.K., Hsieh, C.C., Hsu, J.J., Yang, Y.K., & Chou, H.N. (2006). Preventive effects of Spirulina platensis on skeletal muscle damage under exercise-induced oxidative stress. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 98, 220-226.
• Naeini, F., Zarezadeh, M., Mohiti, S., Tutunchi, H., Ebrahimi Mamaghani, M., & Ostadrahimi, A. (2021). Spirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: a systematic review and metaanalysis of controlled clinical trials. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75:e14618
• Nobari, H., Gandomani, E.E., Reisi, J., Vahabidelshad, R., Suzuki, K., Volpe, S.L., & Pérez-Gómez, J. (2022). Effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training and spirulina supplementation on immunoglobin levels, cardio-respiratory fitness, and body composition of overweight and obese women. Biology, 11(2), 196.
• Pappas, A., Tsiokanos, A., Fatouros, I.G., Poulios, A., Kouretas, D., Goutzourelas, N., Giakas, G., & Jamurtas, A.Z. (2021). The effects of spirulina supplementation on redox status and performance following a muscle damaging protocol. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7), 3559.
• Reddy, C.M., Bhat, V.B., Kiranmai, G., Reddy, M.N., Reddanna, P., & Madyastha, K.M. (2000). Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 277(3), 599–603.
• Sadeghi, T., Marvizadeh, M.M., Ebrahimi, F., Mafi, S., Foughani, O., & Mohammadi Nafchi, A. (2022). Assessment of nutritional and antioxidant activity of sport drink enriched with Spirulina platensis. Journal of Chemical Health Risks.
• Sandhu, J., Dheera, B., & Shweta, S. (2010). Efficacy of spirulina supplementation on isometric strength and isometric endurance of quadriceps in trained and untrained individuals–a comparative study. Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 2(02), 79-86.
• Selmi, C., Leung, P.S.C., Fischer, L., German, B., Yang, C., Kenny, T.P., Cysewski, G.R., & Gershwin, M.E. (2011). The effects of Spirulina on anemia and immune function in senior citizens. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 8(3).
• Shokri, H., Khosravi, A., & Taghavi, M. (2014). Efficacy of Spirulina platensis on immune functions in cancer mice with systemic candidiasis. Mycological Research, 1(1), 7–13
• Sotiroudis, T.G., & Sotiroudis, G.T. (2013). Health aspects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) microalga food supplement. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 78(3), 395–405
• Templeton, D.W., & Laurens, L.M.L. (2015). Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors revisited for application of microalga biomass con version to food, feed and fuel. Algal Research, 11, 359–367.
• Van der Spiegel, M., Noordam, M.Y., & Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J. (2013). Safety of novel protein sources (insects, microalgae, seaweed, duckweed, and rapeseed) and legislative aspects for their application in food and feed production. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12(6), 662-678.
• Villarruel-López, A., Ascencio, F., & Nuño, K. (2017). Microalgae, a potential natural functional food source–a review. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 67(4).
• Voltarelli, F.A., & de Mello, M.A. (2008). Spirulina enhanced the skeletal muscle protein in growing rats. European Journal of Nutrition, 47(7), 393-400.
• Yogianti, F., Kunisada, M., Nakano, E., Ono, R., Sakumi, K., Oka, S., Nakabeppu, Y., & Nishigori, C. (2014) Inhibitory effects of dietary Spirulina platensis on UVB-induced skin inflammatory responses and carcinogenesis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 134(10), 2610–2619
• Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, W., Xu, Y., Li, X., Qiu, Q., & Chen, H. (2022) Effects on Spirulina Supplementation on Immune Cells’ Parameters of Elite College Athletes. Nutrients, 14(20), 4346.
• Wu, Q., Liu, L., Miron, A., Klímová, B., Wan, D., & Kuča, K. (2016) The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. Archives of Toxicology, 90, 1817-1840.