Pomegranate as a Functional Food

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 300 - 323, 30.12.2022

İrem Alaçık Develioğlu , M. Gizem Keser , Nurhan Unusan

Öz

Abstract: Pomegranate, Punica granatum L., a member of the Punicacae family, is an edible fruit known to be used for medicinal purposes from ancient times to the present day, just like many other plants. The roots, flowers, fruit, bark, aril (seed), and other parts of the pomegranate are actively used in the health sector. The aim of this current study is to evaluate the health effects of pomegranate, which can be consumed as a functional food from past to present, under different subtitles. Pomegranate and its by-products are used in many areas such as anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-neurodegenerative, anti-atherosclerotic, wound healing, and the interest in the medical use of pomegranate is increasing day by day. The phenolic substances such as flavonoids, polyphenols, ellagitannins (gallic acid, ellagic acid, punicalin, punicalagin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, glycoside, pedunculagin) give this functionality to the pomegranate fruit. Thanks to these substances, pomegranate has effects such as reducing blood glucose levels, increasing apoptosis in cancer cells, reducing the levels of some blood fats such as LDL and total cholesterol and waist circumference, reducing neuroinflammation, and increasing the antioxidant effect by reducing oxidative stress. It is still controversial whether the active substances in pomegranate cause drug interactions. It should be known that pomegranate and its derivatives may interact with drugs that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), antihypertensives, carbamazepine, CYP 2D6 substrates, warfarin, rosuvastatin, and tolbutamide, and care should be taken. Some bioactive substances, especially punicalagin and punicalin, found in different parts of the pomegranate, are the main factors that make the pomegranate so unique. Owing to the functions these substances bring to the fruit, pomegranate plays an active role in the protection and maintenance of health. It is recommended to include pomegranate in the daily diet.

Anahtar Kelimeler

nutrition, functional food, pomegranate, health

FONKSİYONEL BİR BESİN OLARAK NAR

Öz

Öz: Punicacae ailesinin bir üyesi olan nar, Punica granatum L., tıpkı pek çok diğer bitki gibi antik çağdan günümüze kadar ulaşan, tıbbi amaçlı olarak kullanıldığı bilinen, yenilebilir bir meyvedir. Narın kökleri, çiçeği, meyvesi, kabuğu, aril (çekirdek) ve diğer kısımları sağlık sektöründe aktif olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu güncel çalışmanın amacı geçmişten günümüze fonksiyonel besin olarak tüketilebilen narın sağlığa olan etkilerinin farklı alt başlıklarda değerlendirilmesidir. Nar ve yan ürünleri anti-bakteriyel, anti-oksidan, anti-kanser, anti-obezite, anti-nörodejeneratif, anti-aterosklerotik, yara iyileşmesi gibi pek çok alanda kullanılmakta ve her geçen gün narın tıbbi kullanımına olan ilgi artmaktadır. Nar meyvesine bu fonksiyonelliği veren içindeki flavonoidler, polifenoller, ellajitaninler (gallik asit, ellajik asit, punikalin, punikalagin, luteolin, kuersetin, kamferol, glikosid, pedunkulagin) gibi fenolik maddelerdir. Bu maddeler sayesinde nar, kan glikoz düzeyini azaltma, kanser hücrelerinde apoptozisi arttırma, LDL ve total kolesterol gibi bazı kan yağları düzeylerini ve bel çevresini azaltma, nöroinflamasyonu azaltma ve oksidatif stresi azaltarak antioksidan etkiyi arttırma gibi etkilere sahiptir. Narda bulunan aktif maddelerin ilaç etkileşimlerine neden olup olmadığı halen tartışmalıdır. Nar ve türevlerinin özellikle anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzimi (ACE) inhibe eden ilaçlar, antihipertansifler, karbamazepin, CYP 2D6 substratları, varfarin, rosuvastatin ve tolbutamit ile etkileşime girebileceği bilinmeli ve dikkatli olunmalıdır. Narın farklı kısımlarının içinde bulunan punikalagin ve punikalin başta olmak üzere bazı biyoaktif maddeler narın bu denli eşsiz olmasını sağlayan temel faktörlerdir. Bu maddelerin meyveye kazandırdığı fonksiyonlar sayesinde nar, sağlığın korunması ve sürdürülmesinde etkin rol oynamaktadır. Günlük beslenme örüntüsünde nara yer verilmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

beslenme, fonksiyonel besin, nar, sağlık

Kaynakça

• Abbasi, H., Rezaei, K., Rashidi, L. (2008). “Extraction of essential oils from the seeds of pomegranate using organic solvents and supercritical CO2“, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 85, 83-89.
• Adams, L.S., Seeram, N.P., Aggarwal, B.B., Takada, Y., Sand, D., Heber, D. (2006). “Pomegranate juice, total pomegranate ellagitannins and punicalagin suppress inflammatory cell signalling in colon cancer cells“, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(3), 980-985.
• Adana Tarım Orman Müdürlüğü. Erişim adresi: https://adana.tarimorman.gov.tr/Belgeler/SUBELER/bitkisel_uretim_ve_bitki_sagligi_sube_mudurlugu/meyve_yetistiriciligi_ve_mucadelesi/Nar.pdf Erişim tarihi: 23.08.2022
• Ahmed, S., Wang, N., Hafeez, B.B., Cheruvu, V.K., Haqii, T.M. (2005). “Punica granatum L. extract inhibits IL‐1 beta‐induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases by inhibiting the activation of MAP kinases and NF‐kappaB in human chondrocytes in vitro“, Journal of Nutrition, 135(9), 2098-3102.
• Al-Zoreky, N.S. (2009). “Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (punica granatum l.) fruit peels“, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 134(3), 244-248.
• Anlamlert, W., Sermsappasuk, P. (2020). “Pomegranate juice does not affect the bioavailability of cyclosporine in healthy thai volunteers“, Current Clinical Pharmacology, 15(2), 145-151.
• Aslam, M.N., Lansky, E.P., Varani, J. (2006). “Pomegranate as a cosmeceutical source: Pomegranate fractions promote proliferation and procollagen synthesis and inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin cells“, Journal of Ethnopharmacolog, 103(3), 311-318.
• Awad, R., Mallah, E.M., Khawaja, B.A., Dayyih, W.A., Elhajji, F., Matalka, K. (2016). “Pomegranate and licorice juices modulate methformin phamrcokinetics in rats”, Neuro Endocrinol. Lett, 37 (3):202-206.
• Badria, F.A., Zidan, O.A. (2004). “Natural products for dental caries prevention“, Journal of Medicinal Food, 7(3), 381-384.
• Bae, J.Y., Choi, J.S., Kang, S.W., Lee, Y.J., Park, J., Kang, Y.H. (2010). “Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV-B irradiation“, Experimental Dermatology, 19(8), 82-90.
• Bagri P, Ali M, Aeri V, Bhowmik M, Sultana S. (2009). “Antidiabetic effect of Punica granatum flowers: effect on hyperlipidemia, pancreatic cells, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in experimental diabetes“, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(1), 50-54.
• Banihani, S., Swedan, S., & Alguraan, Z. (2013). “Pomegranate and type 2 diabetes“, Nutrition Research, 33, 341–348.
• Bhandari, P. (2015). “Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) ancient seeds for modern cure? Review of potential therapeutic applications“, International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurologic Diseases, 2(03), 171- 184
• Bialonska, D., Kasimsetty, S.G., Schrader, K.K., Ferreira, D. (2009). “The effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) byproducts and ellagitannins on the growth of human gut bacteria“, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(18), 8344-8349.
• Choi J.G., Kang O.H., Lee Y.S., Chae H.S., Oh Y.C., Brice O.O., Kim M.S., ve ark. (2009). “In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of Punica granatum peels ethanol extract against salmonella“, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17, 1-8.
• Choudhary, S., Kaurav, H., Chaudhary. G. (2021). “Kasani beej (cichorium intybus): ayurvedic view, folk view, phytochemistry and modern therapeutic uses“, International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 8(2), 114-25.
• Dahlawi, H., Jordan-Mahy, N., Clench, M., McDougall, G.J., Maitre, C.L. (2013). “Polyphenols are responsible for the proapoptotic properties of pomegranate juice on leukemia cell lines“, Food Sci Nutr, 1(2), 196-208.
• Di Silvestro, R.A., Di Silvestro, D.J., Di Silvestro, D.J. (2009). “Pomegranate extract mouth rinsing effects on saliva measures relevant to gingivitis risk“, Phytotherapy Research., 23(8),1123-1127.
• Dünya Sağlık Örgütü. (2022). Avrupa Bölgesel Obezite Raporu. ISBN: 9789289057738. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/9789289057738 Erişim tarihi: 13.08.2022
• El-Nemr, S.E., Ismail, I.A., Ragab, M. (2006). “Chemical composition of juice and seeds of pomegranate fruit“, Die Nahrung, 34(7), 601-606.
• Esmaillzadeh, A., Tahbaz, F., Gaieni I., Alavi-Majd, H., Azadbakht, L. (2006). “Cholesterol-lowering effect of concentrated pomegranate juice consumption in type ıı diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia“, International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 76 (3), 147-151
• Fadavi, A., Barzegar, M., Aziz, H. (2006). “Determination of fatty acids and total lipid content in oil seed of 25 pomegranate varieties grown in Iran“, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 19, (6-7), 676-680.
• Ge, S., Duo, L., Wang, J., GegenZhula, Yang, J., Li, Z., Tu, Y. (2021). “A unique understanding of traditional medicine of pomegranate, Punica granatum L. and its current research status“, J Ethnopharmacol, 10, 271, 113877.
• Grabez, M., Skrbic, R., Stojiljkovic, M. P., Rudic-Grujic, V., Paunovic, M., Arsic, A., ve ark. (2020). “Beneficial effects of pomegranate peel extract on plasma lipid profile, fatty acids levels and blood pressure in patients with diabetes mellitus type-2: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study”, J Funct Foods, 64, 103692.
• Guerra-Vazquez, C. M., Martinez-Avila, M., Guajardo-Flores, D., Antunes-Ricaro, M. (2022). “Punicic acid and its role in the prevention of neurological disorders: a review”, Foods, 11,252.
• Haghighian, H.K., Rafraf, M., Hemmati, S., Haghravan, S., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M. (2021). “Effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract supplementation on serum lipid profile and oxidative stress in obese women with knee osteoarthritis: A double blind, randomized, placebo controlled study”, Advances in Integrative Medicine, 8(2), 107-113.
• Halliwell, B., Zhao, K., Whiteman, M.L. (2000). “The gastrointestinal tract: a major site of antioxidant action?”, Free Radical Research, 33(6), 819-830. Haidari, M., Ali, M., Casscells, S.W., Madjid, M. (2009). “Pomegranate (Punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir”, Phytomedicine, 16(12), 1127-1136.
• Hayouni, E., Miled, K., Boubaker, S., Bellasfar, Z., Abedrabba, M., Iwaski, H. (2011). “Hydroalcoholic extract based-ointment from Punica granatum L. peels with enhanced in vivo healing potential on dermal wounds”, Phytomedicine, 18, 976-984.
• Heber, D., Seeram, N.P., Wyatt, H., Henning, S.M., Zhang, Y., Ogden, L.G., Dreher, M., ve ark. (2007). “Safety and antioxidant activity of a pomegranate ellagitannin-enriched polyphenol dietary supplement in overweight individuals with increased waist size”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(24), 10050-10054.
• Holland, D., Hatib, K., Bar-Ya’akov, I. (2009). “Pomegranate: botany, horticulture, breeding”. Hortic. Rev, 35 (2), 127–191.
• Huang, T.H.W., Peng, G., Kota, B.P., Li, G.Q., Yamahara, J., Roufogalis, B.D., ve ark. (2005). “Anti-diabetic action of Punica granatum flower extract: activation of PPAR-g and identification of an active component”, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 207(2), 160-169.
• Ignarro. L.J., Byrns, R.E., Sumi, D., de Nigris, F., Napoli, C. (2006). “Pomegranate juice protects nitric oxide against oxidative destruction and enhances the biological actions of nitric oxide”, Nitric Oxide, 15(2), 93-102.
• Isha, K., Hemlata, K., Gitika, C. (2021). “Punica granatum L. (Dadim), Therapeutic Importance of World’s Most Ancient Fruit Plant”, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 11(3), 113-121
• Jaiswal, V., Der Marderosian, A., Porter, J.R. (2010). “Anthocyanins and polyphenol oxidase from dried arils of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)”, Food Chemistry, 118(1), 11- 16.
• Jurenka, J. S. (2008). “Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review” Altern. Med. Rev, 13, 128–144.
• Kasimsetty, S.G., Bialonska, D., Reddy, M.K., Ma, G., Khan, S.I., Ferreira, D. (2010). “Colon cancer chemopreventive activities of pomegranate ellagitannins and urolithins”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58, 2180-2187.
• Khalil, E. A. M. (2004). “A hepatoprotective effect of an aqueous extract of pomagranate (Punica granatum L.) rind against acetaminop hen treated rats”, EJHM, 16, 112-18.
• Khan, N., Hadi, N., Afaq, F., Syed, D.N., Kweon, M.H., Mukhtar, H. (2007). “Pomegranate fruit extract inhibits prosurvival pathways in human A549 lung carcinoma cells and tumor growth in athymic nude mice”, Carcinogenesis, 28(1), 163-173.
• Khateeb, J., Gantman, A., Kreitenberg, A. J., Aviram, M., & Fuhrman, B. (2010). “Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) expression in hepatocytes is upregulated by pomegranate polyphenols: a role for PPAR-gamma pathway”, Atherosclerosis, 208, 119−125.
• Khwairakpam, A.D., Bordoloi, D., Thakur, K.K., Monisha, J., Arfuso, F., Sethi, G., Mishra, S., Kumar, A.P., Kunnumakkara, A.B. (2018). “Possible use of punica granatum (pomegranate) in cancer therapy”, Pharmacol. Res., 133, 53–64.
• Koyama, S., Cobb, L.J., Mehta, H.H., Seeram, N.P., Heber, D., Pantuck, A.J., Cohen, P. (2010). “Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF-IGFBP axis”, Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 20(1), 55-62.
• Koziolek, M., Alcaro, S., Augustijns, P., Basit, A., Grimm M., Hens B., ve ark. (2019). “The mechanisms of pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions- a perspective from the UNGAP group”, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences:Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences,134, 31-59.
• Kulkarni, A.P., Mahal, H.S., Kapoor, S., Aradhya, S.M. (2007). “In-vitro studies on the binding, antioxidant, and cytotoxic actions of punicalagin”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 1491-1500.
• Kumagai, Y., Nakatani, S., Onodera, H., Nagatomo, A., Nishida, N., Matsuura, Y., Kobata, K., & Wada, M. (2015). “Anti-glycation effects of pomegranate (punica granatum l.) fruit extract and ıts components in vivo and in vitro”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63 (35), 7760-7764.
• Kumar, M., Dandapat, S., Sinha, M.P. (2018). “Hepatoprotective activity of punica granatum leaf extract against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats”, Balneo Research Journal., 1; 9(1), 24-7.
• Kumar, N., Kumar N. S. (2018). “Functional properties of pomegranate (punica granatum l.)”, The Pharma Innovation Journal., 7(10), 71-81.
• Kumari, I., Hemlata, K., Gitika, C. (2021). “Punica granatum l. (dadim), therapeutic ımportance of world’s most ancient fruit plant”, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 11(3), 113-121.
• Kurt, H. ve Şahin, G. (2013). “Bir ziraat coğrafyası çalışması: Türkiye’de nar (punica granatum l.) tarımı”, Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 27, 551-574.
• Kyralan, M., Gölükcü, M., Tokgöz, H. (2009). “Oil and conjugated linolenic acid contents of seeds from important pomegranate cultivars (punica granatum L.) grown in Turkey”, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 86(10), 985-990.
• Lansky, E.P., Newman, R.A. (2007). “Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 109(2), 177-206.
• Lei, F., Zhang, X. N., Wang, W., Xing, D. M., Xie, W. D., Su, H., Du, L. J. (2007). “Evidence of anti-obesity effects of the pomegranate leaf extract in high-fat diet induced obese mice”, International Journal of Obesity, 31, 1023–1029.
• Li, Y., Guo, C., Yang, J., Wei, J., Xu, J., Cheng, S. (2009). “Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract”, Food Chemistry, 96(2), 254-260.
• Mehdizadeh, T., Tajik, H., Mojaddar Langroodi, A., Molaei, R., Mahmoudian, A. (2020). “Chitosan-starch film containing pomegranate peel extract and thymus kotschyanus essential oil can prolong the shelf life of beef”, Meat Science, 163, 1-11.
• Michicotl-Meneses, M.M., Thompson-Bonilla, Md.R., Reyes-López, C.A., García-Pérez, B.E., López-Tenorio, I.I., Ordaz-Pichardo, C., Jaramillo-Flores, M.E. (2021). “Inflammation markers in adipose tissue and cardiovascular risk reduction by pomegranate juice in obesity ınduced by a hypercaloric diet in wistar rats”, Nutrients, 13(8), 2577.
• Mirdehghan, S.H., Rahemi, M. (2007). “Seasonal changes of mineral nutrients and phenolics in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit”, Scientia Horticulturae, 111(2), 120-127.
• Mousavinejad, G., Emam-Djomeh, Z., Rezaei, K., Khodaparast, M.H.H. (2009). “Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds and their effects on antioxidant activity in pomegranate juices of eight Iranian cultivars”, Food Chemistry, 115(4), 1274-1278.
• Nekooian, A., Eftekhari, M. H., Adibi, S., Rajaeefard, A. (2014). “Effects of pomegranate seed oil on ınsulin release in rats with type 2 diabetes”, Iranian journal of medical sciences, 39, 130-135.
• Newman, R.A., Lansky, E.P., Block, M.L. (2007). “Pomegranate: the most medicinal fruit. laguna beach, california: basic health publications”, A Wealth of Phytochemicals, ISBN: 1591202108.
• Nizama-Chapoñan,, A., Rodriguez-Liñan,, O., Paucar-Menacho, L.M. (2020). “Pomegranate (Punica granatum): a functional superfruit with therapeutic properties”, Agroindustrial Science, 10(3), 311 – 318.
• Olapour, S., Mousavi, E., Sheikhzade, M., Hoseininezhad, O., Najafzadeh, H. (2009). “Evaluation antidiarrheal effects of pomegranate peel extract”, Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 6,115-143.
• Ozgul-Yucel, S. (2005). “Determination of conjugated linolenic acid content of selected oil seeds grown in Turkey”, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 82(12), 893-897.
• Pacheco-Palencia, L.A., Noratto, G., Hingorani, L., Talcott, S.T., Mertens-Talcott, S.U. (2008). “Protective effects of standardized pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) polyphenolic extract in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin fibroblasts”, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(18), 8434-8441.
• Paller, C.J., Ye, X., Wozniak, P.J.,ve ark. (2013). “A randomized phase IIstudy of pomegranate extract for men with rising PSA following initial therapy for localized prostate cancer”, Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Dis., 16, 50–55.
• Pantuck, A.J., Leppert, J.T., Zomorodian, N., Aronson, W., Hong, J., Barnard, R.J., Seeram, N., Liker, H., ve ark (2006). “Phase II study of pomegranate juice for men with rising prostate-specific antigen following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer”, Clinical Cancer Research, 12(13), 4018-4026.
• Parmar, H.S., Kar, A. (2007). “Antidiabetic potential of citrus sinensis and punica granatum peel extracts in alloxan-treated male mice”, BioFactors, 31(1), 17-24.
• Pillai, N.R. (1992). “Anti-diarrhoeal activity of Punica granatum in experimental animals”, International Journal of Pharmaceutical, 30(3), 201-204.
• Ragab, T. Ahmed N., Eman, A., Al Shimaa S, Ahmed S., Mahmoud E., Mohamed, E. (2019). “Soft hydrogel based on modified chitosan containing Punica granatum peel extract and its nano-forms: Multiparticulate study on chronic wounds treatment”, International of Biological Macromolecules, 135, 407- 421.
• Ramanan, V. K., Saykin, A. J. (2013). “Pathways to neurodegeneration: mechanistic insights from GWAS in alzheimer’s disease, parkinson’s disease, and related disorders”, Am. J. Neurodegener. Dis., 2,145-175.
• Sayed, S., Alotaibi, S. S., El-Shehawi, A. M., Hassan, M. M., Shukry, M., Alkafafy, M., Soliman, M. M. (2022). “The anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant effects of pomegranate-peel extract against acrylamide induced hepatotoxicity in rats”, Life, 12, 224.
• Scalbert, A., Manach, C., Morand, C., Remesy, C., Jimenez, L. (2005). “Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases”, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 45(4), 287-306.
• Seeram, N. P. (2016). Pomegranate Juice. In Handbook of Functional Beverages and Human Health CRC Press, syf: 537-550.
• Seeram, N. P., Adams, L. S., Henning, S. M., Niu, Y., Zhang, Y., Nair, M. G., ve ark. (2005). “In vitro antipro liferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice”, The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 16(6), 360-367.
• Seeram, N.P., Henning, S.M., Zhang, Y., Suchard, M., Li, Z., Heber, D. (2006). “Pomegranate juice ellagitannin metabolites are present in human plasma and some persist in urine for up to 48 h”, Journal of Nutrition, 136(10), 2481-2485.
• Sreeja, S., Santhosh Kumar, T.R, Lakshmi, B.S., Sreeja, S. (2012). “Pomegranate extract demonstrate a selective estrogen receptor modulator profile in human tumor cell lines and in vivo models of estrogen deprivation”, J Nutr Biochem, 23(7), 725-32.
• Sharma, J. ve Maity, A. (2010). “Pomegranate phytochemicals: nutraceutical and theraputic values”, Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology, 4(2), 56-76.
• Simmler, C., Graham, J.G., Chen, S.N., Pauli, G.F. (2018). “Integrated analytical assets aid botanical authenticity and adulteration management”, Fitoterapia, 1; 129, 401-14.
• Song, H., Shen, X., Chu, Q., Zheng, X. (2022). “Pomegranate fruit pulp polyphenols reducediet-induced obesity with modulation of gutmicrobiota in mice”, J Sci Food Agric., 102, 1968–1977.
• Sreeja, S., Kumar, T.R.S., Lakshmi, B.S., Sreeja, S. (2012). “Pomegranate extract demonstrate a selective estrogen receptor modulator profile in human tumor cell lines and in vivo models of estrogen deprivation”, J. Nutr. Biochem, 23 (7), 725–732.
• Stefanou, V., Timbis, D., Antonopoulos, D., Papatheodorou, S., Panourgias, G., Gouti, A., Makri, M., Andreou, A., Lougovois, V. (2021). “Pomegranate as an anti-viral agent and ımmune system stimulant”, Int. J. Adv. Res. in Microbiology and Immunology, 3 (1), 1-12.
• Sturgeon, S.R., Ronnenberg, A.G. (2010). “Pomegranate and breast cancer: possible mechanisms of prevention”, Nutrition Reviews, 68, 122-128.
• Sun, W., Yan, C., Frost, B., Wang, X., Hou, C., Zeng, M,. vd. (2016). “Pomegranate extract decreases oxidative stress and alleviates mitochondrial impairment by activating AMPK-Nrf2 in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of spontaneously hypertensive rats”, Scientific Reports, 6, 34246.
• Syed, D.N., Afaq, F., Mukhtar, H. (2007). “Pomegranate derived products for cancer chemoprevention”, Seminars in Cancer Biology,17(5), 377-385.
• Syed, D.N., Malik, A., Hadi, N., Sarfaraz, S., Afaq, F., Mukhtar, H. (2006). “Photo chemo preventive effect of pomegranate fruit extract on UVA-mediated activation of cellular pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes”, Photochemistry and Photobiology, 82(2), 398-405.
• Szkudelski, T. (2001). “The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in β cells of the rat pancreas”, Physiological Research, 50(6), 536-546.
• Şimşek, M. ve İkinci, A. (2017). “Narın (punica granatum l.) insan sağlığına etkileri”, Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(4), 494-506.
• Tanaka, T., Sugie, S. (2008). “Inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by dietary non-nutritive compounds”, Journal of Toxicologic Pathology, 20(4), 215-235.
• Tezcan, F., Gultekin- Ozguven, M., Diken, T., Ozcelik, B., Erim, F.B. (2009). “Antioxidant activity and total phenolic, organic acid and sugar content in commercial pomegranate juices”, Food Chemistry, 115(3), 873-877.
• Tiwari, S. (2012). “Punica granatum- A ‘Swiss Army Knife’ in the field of ethnomedicines”, J Nat Prod., 5, 4.
• Tran, H.N., Bae, S.Y., Song, B.H., Lee, B.H., Bae, Y.S., Kim, Y.H., Lansky, E.P., Newman, R.A. (2010). “Pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed linolenic acid isomers: concentration-dependent modulation of estrogen receptor activity”, Endocr Res., 35(1), 1-16.
• Turk, G., Sonmez, M., Aydin, M., Yuce, A., Gur, S., Yksel, M., ve ark. (2008). “Effects of pomegranate juice consumption on sperm quality, sperm at genic cell density, antioxidant activity and testosterone level in male rats”, Clinical Nutrition, 27(2), 289-296.
• Turk, G., Sonmez, M., Ceribasi, A.O., Yuce, A., Atessahin, A. (2010). “Attenuation of cyclosporine A-induced testicular and spermatozoal damages associated with oxidative stress by ellagic acid”, International Immunopharmacology, 10(2), 177-182.
• Turrini, E., Ferruzzi, L., & Fimognari, C. (2015). “Potential effects of pomegranate polyphenols in cancer prevention and therapy”, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 938475.
• Türk Gıda kodeksi Takviye Edici Gıdalar Tebliği. (2022). Erişim adresi: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/GKGM/Duyuru/473/Mevzuat-Taslagi-Takviye-Edici-Gidalar-Yonetmeligi. Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2022
• TMMOB Ziraat Mühendisleri Odası, Nar Raporu. Erişim adresi: https://www.zmo.org.tr/genel/bizden_detay.php?kod=32164&tipi=38&sube=0. Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2022
• Walle, T., Browning, A.M., Steed, L.L., Reed, S.G., Walle, U.K. (2005). “Flavonoid glucosides are hydrolyzed and thus activated in the oral cavity in humans”, Journal of Nutrition, 135(1), 48-52.
• Wang, D., Ozen, C., Abu-Reidah, I. M., Chigurupati, S., Kumar Patra, J., Horbanczuk, J. O., r Józwik, A., Tzvetkov, N. T., Uhrin, P., Atanasov, A. G. (2018). “Vasculoprotective effects of pomegranate (punica granatum l.)”, Frontiers in Pharmacy, 9, 544.
• Widmer, R., Ziaja, I., Grune, T. (2006). “Protein oxidation and degradation during aging: Role in skin aging and neurodegeneration”, Free Radical Research, 40(12), 1259-1268.
• Van Elswijk, D.A., Schobel, U.P., Lansky, E.P., Irth, H., van der Greef, J. (2004). “Rapid dereplication of estrogenic compounds in pomegranate (Punica granatum) using on-line biochemical detection coupled to mass spectrometry”, Phytochemistry, 65(2), 233-241.
• Vasconcelos, L.C., Sampaio, M.C., Sampaio, F.C., Higino, J.C. (2003). “Use of Punica granatum as an antifungal agent against candidosis associated with denture stomatitis”, Mycoses, 46: (5-6), 192-196.
• Verardo, V., Garcia-Salas, P., Baldi, E., Segura-Carretero, A., Fernandez-Gutierrez, A., Fiorenza Caboni, M. (2014). “Pomegranate seeds as a source of nutraceutical oil naturally rich in bioactive lipids”, Food Research International, 65, Part C, 445-452.
• Viuda‐Martos, M., Fernández‐López, J., & Pérez-Álvarez, J.A. (2010). “Pomegranate and its many functional components as related to human health: a review”, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9(6), 635-654.
• Viuda‐Martos, M., Fernández‐López, J., & Pérez-Álvarez, J.A. (2008). “Antibacterial activity of lemon (Citrus lemon L.), mandarin (Citrus reticulata L.), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) and orange (Citrus sinensis L.) essential oils”, Journal of Food Safetyi, 28, 567-576.
• Vlachojannis, C., Zimmermann, B.F., Chrubasik-Hausmann, S. (2015). “Efficacy and safety of pomegranate medicinal products for cancer”, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 258598.
• Vroegrijk, I., Van Diepen, J., Van den Berg, S., Westbroek, I., Keizer, H., Gambelli, L., Hontecillas, R., Bassaganya-Riera, J., Zondag, G., Romijn, J., Havekes, L., Voshol, P. (2011). “Pomegranate seed oil, a rich source of punicic acid, prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 49(6):1426-30.
• Vucic, V., Trchounian, A., Arsic, A., Grabez, M. (2019). “Composition and potential health benefits of pomegranate: a review”, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 25(16), 1817-1827.
• Yuan, G., Sinclair, A.J., Xu, C., Li, D. (2009). “Incorporation and metabolism of punicic acid in healthy young humans”, Mol. Nutr. Food Res, 53, 1336–1342.
• Zahin, M., Aqil, F., Ahmad, I. (2010). “Broad spectrum antimutagenic activity of antioxidant active fraction of Punica granatum L. peel extracts”, Mutation Research, 703, 99-107.