Venedik Cumhuriyeti’nin erken Ortaçağ döneminde kurulmasından itibaren Akdeniz’de en önemli rakibi Osmanlı Devleti olmuştur. Özellikle Sultan II. Mehmed döneminde Venedik Akdeniz’deki kolonilerini kaybetmeye başlamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti ile Venedik arasındaki ilk mücadeleler Selanik şehrinin 1430 yılında Osmanlı topraklarına katılmasına dayandırılmıştır. Bu süreç 1718 yılında Pasarofça Antlaşmasıyla sonuçlanacak olan 1715-1718 yılındaki Osmanlı-Venedik (Avusturya) savaşına kadar süregelmiştir. İki devlet arasındaki askeri ve siyasi gelişmeleri Venedikli sanatçılar tuval ve duvar resimlerinde betimlemeye çalışmıştır. Bunun yanında Niğbolu Savaşı (1396) başta olmak üzere özellikle Sapienza (1499) Modon (1500) Preveze (1538) ve İnebahtı (1571) gibi Osmanlı deniz savaşları sayısız kez Venedik ve diğer Avrupalı ressamların eserlerine konu olmuştur. Ayrıca yapılan bu deniz savaşlarını konu alan sahneler Venedik’te yer alan Santa Maria Carmini (Carmelo), Santa Maria del Giglio, San Giuseppe di Castello ve San Clemente kiliselerine de betimlenmiştir. Araştırma Osmanlı donanmasının Venedik’teki kiliselerin duvarlarına sanatsal anlamda Avrupalı sanatçılar tarafından nasıl yorumlandığını anlama amacıyla yapılmıştır. Her iki devlete ait galeazza, kadırga, baştarda, kalyata, barça ve kalyon tipi gemilerin tasvir edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Nitel araştırma yöntemleri kapsamında ilgili kiliseler ziyaret edilmiş ve ilgili betimlemeler fotoğraflanmıştır.
TÜBİTAK-2219 - Yurt Dışı Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Burs Programı
As Venetian Republic had been founded in the early the Middle Ages, its foremost rival in the Mediterranean was the Ottoman Empire. Especially during the reign of Sultan Mehmed II, Venetian began to lose its colonies in the Mediterranean. The first struggles between the Ottoman Empire and Venice date back to the Ottoman conquest of Thessaloniki in 1430. The struggles continued until the Ottoman-Venetian war of 1715-1718, which ended with the Treaty of Pasarofça in 1718. Military and political events between the two states were depicted by Venetian artists. In addition, scenes from the Battle of Niğbolu and Ottoman naval battles such as Sapienza (1499) Modon (1500) Preveza (1538) and Lepanto (İnebahtı) (1571) were depicted by Venetian and other European painters. Scenes of these naval battles were also depicted on the churches of Santa Maria Carmini (Carmelo), Santa Maria del Giglio, San Giuseppe di Castello and San Clemente in Venice. The research was conducted to understand how the Ottoman navy was interpreted artistically by European artists on the walls of churches in Venice. It was founded out that ships such as galleass, galley, bastard, kalyata (small galley), barque and galleons were depicted in the abovementioned churches. As a part of qualitative research, these churches are visited and depictions are photographed.
The Mediterranean can be accepted as the first basin that maritime trade conception has emerged. It is an inland sea that located among world’s important pivotal continents. Moreover, the existence of important seaports in the shores of the Mediterranean has made the sea quite significant in almost every age and several countries have tried to dominate it.
It can be stated that the relationship between the Ottomans and Venetians started to enhance the trade in Mediterranean for both countries. In this regard, Venetian Bailo Quirino, visited Edirne in 1390 and conducted negotiations for cereals trade in important marketplaces in Ottoman territory. He declared that they are ready to make necessary tax payments if Ottoman Sultan grants Venetian ships permission to enter Ottoman ports. Despite such attempts of Venetians, the XIV. century is one of the periods when Venetians are quite powerful in maritime. Further, it’s the only country that Ottomans afraid of and in this sense Ottomans conducted a chary policy against Venetian and even Papacy navies. In this period Ottoman mariners had benefited greatly from the experiences of Venetian mariners. The conquest of Istanbul by Ottomans had changed the form of official relationship between the two countries. Following the conquest, the formal relations were conducted by superior ambassadors of straordinario ambascitore and bailoses who were accepted as Venetian ambassadors. During this period, Lorenzo Moro was appointed as an ambassador to Istanbul in 10th September, 1453 to represent Venetian city which was located in Serenissima Republic. Shortly, Bartolemeo Marcello was appointed as the ambassador with the title of bailos to Istanbul in 18th April, 1454.
This is the main message that the naval battle scenes depicted in Venetian churches, together with these ship depictions, were trying to convey to the society. The victory of the Cross over the Crescent was celebrated and the Venetian admirals who participated in the battle wanted to immortalize their heroism.
Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
---|---|
Konular | Resim Tarihi, Sanat Tarihi |
Bölüm | ARAŞTIRMA |
Yazarlar | |
Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 23 Eylül 2023 |
Yayımlanma Tarihi | 23 Eylül 2023 |
Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1 |