Haçlı Düşüncesi ve Tefecilik bağlamında Orta Çağ İngiltere’sinde Yahudi Düşmanlığı

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 57, 139 - 156, 01.01.2023

Halil Yavaş

Öz

Bu çalışmamızda İngiltere’deki Yahudilerin 1066-1290 yılları arasında Hristiyan halk ve idarecilerle yaşadıkları anlaşmazlıkları ve bunların sebebini değerlendireceğiz. Ele alacağımız temel konulardan ilki, Yahudilerin erken dönemlerde daha rahat bir yaşam sürmelerine karşın, Haçlı düşüncesinin Ada’ya yerleşmesiyle birlikte yaşanan değişimdir. İkincisi ise onların tefecilikten gelir elde etmeleri ve bu geliri krallar ile bölüşmeleridir. Ayrıca krallar ile Yahudiler arasındaki bu ortaklığa rağmen halkın çeşitli konuları gerekçe göstererek onlara yönelik saldırılarını işleyeceğiz. İlginçtir ki bazen krallar da halkla birlikte hareket edip Yahudilere karşı muhtelif yaptırımlar uygulamışlardır. Fakat bu yaptırım konusunda en kararlı olan kralın I. Edward olduğu görülmektedir. Yahudiler bir gelir kapısı olmalarına rağmen Edward’ın onları sürgün etme kararını almasının gerekçelerini ve bunun neticelerini irdeleyeceğiz. Makalemizde Yahudilerin tefecilik faaliyetleri ve onlarla ilgili zenginlik algısı konusundaki tartışmalara da değineceğiz. Çalışmamızda, olayların nakledilmesinde Matthew Paris, Roger of Wendover, Thomas of Monmouth, Jocelin of Brakelond, Richard of Devizes gibi dönem tanıklarından istifade etmeye özen gösterdik. Burada dikkat etmemiz gereken husus dönem tanıklarının, Kilise’den bile daha fazla Yahudi karşıtı düşüncelere sahip olmasıdır. Bunların yanında C. Roth, J. Jacobs, L. Abrahams, P. Elman, R. R. Mundill, B. D. Ovrut ve H. G. Richardson başta olmak üzere konuyla ilgili çok sayıda modern araştırmacıların yorumlarından istifade ettik.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yahudiler, Sürgün, Tefecilik, I. Edward

Anti-Semitism in Medieval England in the Context of Crusade and Usury

Öz

In this study, we will evaluate the disagreements that Jews in England with the Christian people and administrators between the years 1066-1290 and the reason for these. The first of the main issues that we will consider is the change in the way of life of Jews. Although there were very few attacks on them in the early periods, this situation was reversed after increased support for the Crusaders in England. The second is that they earn income from usury and divide this income with the kings. In addition, will examine the attacks of the people against them for various reasons despite this partnership between the kings and the Jews. Interestingly, sometimes kings acted together with the people and imposed various sanctions against them. King Edward I was the most insistent on this sanction. We will examine Edward's expulsion of the Jews and the consequences of this incident, despite the fact that they are source of income. In our article, we will touch on the discussions about the usury activities of the Jews and their wealth. In our study, we took care to deal with the events by making use of period witnesses such as Matthew Paris, Roger of Wendover, Thomas of Monmouth, Jocelin of Brakelond, Richard of Devizes. In doing so, we kept in mind that the witnesses of the period were even more anti-Semitic than the church. In addition to the witnesses of the period, we have benefited from the comments of modern researchers on the subject, especially C. Roth, J. Jacobs, L. Abrahams, P. Elman, R. R. Mundill, B. D. Ovrut and H. G. Richardson.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Jews, Exile, Usury, Edward I

Kaynakça

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