HAVAYOLU TAŞIMACILIĞININ KÜRESEL DEĞER ZİNCİRLERİNDE YÜKSELMEYE ETKİSİ
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 63 - 69, 01.12.2018
Osman Seraceddin Sesliokuyucu
,
Rüstem Yanar
Öz
19.yüzyıldan itibaren hızlı bir ivme kazanan uluslararası ticaret hacimleri bu alanı inceleyen teorilerin de sürekli olarak değişim ve gelişim göstermesine yol açmıştır. Dünya genelinde özellikle son bir asırlık süreç içerisinde oldukça farklı bir yapıya bürünmeye başlayan ve ulusaldan uluslararasına geçişin yaşandığı üretim süreçleri ise ticari genişlemelerle birlikte ülkelerin ekonomik, sosyal ve politik altyapıları ile ilişkili süreçlerdeki değişimi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin dünya ekonomisine daha derin bağlantılarla entegre olması bu ülkelerin küresel üretim zincirleri içerisindeki faaliyetlerini arttırmalarına ve bu zincirler içerisinde katma değeri daha yüksek üretim süreçlerine geçmelerine yol açmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma uluslararası ticaretin değişen yapısını; üretim süreçlerinde yer alan tüm aktörlerin ticari ilişkilerdeki rollerini ortaya çıkarmayı temel alan Küresel Değer Zincirleri başlığı altında ele alarak zincir içerisinde katma değeri daha yüksek üretim süreçlerine geçişte hava kargo taşımacılığının etkisini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada dünya ülkelerinin küresel değer zincirlerinde ileri yönlü yükselme süreçlerini; hava kargo taşımacılığı faaliyetlerinin nasıl etkilediğini göstermek için OECD ve Dünya Bankası’ndan elde edilen ikincil veriler kullanılmıştır. 2000-2011 yılları arasında 45 ülke için elde edilen veriler dinamik panel veri analizi yöntemlerinden olan genelleştirilmiş momentler yöntemi (GMM) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucu elde edilen bulgular hava kargo taşımacılığının küresel değer zincirleri içerisinde ileri yönlü katılımı etkilediğini göstermektedir
Kaynakça
- Arellano, M., ve Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The review of economic studies, vol. 58 no. 2, pp. 277-297.
- Baldwin, R. (2006). Globalisation: the great unbundling (s). Economic Council of Finland, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 5–47.
- Baltagi, B. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.
- Bhagwati, J., Panagariya, A., ve Srinivasan, T. N. (2004). The muddles over outsourcing. Journal of Economic perspectives, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 93-114.
- Cattaneo, O., ve Miroudot, S. (2013). From global value chains to global development chains: An analysis of recent changes in trade patterns and development paradigms. 21st century trade policy: back to the past.
- Dökmen, G. (2012). Kamu Harcamaları ve Kamu Gelirleri Nedensellik Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 27, No. 2, ss. 115- 143. İlişki: Dokuz Eylül Analizi.
- Engel, J., ve Taglioni, D. (2017). The middle-income trap and upgrading along global value chains. Global Value Chain Report 2017.
- Feenstra, R. C. (1998). Integration of trade and disintegration of production in the global economy. Journal of economic Perspectives, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 31-50.
- Gereffi, G., ve Korzeniewicz, M. (Eds.). (1994). Commodity chains and global capitalism No. 149. ABC-CLIO.
- Hansen, L. P. (1982). Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, pp. 1029-1054.
- Helpman, E. (2006). Trade, FDI, and the Organization of Firms. Journal of economic literature, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 589-630.
- Hopkins, T. K., ve Wallerstein, I. (1977). Patterns of development of the modern world-system. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), pp. 111- 145.
- Hopkins, T. K., ve Wallerstein, I. (1986). Commodity chains in the world-economy prior to 1800. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), vol. 10, no.1, pp. 157-170.
- Hummels, D., Ishii, J., ve Yi, K. M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of international Economics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 75-96.
- Humphrey, J., ve Schmitz, H. (2002). How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? Regional studies, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1017–1027.
- Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., ve Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 53-74.
- Jung, H., ve Kwon, H. U. (2007). An alternative system GMM estimation in dynamic panel models.
- Kaplinsky, R., ve Morris, M. (2001). A handbook for value chain research (Vol. 113). Ottawa: Idrc.
- Krugman, P., Cooper, R. N., ve Srinivasan, T. N. (1995). Growing world trade: causes and consequences. economic activity, vol. 1, pp. 327-377.
- Kummritz, V., Taglioni, D., ve Winkler, D. (2017). Economic Upgrading through Global Value Chain Working Paper, no. 8007. Policy Research
- Milberg, W., ve Winkler, D. (2013). Outsourcing Economics: Global Value Chains in Capitalist University Press. Cambridge
- OECD (2013), OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2013 Issue 1, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_outlook- v2013-1-en.
- OECD, WTO, UNCTAD (2014) Implications of Global Value Chains for Trade, Investment, Development and Jobs, Paris.
- OECD-WTO (2014) OECD-WTO Database on Trade in Value-Added, Paris.
- OECD-WTO (2017) OECD-WTO Database on Trade in Value-Added, Paris.
- Porter, M. E. (1985). Technology and competitive advantage. Journal of business strategy, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 60–78.
- Raikes, P., Friis Jensen, M., ve Ponte, S. (2000). Global commodity chain analysis and the French filière approach: comparison and critique. Economy and society, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 390–417.
- Roodman, D. (2009). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system gmm in stata. Stata Journal, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 86- 136.
- Sargan, J. D. (1958). The estimation of economic relationships using instrumental variables. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, pp. 393-415.
- Shepherd, B.Shingal, A ve Raj, A. (2016). Value of Air Cargo: Air Transport and Global Value Chains. IATA.
- Spencer, B. J. (2005). International outsourcing and incomplete contracts. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue d'économique, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1107-1135. canadienne
- Yamashita, N. (2010). International fragmentation of production: The impact of outsourcing on the Japanese economy. Edward Elgar
THE EFFECTS OF AIR TRANSPORTATION ON GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN UPGRADING
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 63 - 69, 01.12.2018
Osman Seraceddin Sesliokuyucu
,
Rüstem Yanar
Öz
International trade volumes that have grown at a high rate since the 19th century also led to the continuous change and development theories as to research this area. The production processes that started to take on a very different structure especially in the last century with commercial expansions and the transition from the national to the international have brought about the changes in the processes related to the economical, social and political infrastructures of the countries along. The fact that developing countries are integrated with deeper links to the world economy leads them to increase their activities in global value chains and increase their value-added production processes in the chain. Accordingly the changing structure of international trade the study is examined under the title Global Value Chains, which is based on revealing the roles of all actors involved in production processes in commercial relations. However the study examine that the relations between forward-participation processes (upgrading) in the global value chains and: air cargo transportation volumes of countries. Data have collected from World Bank and OECD Data Banks for 45 countries between 2000-2011. For analyzing the effects of air Cargo transportation volumes on upgrading the generalized methods of moments (GMM) which is a type of dynamic panel data analysis has used. The findings show that upgrading in global value chains is influenced by air Cargo transportation volumes of countries
Kaynakça
- Arellano, M., ve Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The review of economic studies, vol. 58 no. 2, pp. 277-297.
- Baldwin, R. (2006). Globalisation: the great unbundling (s). Economic Council of Finland, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 5–47.
- Baltagi, B. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.
- Bhagwati, J., Panagariya, A., ve Srinivasan, T. N. (2004). The muddles over outsourcing. Journal of Economic perspectives, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 93-114.
- Cattaneo, O., ve Miroudot, S. (2013). From global value chains to global development chains: An analysis of recent changes in trade patterns and development paradigms. 21st century trade policy: back to the past.
- Dökmen, G. (2012). Kamu Harcamaları ve Kamu Gelirleri Nedensellik Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı 27, No. 2, ss. 115- 143. İlişki: Dokuz Eylül Analizi.
- Engel, J., ve Taglioni, D. (2017). The middle-income trap and upgrading along global value chains. Global Value Chain Report 2017.
- Feenstra, R. C. (1998). Integration of trade and disintegration of production in the global economy. Journal of economic Perspectives, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 31-50.
- Gereffi, G., ve Korzeniewicz, M. (Eds.). (1994). Commodity chains and global capitalism No. 149. ABC-CLIO.
- Hansen, L. P. (1982). Large sample properties of generalized method of moments estimators. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, pp. 1029-1054.
- Helpman, E. (2006). Trade, FDI, and the Organization of Firms. Journal of economic literature, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 589-630.
- Hopkins, T. K., ve Wallerstein, I. (1977). Patterns of development of the modern world-system. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), pp. 111- 145.
- Hopkins, T. K., ve Wallerstein, I. (1986). Commodity chains in the world-economy prior to 1800. Review (Fernand Braudel Center), vol. 10, no.1, pp. 157-170.
- Hummels, D., Ishii, J., ve Yi, K. M. (2001). The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade. Journal of international Economics, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 75-96.
- Humphrey, J., ve Schmitz, H. (2002). How does insertion in global value chains affect upgrading in industrial clusters? Regional studies, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 1017–1027.
- Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., ve Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, vol. 115, no. 1, pp. 53-74.
- Jung, H., ve Kwon, H. U. (2007). An alternative system GMM estimation in dynamic panel models.
- Kaplinsky, R., ve Morris, M. (2001). A handbook for value chain research (Vol. 113). Ottawa: Idrc.
- Krugman, P., Cooper, R. N., ve Srinivasan, T. N. (1995). Growing world trade: causes and consequences. economic activity, vol. 1, pp. 327-377.
- Kummritz, V., Taglioni, D., ve Winkler, D. (2017). Economic Upgrading through Global Value Chain Working Paper, no. 8007. Policy Research
- Milberg, W., ve Winkler, D. (2013). Outsourcing Economics: Global Value Chains in Capitalist University Press. Cambridge
- OECD (2013), OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2013 Issue 1, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_outlook- v2013-1-en.
- OECD, WTO, UNCTAD (2014) Implications of Global Value Chains for Trade, Investment, Development and Jobs, Paris.
- OECD-WTO (2014) OECD-WTO Database on Trade in Value-Added, Paris.
- OECD-WTO (2017) OECD-WTO Database on Trade in Value-Added, Paris.
- Porter, M. E. (1985). Technology and competitive advantage. Journal of business strategy, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 60–78.
- Raikes, P., Friis Jensen, M., ve Ponte, S. (2000). Global commodity chain analysis and the French filière approach: comparison and critique. Economy and society, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 390–417.
- Roodman, D. (2009). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system gmm in stata. Stata Journal, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 86- 136.
- Sargan, J. D. (1958). The estimation of economic relationships using instrumental variables. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, pp. 393-415.
- Shepherd, B.Shingal, A ve Raj, A. (2016). Value of Air Cargo: Air Transport and Global Value Chains. IATA.
- Spencer, B. J. (2005). International outsourcing and incomplete contracts. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue d'économique, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 1107-1135. canadienne
- Yamashita, N. (2010). International fragmentation of production: The impact of outsourcing on the Japanese economy. Edward Elgar