Sanal Çalışma Ortamlarının Getirdiği Zorluklar: Sanal Mesafe Kavramı Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 46, 10 - 23, 20.10.2021

Ayşe Merve Urfa , Esin Can

https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.891943

Cited By: 1

Öz

Sanal çalışma ortamları, farklı konumlarda çalışan ve bilgisayar aracılı iletişim kullanarak etkileşimde bulunan çalışanları içeren, çalışma sisteminin yeni normalidir. Özellikle koronavirüs pandemisi ile birlikte bir mecburiyet haline gelen sanal çalışma ortamlarını en iyi şekilde kurgulamak, işletmelerin devamlılığı için bir gerek şart haline gelmiştir. Sanal çalışma ortamları maliyet, iş gücüne erişim gibi birçok konuda işletmelere avantajlar sağlasa da, bir takım zorlukları beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışmada, sanal çalışma ortamlarının getirdiği zorluklardan bir tanesi olan sanal mesafe kavramı, kavramsal olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın kavramsal olarak kurgulanmasının nedeni, Türk literatüründe konunun sanal mesafe açısından ele alınmamış olmasıdır. Bu bağlamda, sanal mesafe kavramı, Türk literatüründe tartışmaya açılarak ileride yapılacak çalışmalar için alt yapı oluşturacaktır. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda çalışanların sanal mesafe algısını etkileyebilecek faktörler coğrafi mesafe, zamansal mesafe, ilişkisel mesafe, kültürel mesafe, sosyal mesafe, görevlerin karşılıklı bağımlılığı, ilişki geçmişi, yüz yüze etkileşim, takım büyüklüğü, çoklu görev, teknik beceriler olarak sıralanmıştır. Bu faktörleri doğru bir şekilde ele alan işletmelerin, sanal mesafenin önüne geçebileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sanal Mesafe, Sanal Çalışma Ortamları, Uzaktan Çalışma

Kaynakça

• Alge, B. J., Wiethoff, C., & Klein, H. J. (2003). When does the medium matter? Knowledge-building experiences and opportunities in decision-making teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 91(1): 26-37.
• Alnuaimi, O.A., Robert, L.P., & Maruping, L. M. (2010). Team size, dispersion, and social loafing in technology-supported teams: a perspective on the theory of moral disengagement. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 203-230.
• Anawati, D., & Craig, A. (2006). Behavioral adaptation within cross-cultural virtual teams. IEEE transactions on professional communication, 49(1), 44-56.
• Andres, H. (2002). A comparison of face-to-face and virtual software development teams. Team Performance Management, 8, 39-48.
• Avrupa Komisyonu, (2020). Telework in the EU before and after the COVID-19: where we were, where we head to. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/jrcsh/files/jrc120945_policy_brief_-_covid_and_telework_final.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 04 Ocak 2021].
• Bell, B.S., & Kozlowski, S.W.J. (2002). A typology of virtual teams: implications for effective leadership. Group and Organization Management, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 14-49.
• Benbunan-Fich R, & Truman G. E. (2009). Multitasking with laptops during meetings. Communications of the ACM, 52(2): 139–141.
• Beranek, P. M., & Martz, B. (2005). Making virtual teams more effective: improving relational links. Team Performance Management, Vol. 11 No. 5/6, 200-213.
• Bishop, J., & Scott, K. (2000). An Examination of Organizational and Team Commitment in a Self-Directed Team Environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 439-450.
• Bradner, E., & Mark, G. (2002). Why Distance Matters: Effects on Cooperation, Persuasion and Deception. Paper presented at the CSCW '02, New Orleans, Louisiana.
• Brillhart, P. E. (2004). Technostress in the Workplace Managing Stress in the Electronic Workplace. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge, 5(1/2): 302-307.
• Brown, M.K., Huettner, B., & James-Tanny, C. (2007). Managing Virtual Teams: Getting The Most From Wikis, Blogs, and Other Collaborative Tools, Wordware Publishing, Inc. and Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA.
• Burke, C. S., Stagl, K. C., Klein, C., Goodwin, G. F., Salas, E., & Halpin, S. M. (2006). What type of leadership behaviors are functional in teams? A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(3), 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.02.007.
• Cameron, E., & Green, M. (2020). Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. 5th ed., London: KoganPage.
• Cummings, J. N. (2011). Economic and Business Dimensions Geography Is Alive and Well in Virtual Teams. Communications of the ACM, 54, 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1978542.1978551
• Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations . A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior & Human Performance, 13(1), 46-79.
• Dennis, A. R., Rennecker, J. A., & Hansen, S. (2010). Invisible whispering: Restructuring collaborative decision making
 with instant messaging. Decision Sciences, 41(4): 845–886.
• Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618-634.
• Dulebohn, J. H., & Hoch, J. E. (2017). Virtual teams in organizations. Human Resource Management Review, Volume 27, Issue 4, December 2017, Pages 569-574.
• Eisenberg, J., & Krishnan, A. (2018). Addressing virtual work challenges: learning from the field. Organization Management Journal, 15(2), 78-94.
• Erhart, J. (2018). The relationship between the amount of FtF-interaction and conflict in virtual teams: the moderating role of a shared identity (Doctoral dissertation).
• Felstead, A., & Henseke, G. (2017). Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well-being and work−life balance. N. Technol. Work Employ. 32, 195–212. doi: 10.1111/ntwe.12097
• Gupta, S., & Pathak, G. S. (2018). Virtual team experiences in an emerging economy: a qualitative study. J. Organiz. Change Manage. 31, 778–794. doi: 10.1108/JOCM- 04- 2017- 0108
• Hertel, G., Geister, S., & Konradt, U. (2005). Managing virtual teams: A review of current empirical research. Human resource management review, 15(1), 69-95.
• Hinds, P., & McGrath, C. (2006). Structures that work: Social structure, work structure and coordination ease in geographically distributed teams. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work, Banff, Alberta, Canada https://doi.org/10.1145/1180875.1180928.
• Hollenbeck, J. R., & Spitzmuller, M. (2012). Team structure: Tight versus loose coupling in task-oriented groups. In S. W. J. Kozlowski (Vol. Ed.), The Oxford handbook of organizational psychology: Vol. 2, (pp. 733–766). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Holtbrügge, D., & Schillo, K. (2008). Intercultural training requirements for virtual assignments: Results of an explorative empirical study. Human Resource Development International, 11(3), 271-286.
• Hossein, G. (2012). A literature review on challenges of virtual team’s leadership. Journal of Sociological Research, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 134-145.
• Hunsaker, P., & Hunsaker, J. (2008). Virtual teams: a leader’s guide. Team Performance Management, Vol. 14 Nos 1/2, pp. 86-101.
• Jimenez, A., Boehe, D. M., Taras, V., & Caprar, D. V. (2017). Working across boundaries: Current and future perspectives on global virtual teams. Journal of International Management, 23(4), 341-349.
• ILO, (2020). COVID-19 Ortamında ve Sonrasında Uzaktan Çalışma Uygulama Kılavuzu. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo-ankara/documents/publication/wcms_759299.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 11 Ocak 2021].
• Kankanhalli, A., Tan, B. C., & Wei, K. K. (2006). Conflict and performance in global virtual teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 23, 237-274. doi:10.2753/MIS0742-1222230309
• Kiesler, S., & Cummings, J.N. (2002). What do we know about proximity and distance in work groups? A legacy of research in Hinds, P.J. and Kiesler, S. (Eds), Distributed Work, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 57-82.
• Kirkman, B., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P., & Gibson, C. (2004). The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: The moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 175- 192.
• Koh, E., & Lim, J. (2012). Too early, too bad: uncovering and understanding the initial participation paradox in technology mediated learning teams. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 55 No. 1, pp. 55-84.
• Liao, C. (2017). Leadership in virtual teams: A multilevel perspective. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 648–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.010.
• Lilian, S. C. (2014). Virtual teams: Opportunities and challenges for e-leaders. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 110, 1251-1261.
• Lojeski, K. S., Reilly, R., & Dominick, P. (2006). The role of virtual distance in innovation and success. In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'06) (Vol. 1, pp. 1-10). IEEE.
• Maduka, N. S., Edwards, H., Greenwood, D., Osborne, A., & Babatunde, S. O. (2018). Analysis of competencies for effective virtual team leadership in building successful organisations. Benchmarking: An International Journal. 25 (2), 696-712.
• Marlow, S. L., Lacerenza, C. N., & Salas, E. (2017). Communication in virtual teams: A conceptual framework and research agenda. Human Resource Management Review, 27(4), 575-589.
• Miloslavic, S. A., Wildman, J. L., & Thayer, A. L. (2015). Structuring successful global virtual teams. In Leading global teams (pp. 67-87). Springer, New York, NY.
• Moody, J., & White, D. R. (2003). Structural cohesion and embeddedness: A hierarchical concept of social groups. American Sociological Review, 68(1): 103-127.
• O'Leary, M. B., & Cummings, J. N. (2007). The spatial, temporal, and configurational characteristics of geographic dispersion in teams. MIS quarterly, 433-452.
• O’Neill, T. A., Hancock, S. E., Zivkov, K., Larson, N. L., & Law, S. J. (2016). Team decision making in virtual and face-to-face environments. Group Decision and Negotiation, 25(5), 995–1020.
• Pinjani, P., & Palvia, P. (2013). Trust and knowledge sharing in diverse global virtual teams. Information & Management, 50(4), 144-153.
• Prasad, A., DeRosa, D., & Beyerlein, M. (2017). Dispersion beyond miles: Configuration and performance in virtual teams. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 23 (3), 186-204.
• Reynolds, B. (2017). Here are the key findings in the the 2017 state of telecommuting report. Flexjobs. https://www. flexjobs.com/employer-blog/key-findings-2017-state-oftelecommuting-report. Erişim Tarihi: 04.02.2021
• Sivunen, A., & Valo, M. (2006). Team leaders' technology choice in virtual teams. IEEE transactions on professional communication, 49(1), 57-68.
• Sivunen, A., & Nordbäck, E. (2015). Social presence as a multi-dimensional group construct in 3D virtual environments. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(1), 19-36.
• Snellman, C.L. (2014), Virtual teams: opportunities and challenges for e-leaders. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 110, pp. 1251-1261.
• Stahl, G.K., Maznevski, M.L., Voigt, A., & Jonsen, K. (2010). Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: a meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 41 No. 4, pp. 690-709.
• Staples, D. S., Hulland, J. S., & Higgins, C. A. (1999). A self-efficacy theory explanation for the management of remote workers in virtual organizations. Organization Science, 10(6): 758-776.
• Tangirala, S., & Alge, B. J. (2006). Reactions to unfair events in computer-mediated groups: A test of uncertainty management theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100(1), 1-20.
• Uluslararası Çalışma Organizasyonu. (2016). Challenges and opportunities of teleworking for workers and employers in the ICTS and financial services sectors, Geneva, Switzerland. [Online]. Available: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ [Erişim Tarihi: 28 Aralık 2020].
• Van Der Vegt, G., Emans, B., & Van De Vliert, E. (2000). Team members' affective responses to patterns of intragroup interdependence and job complexity. Journal of Management, 26(4), 633–655. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600403.
• Van Wart, M., Roman, A., Wang, X., & Liu, C. (2019). Operationalizing the definition of e-leadership: identifying the elements of e-leadership. Int. Rev. Administ. Sci. 85, 80–97. doi: 10.1177/0020852316681446
• Vignovic, J. A., & Thompson, L. F. (2010). Computer-mediated cross-cultural collaboration: Attributing communication errors to the person versus the situation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 265-276. doi:10.1037/a0018628
• Wasson, C. (2004). Multitasking during virtual meetings. Human Resource Planning, 27(4): 47–60.
• Zaccaro, S. J., & Bader, P. (2003). E-leadership and the challenges of leading E-teams: minimizing the bad and maximizing the good. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 377-387.
• Zigurs, I. (2003). Leadership in Virtual Teams: Oxymoron or Opportunity? Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), pp.339–351.