Çeviri/translation : sakat bedenin kökenleri: Eski Mezopotamya’da sakatlık

Yıl 2018, , 369 - 394, 01.10.2018

Gökhan Kağnıcı

https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000707

Cited By: 3

Öz

Eski Mezopotamya ve Mısır’dan kalan tarihsel kayıtlar sakat insanlarla
ilgili en eski yazılı bilgilere sahip oldukları için Kutsal Kitap ile ilgili
çalışmalar çerçevesinde ele alınan sakatlığı, daha geniş bir bağlamda
“tekrardan düşünmeye” başlamak gerekmektedir. 1 Ne yazık ki, eski
Yakındoğu uzmanları antik kaynaklardaki sakatlık temsilleriyle yeni yeni
ilgilenmeye başladı ve ilerleme oldukça yavaş oldu.2 Yapılan az sayıdaki
çalışma genellikle sakatlığın tıbbi modelini ön plana çıkardı ya da
metinlerdeki bilgilerin tıbbi yönlerini tartışmaya açtı. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

sakat beden, Eski Mezopotamya, köken

Kaynakça

• Abusch, Tzvi. 2002. Mesopotamian Witchcraft: Toward a History and Understanding of Babylonian Witchcraft Beliefs and Literature, Ancient Magic and Divination 5.Leiden: Styx.
• Alster, Bendt. 1997. Proverbs of Ancient Sumer: The World’s Earliest Proverb Collections. 2 vols. Bethesda, MD: CDL.
• Alster, Bendt. 2005. Wisdom of Ancient Sumer. Bethesda, MD: CDL.
• Asher-Greve, Julia M. 1998. “The Essential Body: Mesopotamian Conceptions of the Gendered Body”, Gender and the Body in the Ancient Mediterranean, (Ed: Maria Wyke), Oxford: Blackwell, 8–37.
• Avalos, Hector. 1995. Illness and Health Care in the Ancient Near East: The Role of the Temple in Greece, Mesopotamia, and Israel. HSM 54. Atlanta: Scholars.
• Avalos, Hector 1995b. “Ancient Medicine: In Case of Emergency Contact Your Local Prophet”. BR 11: 26–32, 34–35, 48.
• Biggs, Robert D. 1967. ŠA.ZI.GA: Ancient Mesopotamian Potency Incantations. TCS 2. Locust Valley, NY: Augustin.
• Biggs, Robert D. 1995. “Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Mesopotamia”, CANE 3:1911–24.
• Bottero, Jean ve Samuel Noah Kramer. 1989. Lorsque les dieux faisaient l’homme: Mythologie mesopotamienne. Paris: Gallimard.
• Böck, Barbara. 2000. Die babylonisch-assyrische Morphoskopie. AfOB 27. Vienna: Institut fur Orientalistik der Universitat Wien.
• Caplice, Richard. 1974. The Akkadian Namburbi Texts: An Introduction. SANE 1. Los Angeles: Undena.
• Cassin, Elena. 1987. “La droit et le tordu—II. Handicapes et marginaux dans la Mesopotamie des IIe–Ier millenaires”, Le semblable et le different: Symbolismes du pouvoir dans le Proche–Orient ancien, Paris: Decouverte, 72–97.
• Dalley, Stephanie. 1991. Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Dasen, V. 1993. Dwarfs in Ancient Egypt and Greece, Oxford Monographs in Classical Archaeology. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Edwards, Martha Lynn. 1997. “Constructions of Physical Disability in the Ancient Greek World: The Community Concept”, The Body and Physical Difference: Discourses of Disability, (Editörler: David T. Mitchell ve Sharon L. Snyder), Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 35–50.
• Farber, Walter. 1985. “Akkadisch blind.” ZA 75:210–33.
• Farber,Walter 1995. “Witchcraft, Magic, and Divination in Ancient Mesopotamia”, CANE 3:1895–909.
• Fincke, Jeanette. 2000. Augenlieden nach keilschriftlichen Quellen. Wurzburger medizinhistorische Forschungen 70. Wurzburg, Germany: Konigshausen & Neumann.
• Finkel, Irving L. 1998. “A Study in Scarlet: Incantations against Samana”, Festschrift fur Rykle Borger zu seinem 65. Geburtstag am 24. Mai 1994, (Ed: Stefan M. Maul. Cuneiform Monographs 10. Groningen: Styx, 71–106.
• Finkel, Irving L., ve Markham J. Geller, (Editörler) 2007. Disease in Babylonia. Cuneiform Monographs 36. Leiden: Brill Academic.
• Foster, Benjamin R. 1995. From Distant Days: Myths, Tales, and Poetry of Ancient Mesopotamia, Bethesda, MD: CDL.
• Foster, Benjamin R. 1997. “The Poem of the Righteous Sufferer”, COS 1.153:486–92.
• Freedman, Sally M. 1998. If a City Is Set on a Height: The Akkadian Omen Series Šumma Alu ina Mēlē Šakin Volume I: Tablets 1–21, Philadelphia: Samuel Noah Kramer Fund.
• Gelb, I. J. 1972. “The Arua Institution”, RA 66:1–32.
• George, Andrew. 1999. The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian. New York: Penguin.
• Grayson, Albert Kirk. 1995. “Eunuchs in Power. Their Role in the Assyrian Bureaucracy”, Vom Alten Orient zum Alten Testament: Festschrift fur Wolfram Freiherrn von Soden, (Editörler: Manfried Dietrich ve Oswald Loretz. AOAT 240. Kevelaer, Germany: Butzon & Bercker, 85–98.
• Hallo, William W. 1969. “The Lame and the Halt”. Eretz–Israel 9:66–70
• Harris, Rivkah. 2000. Gender and Aging in Mesopotamia: The Gilgamesh Epic and Other Ancient Literature. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Heessel, Nils. 2000. Babylonisch-assyriche Diagnostik. AOAT 43. Munster, Germany: Ugarit-Verlag.
• Heessel, Nils. 2004. “Reading and Interpreting Cuneiform Texts: Methods and Problems”. Le Journel des Medecines Cuneiformes 1:2–9.
• Huehnergard, John. 2000. A Grammar of Akkadian, HSS 45, Winona Lake, IN:Eisenbrauns.
• Jacobsen, Thorkild. 1987. The Harps That Once . . . : Sumerian Poetry in Translation. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Jeffreys, David ve John Tait. 2000. “Disability, Madness, and Social Exclusion in Dynastic Egypt”, Madness, Disability, and Social Exclusion: The Archaeology and Anthropology of “Difference.”, (Ed: Jane Hubert), London: Routledge. 87–95.
• Kilmer, Anne Draffkorn. 1976. “Speculations on Umul, the First Baby”, Kramer Anniversary Volume: Cuneiform Studies in Honor of Samuel Noah Kramer, (Editörler: Barry L. Eichler ve diğerleri), AOAT 25. Kevelaer, Germany: Butzon & Bercker, 265– 70.
• Kinnier Wilson, James V. 1966. “Leprosy in Ancient Mesopotamia”. RA 60:47–58.
• Kinnier Wilson, James V. 1967a. “Organic Diseases of Ancient Mesopotamia”, Diseases in Antiquity, (Editörler: Don Brothwell ve A. T. Sandison. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. 191–208.
• Kinnier Wilson, James V. 1967b. “Mental Diseases of Ancient Mesopotamia”, Diseases in Antiquity, (Editörler: Don Brothwell ve A. T. Sandison. Springfield, IL:Charles C. Thomas, 723–33.
• Klein, Jacob. 1990. “The ‘Bane’ of Humanity: A Lifespan of One Hundred Twenty Years”. Acta Sumerologica 12:57–70.
• Klein, Jacob. 1997. “Enki and Ninma”. COS 1.159: 516–18.
• Kramer, Samuel Noah ve John Maier. 1989. Myths of Enki, the Crafty God. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Lambert, Wilfred G. 1998. “The Qualifications of Babylonian Diviners”, Festschrift für Rykle Borger zu seinem 65. Geburtstag am 24. Mai 1994, (Ed: Stefan M. Maul). Cuneiform Monographs 10. Groningen: Styx, 141–58.
• Leichty, Erle. 1970. The Omen Series Šumma Izbu. TCS 4. Locust Valley, NY: Augustin.
• Lemos, T. M. 2006. “Shame and Humiliation of Enemies in the Hebrew Bible”. JBL 125:225–41.
• Lichtheim, Miriam. 1997. “Instruction of Amenemope”, COS 1.47: 115–22.
• Longman, Tremper, III. 1991. Fictional Akkadian Autobiography: A Generic and Comparative Study. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
• Malul, Meir. 1990. “Adoption of Foundlings in the Bible and Mesopotamian Documents”, JSOT 46:97–126.
• Marcus, David. 1980. “Euphemisms for Blind Persons in Akkadian and Other Semitic Languages”. JAOS 100:307–10.
• Mitchell, David T., ve Sharon L. Snyder, (Editörler) 1997. The Body and Physical Difference: Discourses of Disability. The Body, in Theory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
• Nissinen, Martti. 1998. Homoeroticism in the Biblical World. Minneapolis: Fortress.
• Nunn, John F. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine, London: British Museum.
• Parker, Simon B., Ed. 1997. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. SBLWAW 9. Atlanta: Scholars.
• Parpola, Simo. 1970. Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal. Part I: Texts. AOAT 5/1. Kevelaer, Germany: Butzon & Bercker.
• Parpola,Simo. 1983. Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal. Part II: Commentary and Appendices. AOAT 5/2. Kevelaer, Germany: Butzon & Bercker.
• Romer, Willem H. P. 1993. “Mythen und Epen in sumerischer Sprache”, Mythen und Epen I. TUAT III, 3, (Ed: Otto Kaiser. Gutersloh: Gutersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 351–559.
• Roth, Martha T. 1997. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, 2. baskı, WAW 6. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
• Scurlock, JoAnn. 2005. “Ancient Mesopotamian Medicine”, A Companion to the Ancient Near East, (Ed: Daniel C. Snell), Malden, MA: Blackwell, 302–15.
• Scurlock, JoAnn ve Burton R. Andersen. 2005. Diagnoses in Assyrian and Babylonian Medicine: Ancient Sources, Translations, and Modern Medical Analyses. Urbana
• Scurlock, JoAnn. 2006. Magico-Medical Means of Treating Ghost-Induced Illness in Ancient Mesopotamia, Studies in Ancient Magic and Divination 3. Leiden: Styx.
• Slanski, Kathryn. 2003. The Babylonian Entitlement Narus: A Study in Form and Function. Boston: ASOR.
• Stol, Marten. 1986. “Blindness and Night-Blindness in Akkadian”, JNES 45:295–99.
• Stol, Marten. 1993. Epilepsy in Babylonia. Cuneiform Monographs 2. Groningen: Styx.
• Stol, Marten ve Sven P. Vleeming, (Editörler) 1998. The Care of the Elderly in the Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill.
• Stol, Marten. 2000. Birth in Babylonia and the Bible: Its Mediterranean Setting. F. A. M. Wiggermann tarafından yazılmış bir bölümle birlikte, Groningen: Styx.
• Tougher, Shaun, Ed. 2002. Eunuchs in Antiquity. London: Duckworth. University of Illinois Press.
• Van der Toorn, Karel. 1985. Sin and Sanction in Israel and Mesopotamia, Van Gorcum: Assen.
• Watson, W. G. E. 1979. “An Unrecognized Hyperbole in Krt”. Or 48:112–17.
• Weeks, Kent R. 1995. “Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health in Ancient Egypt”, CANE 3:1787–98.
• Westbrook, Raymond. 1998. “Legal Aspects of Care of the Elderly in the Ancient Near East: Conclusion”, The Care of the Elderly in the Ancient Near East, (Editörler: Marten Stol ve Sven P. Vleeming), Leiden: Brill, 241–50.