Fathers and Sons: Co-uprising of Andronicos IV Palaiologos and Savdji Tschelebi (1373)

Yıl 2011, , 29 - 74, 01.05.2011

Nilgün Elam

https://doi.org/10.1501/Tarar_0000000483

Öz

The cooperation between the Byzantine prince Andronicos IV Palaiologos and the Ottoman prince Savcı Tschelebi against their fathers for a coup d’état is one of the most interesting historical events in the Ottoman – Byzantine relations. Data of the Venetian, Byzantine and Ottoman chronicles of 14th, 15th and 16th centuries which provide evidence about this event are very fragmentary and dispersed. In modern studies of history, little attention is generally paid to the question of how this Ottoman-Byzantine co-uprising happened. In this paper, by comparing the sources above, we discussed that the prince Andronicos IV was supported not only by prince Savcı, son of Sultan Murad, but also by an unknown prince in his disobedience against his father and the Sultan, and the Turkish elements, who had performed military campaigns in Thrace independently from the Ottoman administration

Anahtar Kelimeler

Andronicos IV Palaiologos, Savcı Tschelebi, Ioannes V

Babalar ve Oğullar: IV. Andronikos Palaiologos ve Savcı Çelebi’nin İsyanı (1373)

Öz

Bizans veliaht prensi IV. Andronikos Palaiologos ile Osmanlı şehzadesi Savcı Çelebi’nin işbirliği yaparak babalarına karşı darbe girişiminde bulunmaları BizansOsmanlı ilişkileri tarihinin en ilginç olaylarından biridir. Tarihçilerin özel olarak ilgisini çekmeyen bu olay hakkında bilgi veren 14., 15. ve 16. yüzyıl Venedik, Bizans ve Osmanlı kroniklerinin bilgileri parça parça ve dağınık haldedir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu kaynakların karşılaştırılması sonucunda IV. Andronikos’un 1373 yılında babası ve Sultan I. Murad’a karşı gösterdiği direnişte sadece Murad’ın oğlu Savcı’dan değil, fakat meçhul bir Osmanlı şehzadesiyle Osmanlı idaresinden bağımsız olarak uçlarda (Trakya’da) askeri faaliyette bulunan Türk unsurlarından destek gördüğü sonucuna vardık

Anahtar Kelimeler

IV. Andronikos Palaiologos, Savcı Çelebi, V. Ioannis

Kaynakça

• Agathiae Myrinae Historiarum libri quinque, ed. R. Keydell, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, II, IIA, Berolini, 1967.
• Ahmedi’s History of the Kings of the Ottoman Lineage and Their Holy Raids against the Infidels, ed. K. Sılay, Sources of Oriental Languages and Literatures Series. Massachusetts: Harvard University, 2004.
• Alderson A. D., The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty, Oxford, 1956.
• Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî, Künhü’l-ahbar (Âlî Tarihi) 4. Rükün, V, İstanbul 1277.
• Andrea de Redusiis de Quero, Chronicon Tarvisinum, ed. L.A. Muratori, RIS 19, Milan, 1731, 735-866.
• Anonim Grekçe Kısa Kronikler (Vrachea Chronika), ed. Sp. Lampros-K. Amantos, Atina. 1932. ed. P.Schreiner, Die byzantinischen Kleinkroniken, I, Wien, 1975.
• Anonim Osmanlı Tarihleri, Altosmanische anonymen Chroniken, ed. F. Giese, Breslau, 1922.
• ASDRACHA, C., «La Thrace orientale et la Mer Noire: Geographie ecclesiastique et prosopographie (VIIIe-IXe siecles)», Géographie historique du monde Mediterraneen Byzantina Sorbonensia, 7 (1988) 243-244.
• Aşıkpaşazade, Osmanoğullarının Tarihi, Kemal Yavuz-M.A.Yekta Saraç, Gökkubbe, İstanbul, 2007.
• AYVERDİ, E.H., İstanbul Mimari Çağının Menşei Osmanlı Mimarisinin İlk Devri 630–805 (1230–1402), İstanbul, 1966.
• BABİNGER, Franz, Byzantinisch-osmanische Grenzstudien. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 30 (1929): 411-415.
• _____________, Geschichtsschreiber des Osmanen und ihre Werke, Leipzig, 1927.
• ___________, Sawdji (3), Encyclopedia of Islam, IX (1997): 93.
• ________, La Romanie Génoisé (XIIe-début du XVe siècle), I-II (= Atti della Società ligure di Storia patria v. XVIII) Rome, 1978.
• BARKER, John W., Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425). A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship, New Brunswick, 1969.
• BAŞTAV, Şerif, “Die Türkische Quellen des Laonikos Chalcocondyles“ Acts of the International Byzantine Congress, Munich (1960) 34-42.
• BELGRANO, L.T. “Documenti riguardanti la colonia di Pera” Atti della Società ligure di Storia patria, XIII ((1877–84), 933–1003.
• BELDİCİANU-STEİNHERR, Irene, “La conquête d’Andrinople par les Turcs: La penetration turque en Thrace et la valeur des chroniques ottomanes” Travaux et mémoires I (1965) 439-461.
• ________________, Recherches sur les actes de règnes des sultans Osman, Orkhan et Murad I, Societas academică Dacoromână, Acta Historica VII, Munchen, 1967.
• BOGİATZİS, Georgios, Η πρώιμη οθωμανοκρατία στην Θράκη, άμεσες δημογραφικές συνέπειες, Ηρόδοτος, Atina, 1998.
• BOGİATZİS, G, Η πρώιμη οθωμανοκρατία στην Θράκη, άμεσες δημογραφικές συνέπειες, Έκδ. Ηρόδοτος, Αθήνα, 1998.
• Bulgarische Chronik von 1296 bis 1413, εκδ. Ε. Bogdan, ASP, XIII, 4 (1891): 481-543.
• CANTACUZENUS, Ioannes, Historia, ed. L. Schopen, Ι-ΙΙΙ, Corpus Scriptorum historiae Byzantinae, Bonnae, 1828-1832.
• Caresinis, Raphayni de., Chronica A.A. 1343-1388, ed. E. Pastorello, RIS XII/2 Bologna, 1923.
• CHALKOKONDYLES, Laonikos, Laonici Chalkokandylae, Historiarum Demonstrationes I, ed. E. Darco, Budapestini, 1922.
• CHİNAZZO, Daniele di, Chronica de la guerra da Veniciani a Zenovesi, ed. V. Lazzarini, Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Venezie, Monumenti Storici, Nuova serie XI, Venice, 1958.
• CHONİATES, Nicetas, Χρονική διήγησις, ed. I.A. van Dieten, Nicetae Choniatae Historia, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae XI/1, 2, Berlin- New York, 1975.
• Chronikon Maius, Memorii (1401-1477), yay. V. Grecu. Bucuresti, 1966.
• Chronicon ton Tourkon Soultanon (Türk Sultanlarının Kroniği) ed. G. Th. Zoras, Atina, 1958.
• CLAVİJO, Ruy Gonzales de, Vida y hazañas del Gran Tamorlán, con la descripción de las tierras de su imperio y señorío, ed. I. Sreznevsky, St. Petersburg 1881. Variorum reprints, London 1971.
• CROW, J. G, The Long Walls of Thrace, in C. Mango and G. Dagron, Constantinople and Its Hinterland, Aldershot, 1995.
• CROW, J.-Ricci, Alessandra, Investigating the hinterland of Constantinople: interim report on the Anastasian Long Wall, Journal of Roman Archaeology 10 (1997): 253-288.
• CYDONES, Demetrios, Correspondance, ed. R.-J. Loenertz, I-II, Vatican City, 1956–60.
• ________________, Briefe, II, ed. F. Tinnefeld, Bibliothek der Griechischen Literatur, I/I, II, Stutgart,1981. Bibl. der griechischen Literatur 16, Stuttgart, 1991.
• DANİŞMEND, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Tarihi Kronolojisi I, İstanbul, 1947.
• DENNİS, G. The Reign of Manuel II Palaeologus in Thessalonica, 1382-1387. Orientalia. Christiana Analecta, 159 (1960).
• Die Chronik im Werk des Dositheos von Jerusalem, ed. P. Schreiner, Die Byzantinische Kleinchroniken, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, XII/2, Wien, 1977.
• DÖLGER, Franz, “Johannes VII, Kaiser der Rhomäer” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 31 (1931): 21–36.
• ___________, “Zum Aufstand des Andronikos IV. gegen seiner Vater Johannes V. im Mai 1373” Revue des études byzantines 19 (1961): 328-332.
• DUKAS, lstoria Turko-Byzantina, ed. V. Grecu, Bucharest, 1958.
• Düsturnâme -i Enverî, yay. Necdet Öztürk, Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2007.
• Έκθεσις Χρονική, ed. Sp. Lambros, Echtesis Chronica and Chronicon Athenarum, London 1902, 1-84. Yeni basım. Amsterdam, 1969.
• FERİDUN Bey, Münşeâtü’s-Selâtin, I, Takvimhane-i Amire, İstanbul, 1275.
• GEORGİADES-ARNAKES, G, Οι πρώτοι Οθωμανοί. Συμβολή εις το πρόβλημα της πτώσεως του ελληνισμού. της Μικράς Ασίας (1282-1337), Atina, 1947.
• ___________________, Gregory Palamas among the Turks and Documents of his Captivity as historical Sources, Speculum 26 (1951): 104-118.
• Gertzios, X.A., Η Ανατολική Θράκη. Μερική και σύντομος ιστορία αυτης. Το εξάστερον και λαογραφία αυτου, Atina, 1967.
• GİBBONS, H.A., The Foundation of The Ottoman Empire. A History of the Osmanlis up to the Death of Bayezid I, 1300-1403, Routledge, London-New York, 1968.
• GREGORAS, Nicephoros, Romaike Istoria, ed. L. Shopen, I.II. Bonnae, 1829-1830, III, ed. Bekker, Bonnae, 1855.
• HALECKİ, Oswald, Un Empereur de Byzance a Rome, Warsaw, 1930.
• Hoca Sadeddin, Tacü’t-tevarih I, sadeleştiren İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, İstanbul 1974.
• JİREČEK, Constantin, Die Heerstrasse von Belgrad nach Constantinopel, Prague, 1877.
• İdris-i Bitlisî, Heşt Behişt, Nuruosmaniye Kütüphanesi, no. 3209.
• İNALCIK, Halil, The Rise of Ottoman Historiography, Historians of the Middle East, Bernard Lewis- P.M. Holt, London, 1962, Oxford University Press, (1964): 152-167.
• ___________, The Ottoman Empire. The Classical Age (1300-1600), London, 1997.
• ___________, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Ekonomik ve Sosyal Tarihi (1300-1600), I, Eren, İstanbul, 2004.
• ___________, Devlet-i Aliyye, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Üzerine Araştırmalar I. Klasik Dönem (1302-1606): Siyasal, Kurumsal ve Ekonomik Gelişim, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 4. basım., İstanbul, 2009.
• Ιστορία Πολιτική Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, ed. I. Bekker, Historia politica et patriarchica Constantinopoleos Epirotica, CB, Bonnae, 1849, 3-77.
• JORGA, N., Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi (1300-1451), I, çev. N. Epçeli, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2005.
• JANİN, R., Constantinople byzantine. Développement urbain et répertoire topographique, Paris, 1964.
• KARAGİANNOPOULOS, Ioannes, Πηγαί τῆς βυζαντινῆς ἱστορίας, Πουρναράς, Thessaloniki, 1987.
• KATSONİ, P., Mia eptaetia krisimon gegonoton to Byzantio sta ete 1366–1373, Kentro Byzantinon Ereunon, Thessalonike, 1990.
• LAMPSİDES, O, Η ποιν τ ς τυφλώσεως παρ Βυζαντινο ς, Αθῆναι, 1949.
• LASKARATOS I.- Marketos Sp., «H poine tes tuphloseos sto Byzantio. Iatrikes paratereseis» Byzantinai Meletai 2 (1990) 165-188.
• LAURENT, Vitalen, Les ‘Mémoires’ de Sylvestre Syropoulos sur le concile de Florence (1438-1439), Paris, 1971.
• _____________, Les corpus des sceaux de I'Empire byzantin, vol. V: L’eglise, Paris, 1963, vol. V/II, 1965.
• LAZZARİNİ, V, Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Venezie: Monumenti Storici, Nuova serie, XI, Venise 1958.
• LİNDORF, L.-Buettner Th.-Wobst V, Polybii historiae (1893), Stuttgart, 1965.
• MANTRAN, Robert, Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman sous la directon de Robert Mantran, Fayard, 1992.
• MORAVCİK, Gyula, Byzantinoturcica, I-II, Berlin, 1958.
• Moudara Kalliope, Kathosiosis kai turannis kata tous mesous byzantinous chronous. Makedonike dynasteia (867-1056) Atina-Komotene, 1981.
• NİCOL, Donald M, The Byzantine Family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus), ca. 1100-1460: A. Genealogical and Prosopographical Study. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington, 1968.
• ______________, Byzantium: its Ecclesiastical History and Relations with the Western World, Variorum reprints, London, 1972.
• ____________, Bizans’ın Son Yüzyılları 1261-1453, çev. Bilge Umar, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul, 1999.
• MİGNANELLİ, Bertrand, Vita Tamerlani: S. Baluze, Miscellanea, c. IV ed. D. Mansi, Luscues 1764.
• Müneccimbaşı, Camiü’d-düvel (Müneccimbaşı Tarihi) Osmanlı Tarihi (1299-1481), yay. Ahmet Ağırakça, İnsan yayınları, İstanbul, 1995.
• Neşri, Kitab-ı Cihânnümâ, I, yay. Faik Reşit Unat Mehmed Altay Köymen, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1987.
• _________________, Laonikos Chalkokondyles, A. Translation and Commentary of the “Demonstrationes of Histories” (Books I-III), Athens, 1996.
• OSTROGORSKY, Georg, Geschichte des Byzantinischen Staates, Munich, Beck, 1965.
• PACHYMERES, Georgios, Συγγραφικαί Ιστορίαι, ed. A. Failler-V. Laurent, Pachymeres, Relations historiques, Livres, I-VI, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, XXIV/1,2, Paris 1984, vol. II, ed. I. Bekker, CB, Bonnae, 1835.
• PAPAZOTOS, Th., Anichneuse topographike (Ανίχνευση τοπογραφική) Byzantinische Forschungen 14 (1989): 543-566.
• PROKOPİOS, Περι κτισμάτων (Yapılar Hakkında), ed. J. Haury, Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia III, 2, Lipsiae, 1905. Addenda corrigenda G. Wirth, IV, Leipzig, 1964.
• Prosopographisches Lexicon der Palaiologenzeit, ed. E. Trapp, 1-12, Wien, 1976-1994, 24670.
• RAMSAY, M.W. Historical Geography of Asia Minor, Supplementary Papers IV, A.M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1962.
• Ruhi Çelebi, ‘Târîh-i Rûhî’, haz. Y. Yücel-H. E. Cengiz, Belgeler, c. XIV, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 1992.
• Sathas, K.N, Documents inedits relatifs a l'histoire de la Grèce au moyen age, IX, MAİSONNEUVE, Paris, 1890.
• SCHREİNER, Peter, Byzantinische Kleinchroniken, Historischer Kommentar, II, Wien, 1977.
• SCHUCHHARDT, C. Die Anastasius-Mauer bei Constantinopel und die Dobrudcha-Wälle, Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Arhäologischen Instituts, 16 (1901): 107-127.
• SİLBERSCHMİDT, M. Venedik Menbâları'na nazaran Türk İmparatorluğu'nun zuhuru zamanında Şark Meselesi. çev. A. Cemal Köprülü, İstanbul, 1930.
• SPANDOUGNİNO, Th. Partitio, Constantinopolitano de la origine deli Imperatori Ottomani, ordini dela corte. Forme del guerreggiare loro, religione, rito et costumi dela natione. Documenta Strathiotas Illustrantia, ed. C.N. Sathas, Documents inédits relatifs à l’histoire de la Grèce au Moyen âge (Monumenta Historiae Hellenicae) IX, Paris, 1890, 138-261.
• STELLAE, Georgii et Iohannis, Annales Genuenses, ed. Giovanna Petti Balbi RIS, n.s. vol. 17-2, Bologna, 1975.
• SUGAR, P. Νοτιοανατολική Ευρώπη κάτω από την Οθωμανική κυριαρχία 1354-1804, Σμίλη, Atina, 1994.
• Tarihsel Not, ed. P. Schreiner, Die Byzantinischen Kleinchroniken, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, XII/2, Wien, 1977, Appendix 1.Chronologische Einzelnotizen, s. 605-623.
• THİRİET, Freddy, Histoire de Venise, Paris, 1952.
• ____________, Les chroniques vénitiennes de la Marcienne et leur importance pour l'histoire de la Romanie Gréco-vénitienne, Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire, vol. 66, no. 66 (1954): 241-292.
• ____________, Régestes des délibérations du Sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie, I, Paris-The Hague, 1958.
• UZUNÇARŞILI, İsmail Hakkı, Osmanlı Tarihi I, TTK, Ankara, 2003.
• VATİN, N. L’ascension des Ottomans (1362-1451): Histoire de l’Empire Ottoman, Fayard, 1992.
• Vries-van der Velden, E., L’elite byzantine devant I'avance turque a I’epoque de la guerre civile de 1341 a 1354, Amsterdam, 1989.
• WERNER, Ernest, Die Geburt einer Grossmacht- Die Osmanen (1300-1481). Ein Beitrag zur Genesis des türkischen Feudalismus, Weimar, 1985.
• ______________, Ιστορία και Θρύλοι των Παλαιών Σουλτάνων, 1300-1400, Atina, 1991.
• ZİNKEİSEN, Johann, W, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches I, Hamburg, 1840.