Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 38 Sayı: 66, 500 - 527, 30.09.2019
Öz
Bu çalışma
kölelik kaldırıldıktan sonra başta İngilizler olmak üzere batılı ülkelerin
kolonilerinde ucuz işçilik sistemini kullanmasını ele almaktadır. Ucuz işçi
statüsünde özellikle Hintli ve Çinlileri kullanan batılıların bu işçileri nasıl
sömürdüklerinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma ile köleliği kaldıran
İngilizlerin ortaya çıkan işgücü açığını kapatmak için bu yeni ucuz işçileri
kullandığı tespit edilmiştir. Ülkelerindeki kölelik karşıtı akımlara daha fazla
dayanamayan ülkelerin bir kölelik sistemini ortadan kaldırırken bir diğer
kölelik sistemini işçilik olarak göstererek milyonlarca insanı köle olarak
kullanmaya devam ettikleri ortaya konmuştur. İşçilerle yapılan sözleşmeler
gereği bu insanların yıllarca insan onurunu aşağılayan davranışlara katlanmak
zorunda kaldıklarına dikkat çekilmiştir. Afrikalı eski kölelerin bile çalışmak
istemedikleri şartlarda, bu insanların adeta savaş esirleri gibi kamplarda
tutularak, her türlü haktan yoksun, Avrupalı toprak sahiplerinin emrini yerine
getirmek zorunda kaldıkları ortaya konmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sözleşmeli İşçi Mauritius Kölelik Hintli İşçiler Çinli İşçiler
Kaynakça
- Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund (AGTF), An overview of History of Indenture, Port Louis, Mauritius 2007. Andrews, C. F., W.W. Pearson, Indian Indentured Labour in Fiji, Perth, 1918,ed. Lal, V. Brij, Chalo Jahaji, On a journey through indenture in Fiji: The Odyssey of Indenture.Auguier, F. R., S.C. Gordon, D. G. Hall, and M. Reckord,The making of the west indies, Longman Group United Kingdom, London 1960. Brereton, Bridget, “The Historical Background to the Culture of Violence in Trinidad and Tobago”, Caribbean Review of Gender Studies, Isuue 4, 2010.Carter, Marina, Voices from Indenture. Experiences of Indian Migrants in the British Empire, Leicester University Press, London 1996. Carter, Marina, Ng Foong Kwong, Forging the Rainbow: Labour Immigrants in British Mauritius, Alfran Co. Ltd., Mauritius 1997.Clarke, Colin, Ceri Peach and Steven Vertovec, Introduction: themes in the study of the South Asian Diaspora', in their edited volume, South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990.Deerpalsingh , S., M. Carter, Select Documents on Indian Immigration: Mauritius, 1834- 1926. v iii., Moka Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1996.Geoghegan, G., “Coolie Emigration from India”,Census of India, Vol. XVI, part 1, 1921, ed. Lal, V. Brij, Chalo Jahaji, On a journey through indenture in Fiji: The Odyssey of Indenture.Girmit, A. Ali, Indian Indenture Experience in Fiji, Ministry of National Reconciliation and Multi-Ethnic Affairs, Suva, Fiji 2004, ed. Umesh Sharma and Helen Irvine, s. 19-20.Harris, L. Karen, Sugar and Gold: Indentured Indian and Chinese Labour in South Africa, Department Historical and Heritage Studies, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa 2010.Kaur, Amarjit, “Labor Crossing in Southeast Asia: Linking Historical and Contemporary Labor Migration”,New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, No. 11, 2009.Lal, V. Brij, Chalo Jahaji, On a journey through indenture in Fiji: The Odyssey of Indenture, Anu Press, Canberra 2012.Lal, V. Brij, Doug Munro, Edward. D. Beechert, Planters Workers. Resistance and Accommodation, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1993.Lutz, Jessie G., “Chinese Emigrants, Indentured Workers, and Christianity in the West Indies, British Guiana and Hawaii”, Caribbean Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, Instituto de Estudios del Caribe, Puerto Rico, 2009. Mauritius National Archives, SD 15/7, Despatch from Governor to Secretary of State, 23 January 1836.Mauritius National Archives , SD 15/59, Letter from Governor Nicholay to Secretary of State, 25 July 1836.Meyer, A., M. Steyn, “Chinese Indentured Mine Labour and the Dangers Associated with early 20th century Deep-level mining on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines”, South Africa, International Journal Of OsteoarchaeologyScopus,No: 10, 1002, 2015.Naidoo, Pushparanie, The System of Indian Indenture in Natal Case Study of an Intendured Labourer, History III Research Project, 1983.Ono-George, Meleisa, Coolies, Containment, and Resistance: The Indentured System in British Guiana, Student Essay, Univ of Victoria, Canada, 2007. Pather, S. R., Centenary of Indians 1860-1960, Cavalier Publishers, Durban 1960.Sharma, Umesh, Helen Irvine, The commodification of labour: accounting for indentured workers in Fijian sugar plantations 1879- 1920, Seventh Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference, APIRA, Kobe, Japan 2013. Sheik, Nafisa Essop, Labouring under the Law: Gender and the Legal Administration of Indian Immigrants under Indenture in Colonial Natal, 1860-1907, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, The University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban South Africa, 2006. Shepherd, A. Verene, Transients to Settlers: The Experience of Indians in Jamaica 1845-1950, University of Warwick Press, Warwick 1994.Shepherd, A. Verene, Maharani's Misery, University of West Indies Press, Kingston 2002.Sue-A-Quan, Trev, Cane Reapers Chinese Indentured Immigrants in Guyana, B.C., Cane Press, Vancouver 2003.Thomas, T.N., Indians Overseas: A Guide to Source Materials in the India Office Records for the Study of Indian Emigration, 1830-1950, London 1985.Tinker, H., A New System of Slavery: The Export of İndian Labour Overseas, 1830-1920, Oxford University Press, London 1974.Trotman, D. V., Crime in Trinidad: Conflict and control in a plantation society, 1838-1900, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN 1986.Viechweg, D. Raymond, Abolition, Indentureship and Creoleness: Reflections on the Indo-Grenadian Predicament, 2007. Walter, Rodney, A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881 – 1905,Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1981.Walton, Look Lai, Indentured Labor, Caribbean Sugar, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1998.Wikipedia Online, Abolitionism, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionism_in_Britain_and_the_British_Empire, (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).Wikipedia Online, Blackbirding, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbirding(Erişim Tarihi 19 Şubat 2019). Wikipedia Online, Indentured servant, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servant(Erişim Tarihi 19 Mart 2019). Wikipedia Online, Foot Binding, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_binding(Erişim Tarihi 21 Mart 2019).
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 38 Sayı: 66, 500 - 527, 30.09.2019
Öz
Kaynakça
- Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund (AGTF), An overview of History of Indenture, Port Louis, Mauritius 2007. Andrews, C. F., W.W. Pearson, Indian Indentured Labour in Fiji, Perth, 1918,ed. Lal, V. Brij, Chalo Jahaji, On a journey through indenture in Fiji: The Odyssey of Indenture.Auguier, F. R., S.C. Gordon, D. G. Hall, and M. Reckord,The making of the west indies, Longman Group United Kingdom, London 1960. Brereton, Bridget, “The Historical Background to the Culture of Violence in Trinidad and Tobago”, Caribbean Review of Gender Studies, Isuue 4, 2010.Carter, Marina, Voices from Indenture. Experiences of Indian Migrants in the British Empire, Leicester University Press, London 1996. Carter, Marina, Ng Foong Kwong, Forging the Rainbow: Labour Immigrants in British Mauritius, Alfran Co. Ltd., Mauritius 1997.Clarke, Colin, Ceri Peach and Steven Vertovec, Introduction: themes in the study of the South Asian Diaspora', in their edited volume, South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990.Deerpalsingh , S., M. Carter, Select Documents on Indian Immigration: Mauritius, 1834- 1926. v iii., Moka Mahatma Gandhi Institute, 1996.Geoghegan, G., “Coolie Emigration from India”,Census of India, Vol. XVI, part 1, 1921, ed. Lal, V. Brij, Chalo Jahaji, On a journey through indenture in Fiji: The Odyssey of Indenture.Girmit, A. Ali, Indian Indenture Experience in Fiji, Ministry of National Reconciliation and Multi-Ethnic Affairs, Suva, Fiji 2004, ed. Umesh Sharma and Helen Irvine, s. 19-20.Harris, L. Karen, Sugar and Gold: Indentured Indian and Chinese Labour in South Africa, Department Historical and Heritage Studies, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, South Africa 2010.Kaur, Amarjit, “Labor Crossing in Southeast Asia: Linking Historical and Contemporary Labor Migration”,New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, No. 11, 2009.Lal, V. Brij, Chalo Jahaji, On a journey through indenture in Fiji: The Odyssey of Indenture, Anu Press, Canberra 2012.Lal, V. Brij, Doug Munro, Edward. D. Beechert, Planters Workers. Resistance and Accommodation, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1993.Lutz, Jessie G., “Chinese Emigrants, Indentured Workers, and Christianity in the West Indies, British Guiana and Hawaii”, Caribbean Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, Instituto de Estudios del Caribe, Puerto Rico, 2009. Mauritius National Archives, SD 15/7, Despatch from Governor to Secretary of State, 23 January 1836.Mauritius National Archives , SD 15/59, Letter from Governor Nicholay to Secretary of State, 25 July 1836.Meyer, A., M. Steyn, “Chinese Indentured Mine Labour and the Dangers Associated with early 20th century Deep-level mining on the Witwatersrand Gold Mines”, South Africa, International Journal Of OsteoarchaeologyScopus,No: 10, 1002, 2015.Naidoo, Pushparanie, The System of Indian Indenture in Natal Case Study of an Intendured Labourer, History III Research Project, 1983.Ono-George, Meleisa, Coolies, Containment, and Resistance: The Indentured System in British Guiana, Student Essay, Univ of Victoria, Canada, 2007. Pather, S. R., Centenary of Indians 1860-1960, Cavalier Publishers, Durban 1960.Sharma, Umesh, Helen Irvine, The commodification of labour: accounting for indentured workers in Fijian sugar plantations 1879- 1920, Seventh Asia Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting Conference, APIRA, Kobe, Japan 2013. Sheik, Nafisa Essop, Labouring under the Law: Gender and the Legal Administration of Indian Immigrants under Indenture in Colonial Natal, 1860-1907, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, The University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban South Africa, 2006. Shepherd, A. Verene, Transients to Settlers: The Experience of Indians in Jamaica 1845-1950, University of Warwick Press, Warwick 1994.Shepherd, A. Verene, Maharani's Misery, University of West Indies Press, Kingston 2002.Sue-A-Quan, Trev, Cane Reapers Chinese Indentured Immigrants in Guyana, B.C., Cane Press, Vancouver 2003.Thomas, T.N., Indians Overseas: A Guide to Source Materials in the India Office Records for the Study of Indian Emigration, 1830-1950, London 1985.Tinker, H., A New System of Slavery: The Export of İndian Labour Overseas, 1830-1920, Oxford University Press, London 1974.Trotman, D. V., Crime in Trinidad: Conflict and control in a plantation society, 1838-1900, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN 1986.Viechweg, D. Raymond, Abolition, Indentureship and Creoleness: Reflections on the Indo-Grenadian Predicament, 2007. Walter, Rodney, A History of the Guyanese Working People, 1881 – 1905,Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1981.Walton, Look Lai, Indentured Labor, Caribbean Sugar, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1998.Wikipedia Online, Abolitionism, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism#Abolitionism_in_Britain_and_the_British_Empire, (Erişim Tarihi: 1 Mart 2019).Wikipedia Online, Blackbirding, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbirding(Erişim Tarihi 19 Şubat 2019). Wikipedia Online, Indentured servant, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentured_servant(Erişim Tarihi 19 Mart 2019). Wikipedia Online, Foot Binding, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_binding(Erişim Tarihi 21 Mart 2019).
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Eylül 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 66 |