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Dualism and Materialism in Gregory David Roberts’ Shantaram

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 3 - 17, 23.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1009329

Öz

Gregory David Roberts is a contemporary Australian author who had been involved in several criminal activities and was therefore convicted to prison sentence earlier in his life. In 2003, he published the semi-autobiographical novel Shantaram largely based on his experiences in the Indian city of Bombay. The novel, which became a best-seller around the globe is an astounding account of a westerner’s spiritual voyage in the outskirts of India. Shantaram deals with a great many themes and issues such as ethics, violence and good vs. evil, but the theme which lies at the core of the narrative is the binary opposition between dualism and materialism. While dualism defends the autonomy of the mind/soul over the body, materialism affirms that all living beings are bound to material laws. This article aims to analyse Roberts’ Shantaram through the binary opposition of dualism and materialism, and specifically from a dualistic perspective. As the founder of modern philosophy and dualism, René Descartes’ theories will be applied to the text as opposed to the contrasting philosophy of materialism. In this respect, dualism is compared and contrasted with materialism and physicalism with reference to several influential thinkers who contributed to this thought from Greek antiquity to modern philosophy such as Aristotle, Plato, Lucretius, Kant and George Berkeley. Thus, a Cartesian analysis is implemented to Shantaram in order to expose the dualism emphasised in the subtext of Roberts’ narrative. All in all, the study concludes that Shantaram exhibits depictions of Cartesian dualism through the protagonist’s experiences in the slums of Bombay and determines that dualism overcomes materialism in Roberts’ story as the mind/soul asserts its autonomy over the body and its physical sphere.

Teşekkür

I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Mehmet Ali Çelikel from the Department of English Language and Literature at Marmara University for his immense contribution to my understanding of Gregory David Roberts’ Shantaram during my doctoral studies.

Kaynakça

  • Aquinas, S. T. (1964). Summa Theologiae. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Cottingham, J. (1992). The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (1664). L’Homme de René Descartes, et un Traité de la formation du foetus, du mesme auteur, avec les Remarques de Louis de la Forge, docteur en medecine. C. Clerselier (Ed.). Paris: Angot.
  • Descartes, R. (1985). The Philosophical Writings of Descartes: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (1998). Meditations on First Philosophy (D. A. Cress, Trans.) (4th ed.). Hackett Publishing. Dewey, J. (1882). The metaphysical assumptions of materialism, The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 16(2), 208-213. doi:10.1037/h0069348
  • Fromm, H. (1978). From Transcendence to Obsolescence: A Route Map. The Georgia Review, 32(3), 543-552. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41397632
  • Gordon, M. (2020). Self-Forgiveness, Shame, and Moral Development, Philosophy of Education, 76(3), 22-36.
  • Hiley, D. R. (1978). Materialism and the inner life, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 16(2), 61-70. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.1978.tb01325.x
  • Hook, S. (1934). What is materialism?, The Journal of Philosophy, 31(9), 235. doi:10.2307/2015963
  • Levine, M. P. (1986). Cartesian materialism and conservation: Berkelean immaterialism?, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 24(2), 247-259. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.1986.tb01564.x
  • Magner, B. (2014). Shantaram: Portrait of an Australian bestseller. Antipodes, 28(1), 213-225. doi:10.13110/antipodes.28.1.0213
  • Manning, R. (1985). Materialism, dualism and functionalism in Aristotle′s philosophy of mind, Apeiron, 19(1), 11-23. doi:10.1515/apeiron-1985-0002
  • Mantri, M. (2019). Bombay Novels: Some Insights in Spatial Criticism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Morton, P. A. (1996). A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind: Readings with Commentary. Broadview Press.
  • Nadler, S., Schmaltz, T. M., and Antoine-Mahut, D. (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Descartes and Cartesianism. Oxford University Press, USA.
  • Pal, D. (2020). A Portrait of the Orient through the Occidental Gaze: Resuming the Journey of ‘Dark India’ with Gregory David Roberts. RAIS Conference Proceedings, 53-59. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4412301
  • Roberts, G. D. (2003). Shantaram. London: Abacus Software.
  • Rozemond, M. (1998). Descartes’s Dualism. Harvard University Press.
  • Slakey, T. J. (1961). Aristotle on sense perception, The Philosophical Review, 70(4), 470. doi:10.2307/2183608
  • Sorell, T. (2000). Descartes: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford.
  • Wilson, C. (2017). Materialism, Old and New, and the Party of Humanity. In S. Ellenzweig & J. H. Zammito (Eds.), The New Politics of Materialism: History, Philosophy, Science (pp. 111-130). Routledge.
  • Yuva, A. (2021). Materialism, politics, and the history of philosophy. Materialism and Politics, 293-312. doi:10.37050/ci-20_16
  • Zimmerman, D. (2010). From property dualism to substance dualism, Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 84(1), 119-150. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8349.2010.00189.x

Gregory David Roberts’ın Shantaram Romanında Düalizm ve Materyalizm

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 3 - 17, 23.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1009329

Öz

Gregory David Roberts, hayatının önceki dönemlerinde pek çok suç eylemlerine karışmış ve bunlardan ötürü ülkesinde mahkûmiyet cezası almış çağdaş Avustralyalı bir yazardır. 2003 yılında yazar, çoğunluğunu Hint şehri Bombay’da yaşadığı deneyimlere dayanan yarı otobiyografik Shantaram romanını yayımlar. Dünya çapında ilgiyle karşılanan ve en iyi satanlar listesine giren roman, batılı bir maceraperestin Hint şehirlerinde deneyimlediği manevi yolculuğun şaşırtıcı hikâyesini anlatır. Shantaram, ahlak’tan şiddete ve iyiyle kötünün mücadelesine kadar pek çok farklı mesele ve temayı ele almaktadır fakat kurgunun odak noktasında yer alan tema ise düalizm ve materyalizm arasındaki ikili karşıtlıktır. Bu anlamda Roberts, bireysel arayışı dualizm ile materyalizm arasındaki karşıtlığı simgeleyen ve açığa çıkaran batılı figürün büyüleyici bir öyküsünü resmediyor. Düalizm, aklın/ruhun beden üzerindeki özerkliğini savunurken, materyalizm ise tüm canlıların maddi yasalara bağlı olduğunu iddia eder. Bu makale, Roberts’ın Shantaram romanını düalizm ve materyalizm ikili karşıtlığı üzerinden, özel anlamda ise düalist bir bakış açısıyla analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Modern felsefe ve düalist düşüncenin kurucusu olarak kabul edilen René Descartes’ın kuramı, onun felsefesi karşısında konumlanan materyalist düşünce ile birlikte metne uygulanacaktır. Bu bağlamda, düalizm, Aristoteles, Plato, Lucretius, Kant ve George Berkeley gibi, antik çağdan modern felsefeye kadar, bu düşünceye katkıda bulunan birçok etkili düşünür referans alınarak, materyalizm ve fizikalizm ile karşılaştırılmaktadır. Böylece, Shantaram romanına Kartezyen analiz uygulanarak Roberts’ın hikâyesinin alt-metninde vurgulanan düalizm açığa çıkarılmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırma, Shantaram romanının, ana karakteri olan Lin’in Bombay’da bulunan varoşlardaki deneyimlerinden yola çıkarak Kartezyen düalizmin tezahürlerini ortaya koyduğu ve Gregory David Roberts'ın anlatısında, zihnin/ruhun, beden ve fiziksel alan üzerindeki özerkliğini savunurken, düalizmin materyalizme baskın geldiği sonucuna varmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aquinas, S. T. (1964). Summa Theologiae. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Cottingham, J. (1992). The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (1664). L’Homme de René Descartes, et un Traité de la formation du foetus, du mesme auteur, avec les Remarques de Louis de la Forge, docteur en medecine. C. Clerselier (Ed.). Paris: Angot.
  • Descartes, R. (1985). The Philosophical Writings of Descartes: Volume 1. Cambridge University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (1998). Meditations on First Philosophy (D. A. Cress, Trans.) (4th ed.). Hackett Publishing. Dewey, J. (1882). The metaphysical assumptions of materialism, The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 16(2), 208-213. doi:10.1037/h0069348
  • Fromm, H. (1978). From Transcendence to Obsolescence: A Route Map. The Georgia Review, 32(3), 543-552. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41397632
  • Gordon, M. (2020). Self-Forgiveness, Shame, and Moral Development, Philosophy of Education, 76(3), 22-36.
  • Hiley, D. R. (1978). Materialism and the inner life, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 16(2), 61-70. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.1978.tb01325.x
  • Hook, S. (1934). What is materialism?, The Journal of Philosophy, 31(9), 235. doi:10.2307/2015963
  • Levine, M. P. (1986). Cartesian materialism and conservation: Berkelean immaterialism?, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 24(2), 247-259. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.1986.tb01564.x
  • Magner, B. (2014). Shantaram: Portrait of an Australian bestseller. Antipodes, 28(1), 213-225. doi:10.13110/antipodes.28.1.0213
  • Manning, R. (1985). Materialism, dualism and functionalism in Aristotle′s philosophy of mind, Apeiron, 19(1), 11-23. doi:10.1515/apeiron-1985-0002
  • Mantri, M. (2019). Bombay Novels: Some Insights in Spatial Criticism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Morton, P. A. (1996). A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind: Readings with Commentary. Broadview Press.
  • Nadler, S., Schmaltz, T. M., and Antoine-Mahut, D. (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Descartes and Cartesianism. Oxford University Press, USA.
  • Pal, D. (2020). A Portrait of the Orient through the Occidental Gaze: Resuming the Journey of ‘Dark India’ with Gregory David Roberts. RAIS Conference Proceedings, 53-59. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4412301
  • Roberts, G. D. (2003). Shantaram. London: Abacus Software.
  • Rozemond, M. (1998). Descartes’s Dualism. Harvard University Press.
  • Slakey, T. J. (1961). Aristotle on sense perception, The Philosophical Review, 70(4), 470. doi:10.2307/2183608
  • Sorell, T. (2000). Descartes: A Very Short Introduction. OUP Oxford.
  • Wilson, C. (2017). Materialism, Old and New, and the Party of Humanity. In S. Ellenzweig & J. H. Zammito (Eds.), The New Politics of Materialism: History, Philosophy, Science (pp. 111-130). Routledge.
  • Yuva, A. (2021). Materialism, politics, and the history of philosophy. Materialism and Politics, 293-312. doi:10.37050/ci-20_16
  • Zimmerman, D. (2010). From property dualism to substance dualism, Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume, 84(1), 119-150. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8349.2010.00189.x
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cenk Tan 0000-0003-2451-3612

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Mart 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tan, C. (2022). Dualism and Materialism in Gregory David Roberts’ Shantaram. Turkish Academic Research Review, 7(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.30622/tarr.1009329

Turkish Academic Research Review 
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