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Baskı Altındaki Uygurlar: Doğu Türkistan'da Sürdürülen Sistematik İnsan Hakları İhlalleri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 126 Sayı: 248, 77 - 114, 31.10.2020

Öz

Bu çalışma, komünist Çin yönetimi tarafından Sincan Uygur Özerk Bölgesi’nde gerçekleştirilen insan hakları ihlallerini analiz etmektedir. Çalışmamız, söz konusu ihlallerin anlaşılabilmesi için birincil elden kaynak olarak küresel tanınırlığa sahip insan hakları koruma örgütleri ve sivil toplum kuruluşları tarafından hazırlanan güncel raporları irdelemektedir. Rapor içeriklerinden faydalanılarak şekillendirilen çalışmamız; uluslararası, bölgesel ve yerel hukuki mevzuatın yanı sıra ikincil elden pek çok eserden de istifade etmiştir. Çalışmamıza göre; baskıcı Uygur politikası, negatif ve pozitif statü hakları yönünden önemli sayıda ihlale sebebiyet vermektedir. Bahsi geçen politikanın yumuşatılması ve eğer mümkünse tamamen ortadan kaldırılması sürecinde Türkiye’nin etkin bir rol oynayabileceğini öne süren çalışmamız, Sincan’da sürdürülen hak ihlalleri ile yoğun bir şekilde ilgilenilmesi gerektiğini ifade etmektedir. Mevzu bahis ihlalleri yerinde kavramak ve insan hakları yönünden yardıma muhtaç Uygurların durumunu tespit edebilmek için Sincan’ın başkenti Urumçi’de bir Türk başkonsolosluğu açılmasını öneren çalışmamız, Kaşgar ve Turfan gibi Uygur kimliğini yansıtan Doğu Türkistan vilayetlerinde Türkiye’nin kültürel diplomasi kurumları tarafından temsilcilikler açılmasını tavsiye etmektedir. Doğu Türkistan ile iletişim ve etkileşim kanallarını açık tutacak olan bu temsilcilikler, Uygur Türklerine yönelik sürdürülen hak ihlallerinin teşhis edilmesi ile ihlallere karşı yürütülen mücadele sürecine katkı sunacaktır. Gerek başkonsolosluk, gerekse temsilcilikler marifetiyle elde edilecek bilgilerin sistematik olarak raporlandırılması işleminin Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu tarafından icra edilebileceğini dile getiren çalışmamız, hazırlanacak kurumsal raporların Türk dış politika yapıcıları tarafından uluslararası platformlarda dile getirilmekle beraber Çin ile yürütülen ikili görüşmelerde de gündeme taşınabileceğini savunmaktadır. Çalışmamıza göre; küresel gücünü ve saygınlığını artırmak isteyen komünist Çin rejimi, atılacak diplomatik Türk adımlarına olumlu yaklaşabilir ve nihayetinde baskıcı Uygur politikasını yumuşatabilir.

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Oppressed Uighurs: Systematic Human Rights Violations in East Turkestan

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 126 Sayı: 248, 77 - 114, 31.10.2020

Öz

This study analyses human rights violations committed by the communist Chinese administration in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region. In order to comprehend such violations, this study examines recent reports prepared by a series of globally-respected human rights institutions and civil society organisations. In light of the reports, the study draws on international, regional and domestic legal documents as primary sources, as well as several secondary sources. With respect to negative and positive human rights, this study asserts that the oppressive Uighur policy has led to many human rights abuses in the region. The study maintains that Turkey would play an effective role in softening the Uighur policy and, if possible, in nullifying it completely. The study calls on Turkey to pay attention to human rights breaches in Xinjiang. It is argued that a Turkish consulate general should be established in the regional capital of Urumqi. Moreover, cultural diplomacy agencies of Turkey should open offices in the Uighur-majority cities such as Kashgar and Turpan to identify the human rights violations locally and help the Uighurs in combatting these violations. The aforementioned consulate general and agencies could be instrumental in collecting first-hand information. The Human Rights and Equality Institution of Turkey would utilize this information to prepare systematic reports on the issues. The reports could then be brought forward to the international platforms by the Turkish diplomatic apparatus. The reports could also be brought up on the agenda of bilateral discussions pursued with China. By these efforts, it is suggested that the Uighur policy of China could be softened because Beijing is concerned about its global soft power and reputation more than before.

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  • HEFFRON, Claire: “Hotel in China is Fined £1,700 for Accepting Muslim Guests after Authorities Banned the Ethnic Minority from Staying in the Area ahead of Communist Party Congress”, Daily Mail, 10 Ekim, 2017, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news-/china/article-4965488/Chinese-hotel-fined-1-700-accepting-Muslim-guests.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • HIATT, Fred: “In China, Every Day Is Kristallnacht”, The Washingston Post, 3 Kasım, 2019, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.washington-post.com/opinions/2019/11/03/china-every-day-is-kristallnacht/, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • HOJA, Gulchehra: “Chinese Authorities Question Students in Xinjiang about Religious Habits”, Radio Free Asia, 15 Ağustos, 2016, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/chinese-authorities-question-students-08152016161405.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Restaurants Ordered to Remain Open in Xinjiang Amid Ramadan Fast”, Radio Free Asia, 26 Mayıs, 2017, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/ramadan-05262017080553.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • HOSHUR, Shohret: “‘At Least 2,000 Uyghurs Killed’ in Yarkand Violence: Exile Leader”, Radio Free Asia, 5 Ağustos, 2014, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/yarkand-08052014150547.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Innocent Bystander Shot by Police in Xinjiang’s Bugur Violence”, Radio Free Asia, 3 Ekim, 2014, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/civilian-10032014170450.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Uyghur Imam, Farmers Sentenced for Illegally Practicing Religion in China’s Xinjiang”, Radio Free Asia, 16 Mart, 2016, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/uyghur-imam-farmers-sentenced-for-illegally-practicing-religion-in-chinas-xinjiang-03162016112010.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Uyghur Given 7-Year Prison Term for Viewing Muslim Film”, Radio Free Asia, 9 Mayıs, 2016, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/film-05092016151441.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Under the Guise of Public Safety, China Demolishes Thousands of Mosques”, Radio Free Asia, 19 Aralık, 2016, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/under-the-guise-of-public-safety-12192016140127.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Uyghur Veterinarian Jailed for Treating Suspect Wounded in Xinjiang Violence”, Radio Free Asia, 17 Ağustos, 2017, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/veterinarian-08172017140951.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Uyghur Woman Handed 10-Year Prison Term over Headscarf Claim”, Radio Free Asia, 19 Eylül, 2017, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/headscarf-09192017174307.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Two Uyghur Students Die in China’s Custody Following Voluntary Return from Egypt”, Radio Free Asia, 21 Aralık, 2017, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/students-12212017141002, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi]
  • ________________: “Uyghur Muslim Scholar Dies in Chinese Police Custody”, Radio Free Asia, 1 Ocak, 2018, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/scholar-death-012920181804-27.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “More than Two Dozen Uyghurs from One Xinjiang County Perished in Re-Education Camps”, Radio Free Asia, 27 Haziran, 2018, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/deaths-06272018141605.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Uyghur Exile Group Leader’s Mother Died in Xinjiang Detention Center”, Radio Free Asia, 2 Temmuz, 2018, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/mother-07022018164214.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
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  • O’LEARY, Brendan: “The Elements of Right-sizing and Right-peopling the State”, Right-sizing the State: The Politics of Moving Borders, Ed. Brendan O’Leary, Ian Lustick ve Thomas Callaghy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001, s. 16-73.
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  • POPE, Hugh: Sons of the Conquerors: The Rise of the Turkic World, Overlook Duckworth, New York, 2005.
  • RAJAGOPALAN, Megha: “This is What a 21st-Century Police State Really Looks Like”, BuzzFeed, 17 Ekim, 2017, (Çevrimiçi) www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/the-police-state-of-the-future-is-already-here, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
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  • SAINSBURY, Michael: “Uighur Tension Persist as Old City Demolished”, The Australian, 6 Ocak, 2010, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/uighur-tensions-persist-as-kashgars-old-city-demolished/news-story/724e1652965d0f8ecd0e57515d59e6d2, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • SARAY, Mehmet Ozan ve GÖKDEMİR, Levent: “Çin Ekonomisinin Büyüme Aşamaları”, Journal of Yaşar University, C. 2, No: 7, 2007, 681-686.
  • SAUTMAN, Barry: “Self-representation and Ethnic Minority Rights in China”, Asian Ethnicity, C. 15, No: 2, 2014, s. 174-196.
  • SEZER, Murad: “Without Papers, Uighurs Fear for Their Future in Turkey”, Reuters, 27 Mart, 2019, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-turkey-widerimage/without-papers-uighurs-fear-for-their-future-in-turkey-idUSKCN1R81ED, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • SHARE, Michael: “The Great Game Revisited: Three Empires Collide in Chinese Turkestan (Xinjiang)”, Europe-Asia Studies, C. 67, No: 7, 2015, s. 1102-1129.
  • SHEPHERD, Christian: “China Tightens Regulation of Religion to ‘Block Extremism’”, Reuters, 7 Eylül, 2017, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-religion/china-tightens-regulation-of-religion-to-block-extremism-idUSKCN1BI1IH, [01. 08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Fear and Oppression in Xinjiang: China’s War on Uighur Culture”, Financial Times, 12 Eylül, 2019, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.ft.com/content/48508182-d426-11e9-8367-807ebd53ab77, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • SHIH, Gerry: “China’s Mass Indoctrination Camps Evoke Cultural Revolution”, AP News, 18 Mayıs, 2018, (Çevrimiçi) https://apnews.com/6e151296fb194f85ba69a8babd972e4b/China%E2%80%99s-massindoctrinationcamps-evoke-Cultural-Revolution, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • SINTASH, Bahram: Demolishing Faith: The Destruction and Desecration of Uyghur Mosques and Shrines, UHRP Publication Office, Washington, 2019.
  • SULAIMAN, Eset: “Xinjiang Police Open Fire at Protest Against Clampdown on Islamic Dress”, Radio Free Asia, 20 Mayıs, 2014, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/dress-05202014202002.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “Controls on Uyghur Villages, Mosques Continue into New Year”, Radio Free Asia, 6 Ocak, 2016, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/control-01062016160604.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • ________________: “China Bans Uyghur Language in Schools in Key Xinjiang Prefecture”, Radio Free Asia, 28 Temmuz, 2017, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/language-07282017143037.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • TANÖR, Bülent: Anayasa Hukukunda Sosyal Haklar, May Yayınları, İstanbul, 1978.
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  • THUM, Rian: “What Really Happens in China’s ‘Re-Education’ Camps”, The New York Times, 7 Ağustos, 2018, (Çevrimiçi) www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/opinion/china-re-education-camps.html, [01.08.2020 tarihinde erişildi].
  • UHRP: Uyghur Voices on Education: Chinese Assimilative ‘Bilingual Education’ Policy in East Turkistan, UHRP Publication Office, Washington, 2015.
  • ________________: End of the Road: One Belt, One Road and the Cumulative Economic Marginalization of the Uyghurs, UHRP Publication Office, Washington, 2016.
  • ________________: Discrimination, Mistreatment and Coercion: Severe Labor Rights Abuses Faced by Uyghurs in China and East Turkestan, UHRP Publication Office, Washington, 2017.
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  • ________________: Ideological Transformation: Records of Mass Detention from Qaraqash, Hotan, UHRP Publication Office, Washington, 2020.
  • ________________: Kashgar Coerced Forced Reconstruction, Exploitation, and Surveillance in the Cradle of Uyghur Culture, UHRP Publication Office, Washington, 2020.
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  • UYGUN, Oktay: “İnsan Hakları Açısından Yeni Anayasa Çalışmaları”, Maltepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 2, No: 1, 2008, s. 323-335.
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  • UYGUR, Feyzullah: “Mançuların İlk Doğu Türkistan İstilası”, Tarih Dergisi, No: 63, 2016, s. 27-40.
  • VÁMBÉRY, Ármin: Travels in Central Asia: Being the Account of a Journey from Teheran across the Turkoman Desert on the Eastern Shore of the Caspian to Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarkand Performed in the Year 1863, John Murray, London, 1864.
  • VÄLISLUUREAMET: International Security and Estonia, Välisluureamet Publication Office, Tallinn, 2020.
  • VİNCENT, Andrew: The Politics of Human Rights, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010.
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  • WUC: 2016 Report on Human Rights Violations in East Turkestan, WUC Publication Office, Munich, 2016.
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  • XU, Vicky et. al.: Uyghur for Sale: Re-education, Forced Labour and Surveillance beyond Xinjiang, ASPI Publication Office, Barton, 2020.
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  • AB Temel Haklar Sözleşmesi, 18 Aralık 2000, C 364/01 (yürürlük tarihi: 1 Aralık 2009).
  • Afrika İnsan ve Topluluk Hakları Sözleşmesi, 27 Haziran 1981, 21 ILM 58 (yürürlük tarihi: 21 Ekim 1986).
  • Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi, 4 Kasım 1950, ETS 5 (yürürlük tarihi: 3 Eylül 1953).
  • BM Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklar Komitesi 13 Nolu Genel Yorumu, 8 Aralık 1999, E/C.12/1999/10.
  • BM İnsan Hakları Komitesi 10 Nolu Genel Yorumu, 29 Haziran 1983, CCPR/C/GC/10.
  • BM İnsan Hakları Komitesi 22 Nolu Genel Yorumu, 30 Temmuz 1993, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4.
  • BM İnsan Hakları Komitesi 25 Nolu Genel Yorumu, 12 Temmuz 1996, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7.
  • BM İnsan Hakları Komitesi 27 Nolu Genel Yorumu, 2 Kasım 1999, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9.
  • Bölgesel yahut Azınlık Dilleri için Avrupa Sözleşmesi, 5 Kasım 1992, ETS 148 (yürürlük tarihi: 1 Mart 1998).
  • Çin Ceza Kanunu, 14 Mart 1997 (yürürlük tarihi: 1 Ekim 1997).
  • Çin Ceza Muhakemeleri ve Usulü Kanunu, 1 Temmuz 1979 (yürürlük tarihi: 1 Ocak 1980).
  • Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Anayasası (Xianfa), 4 Aralık 1982 (yürürlük tarihi: 4 Aralık 1982).
  • Çin Terörle Mücadele Kanunu, 27 Aralık 2015 (yürürlük tarihi: 1 Ocak 2016).
  • Engelli Hakları Sözleşmesi, 13 Aralık 2006, 2515 UNTS 3 (yürürlük tarihi: 3 Mayıs 2008).
  • Göçmen İşçiler ve Aile Bireylerinin Haklarını Korumaya Yönelik Uluslararası Sözleşme, 18 Aralık 1990, 2220 UNTS 3 (yürürlük tarihi: 1 Temmuz 2003).
  • Güneydoğu Asya Ülkeleri İnsan Hakları Beyannamesi, 18 Kasım 2012, Güneydoğu Asya Ülkeleri Birliği.
  • Her Türlü Irk Ayrımcılığının Önlenmesine Dair Uluslararası Sözleşme, 21 Aralık 1965, 660 UNTS 195 (yürürlük tarihi: 4 Ocak 1969).
  • İnsan Hakları Amerikan Sözleşmesi, 22 Ocak 1969, B-32 (yürürlük tarihi: 18 Temmuz 1978).
  • İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi, 10 Aralık 1948, BM Genel Kurul Kararı 217 A (III).
  • İşkenceye ve Diğer Zalimane, Gayriinsani yahut Küçültücü Muamele veya Cezaya Karşı Sözleşme, 10 Aralık 1984, 1465 UNTS 85 (yürürlük tarihi: 26 Haziran 1987).
  • Kadına Karşı Her Tür Ayrımcılığın Önlenmesine Dair Uluslararası Sözleşme, 18 Aralık 1979, 1249 UNTS 13 (yürürlük tarihi: 3 Eylül 1981).
  • Ulusal Azınlıkların Korunmasına Dair Çatı Sözleşme, 10 Kasım 1994, ETS 157 (yürürlük tarihi: 1 Şubat 1998).
  • Ulusal yahut Etnik, Dini ve Dilsel Azınlık Üyelerinin Hakları Üzerine Beyanname, 20 Aralık 1993, BM Genel Kurul Kararı A/RES/48/138.
  • Uluslararası Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi, 20 Kasım 1989, 1577 UNTS 3 (yürürlük tarihi: 2 Eylül 1990).
  • Uluslararası Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kültürel Haklar Sözleşmesi, 16 Aralık 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (yürürlük tarihi: 3 Ocak 1976).
  • Uluslararası Medeni ve Siyasi Haklar Sözleşmesi, 19 Aralık 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (yürürlük tarihi: 23 Mart 1976).
  • Yerli Halkların Hakları Üzerine BM Beyannamesi, 2 Ekim 2007, BM Genel Kurul Kararı A/RES/61/295.
Toplam 160 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk, Siyaset Bilimi, Göç, Etnisite ve Çok Kültürlülük Sosyolojisi, Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Hakan Kolçak 0000-0003-1185-4055

Osman Ercan 0000-0002-2186-8963

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 126 Sayı: 248

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kolçak, Hakan, ve Osman Ercan. “Baskı Altındaki Uygurlar: Doğu Türkistan’da Sürdürülen Sistematik İnsan Hakları İhlalleri”. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları 126, sy. 248 (Ekim 2020): 77-114.