RUS ŞARKİYATÇILIĞI BAĞLAMINDA AFGANİSTAN TARİHİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 135 Sayı: 266, 43 - 64, 29.10.2023

Arif Akbaş

https://doi.org/10.55773/tda.1307727

Öz

Asya’daki merkezi konumu nedeniyle eski bir ticaret ve göç merkezi olan Afganistan ya da bazı eski kaynaklarda Baktriya diye de anılır, Kuhistan (Sistan ve Belucistan) [İran, Pakistan ve Afganistan arasındaki bölge] diye adlandırılan kısmı saymazsak; Kâbil, Herat, Gazne, Kandehar, Mezar-ı Şerif, Belh, Host, Pul-i Humri, Celalabad, Kunduz vb. şehirlerin yer aldığı tarihi İpek Yolu güzergâhında bulunan oldukça önemli bir bölgedir. Diğer yandan Türkistan (Orta Asya), Hindistan, Çin (Vahan Koridoru ile) ve Orta Doğu gibi bölgelerin tam ortasında kilit bir konumda bulunarak, anâsır-ı erbaa gibi dört medeniyetin yeryüzü üzerinde kesiştiği bu topraklar; geçmişte ve günümüzde büyük devletlerin her daim dikkatini çekmiş; bu coğrafyayı şekillendiren güçlerin ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel ilişkilerinde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Sosyolog İbn-i Haldun’un deyişiyle: “Coğrafya bir kaderdir.” Büyük devletlerce umarsız bir mahrum bırakılmaya terk edilmiş Afganistan’ın, amansız Hindukuş ve Pamir dağlarında fırtınaların azalmadığı gibi kaderinde savaşlar da eksik olmamıştır. Bu makalede harap ülke Afganistan’ın Rus şarkiyatçılığı bağlamında tarihi Weberci verstehende/ yorumlama yöntemiyle değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afganistan, Rusya, Türkistan, Şarkiyatçılık, Afgan tarihi

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

In the Context of Russian Orientalism Evaluation of Afghanistan History

Öz

Afghanistan, an old trade and migration center due to its central location in Asia, or it is also called Bactria in some ancient sources, not counting the part called Kuhistan (Sistan and Balochistan) [the region between Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan]; Kabul, Herat, Ghazni, Kandahar, Mazar-i-Sharif, Belh, Host, Pul-i Humri, Jalalabad, Kunduz etc. It is a very important region located on the historical Silk Road route where the cities are located. On the other hand, these lands, which are in a key position in the middle of regions such as Turkestan (Central Asia), India, China (with the Vahan Corridor) and the Middle East, where four civilizations such as anasır-ı erbaa intersect on the earth; it has always attracted the attention of great states in the past and today; played an important role in the economic, political and cultural relations of the powers that shaped this geography. In the words of the sociologist Ibn Khaldun: “Geography is destiny.” Afghanistan, which was left to be desperately deprived by the great powers, has not lessened the storms in the inexorable Hindu Kush and Pamir mountains, and wars have not been missing in its destiny. In this article, the history of the devastated Afghanistan in the context of Russian orientalism will be evaluated with the Weberian verstehende/interpretation method.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afghanistan, Russia, Turkestan, Orientalism, Afghan history

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

• ADAMEC, Ludwig W.: Afghanistan’s Foreign Affairs to the Mid-twentieth Century: Relations with the USSR, Germany, and Britain, University of Arizona Press, Arizona, 1974.
• ADAMEC, Ludwig W.: Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan, Md.: Scarecrow Press, Lanham, 2011. AHMETBEYOĞLU, Ali: Afganistan Üzerine Araştırmalar, Tarih ve Tabiat Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul, 2002.
• ARİSTOV, Nikolai Aleksandrovich: Anglo-İndiyskiy «Kavkaz» : Stolknoveniya Anglii s Afg. Pogran Plemenami, V. Ts. Meshcherskogo, St. Petersburg,1900.
• ARTIKBAEV, Jambıl Omaroviç: Istoricheskoye Naslediye Mashkhur Zhusup Kopeyeva. Pavlodar: PGU İm. S. Toraygyrova, 2004.
• ARUNOVA, Mananna Rubenovna: Firmans by Nadir Shah Afshar 1736-1747 as a Source for Historic Studies, R.S.F.S.R., Moskva, 1960.
• ASLANOV, M. G.: “Zaimstvovaniya iz Tyurkskikh Yazykov v Pushtu”, Trudy Moyek, Sb. № 4, In-ta Vostokovedeniya, Moskva,1974.
• BARTHOLD, V. V.: Turkestan v Epokhu Mongol’skogo Nashestviya, T. II, St. Petersburg: Tip. Imp. Akad. Nauk, 1898-1900.
• BARTHOLD, Vasilij Viladimiroviç: Asya’nın Keşfi: Rusyada ve Avrupa’da Şarkiyatçılığın Tarihi. İstanbul, Yöneliş Yayınları, 2000.
• BASKHANOV, M. K.: “Arendarenko Georgiy Alekseyevich”. Russkiye Voyennyye Vostokovedy do 1917 Goda, Biobibliograficheskiy Slovar’. Moskva: «Vostochnaya Literatura», 2005.
• BASKHANOV, Mikhail Kazbekovich: Russkiye Voyennyye Vostokovedy do 1917 Goda. Moskva: Izdatel’skaya Firma “Vostochnaya Literatura” RAN, 2005.
• BİRMAN, D. A. ve Kotovskii, Grigorii Grigor’evich: Bibliografiya Indii. Moskva: Izd-vo “Nauka”, Glavnaya Redaktsiya Vostochnoy Literatury, 1976.
• BLARAMBERG, Ivan Fyodorovich: Osada Goroda Gerata, Predprinyataya Persidskoy Armiyey pod Predvoditel’stvom Magomed-shakha v 1837 i 1838 Godakh, Sbornik geograficheskikh, topograficheskikh i statisticheskikh materialov po Azii, Vıp. XVI, St. Petersburg: Voennaya Tipografia, 1885 (1978).
• BOSWORTH, Bosworth C. E.: New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2019.
• BRECHNA, Habibo: Die Geschichte Afghanistans: Historische Ereignisse, Erzählungen und Erinnerungen. vdf Hochschulverlag AG., Zürich, 2011.
• CHHABRA, G. S.: Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: Volume 2, 1803-1920. Lotus Press, New Delhi, 2005.
• CNN (Cable News Network). “Afghan rail plan among proposals for donors”, January 21, 2002, (Çevrim içi) https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/01/21/afghan.rail/index. html, (23 Haziran 2021).
• ÇORUH, Şinasi: Emir Sultan, İstanbul: Tercüman Yayınları, 1972.
• DORN, Bernhard: Grammatische Bemerkungen ueber das Puschtu, oder die Sprache der Afghanen: (lu le 6 Septembre 1839). Saint-Pétersbourg: Impr. De l’Académie Impériale des Sciences, 1840.
• DORN, Bernhard; HARAVİ, Nimat Allah: History of the Afghans Translated from the Persian of Neamet Ullah, Publisher Jhon Murray, London,1829-1836.
• DORN, Boris Andreevich: Beiträge zur Geschichte der kaukasischen Länder und Völker aus Morgenländischen Quellen. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburger Akademie, 1845-48, Bd. 5-7.
• DORN, Boris Andreevich: Chestomathy of the Pushtuor Afghan Language, Printed for the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburgh, 1847.
• DUPREE, Louis: Afghanistan; Big Gamble, Shah Book Company, Kabul, 2003.
• EFİMOV, Aleksei Vladimirovich: Novaya İstoriya, Moskva: Gosudarstvennoye Uchebno-Pedagogicheskoye İzdatel’stvo Narkomprosa RSFSR, 1945.
• ETKIND, Alexander: Internal Colonization: Russia’s Imperial Experience, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2011.
• GOLDEN, Peter B: Central Asia in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• GÖK, Cemil: Kırk Asırlık Türk Yurdu Hatay: Tarihî Gelişimi Millî Mücadelesi, Ulus Basımevi, Ankara, 2015.
• GREEN, Nile: The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca, Univ. of California Press, California, 2019.
• GREGORIAN, Vartan: The Emergence of Modern Afhanistan: Politics of Modernization, 1880-1930, Department of History, Stanford University, California, 1964
• GRİGORİEV, V. V: Khrisanfa Mitropolita Novopatrasskogo o Stranakh Sredney Azii, Poseshchennykh im v 1790 Godakh. Moskva: İz Chteniy Obshchestva İstorii i Drevnostey Rossiyskikh pri Moskovskom Universitete, 1861.
• GRİGORİEV, Vasily Vasilyevich ve RİTTER, Karl: Kâbulistan i Kâfiristan. Imp.Rus. Geogr. Ovo, St. Petersburg, 1867.
• GRODEKOV Nikolai İvanoviç: Poyezdka Gen. Sht. Polkovnika Grodekova iz Samarkanda Cherez Gerat v Afganistan (v 1878 godu)/ Sbornik Geograficheskikh, Topograficheskikh i Statisticheskikh Materialov po Azii. Vyp. V., St. Petersburg: Rus. Arm, 1883.
• GRODEKOV, Nikolai İvanoviç: Çerez Afganistan, Poyezdka Polkovnika Matveyeva po Bukharskim i Afganskim vladeniyam. «Sbornik Materialov po Azii», Vyi. V. St. Petersburg, Rus. Arm, 1880.
• HAUNER, Milan: India in Axis Strategy: Germany, Japan, and Indian Nationalists in the Second World War, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart,1981.
• International Diabetes Center, Russian Military İntelligence on Afghanistan, IDC Publishers, Leiden: The Netherlands 2006.
• ISBY, David: Afghanistan: Graveyard of Empires: A New History of the Borderlands, Pegasus Books, New York: 2011.
• KHANYKOV, Nikolai Vladimirovich: “O Pamyatnikakh Stariny Gerata sm. Pis’mo N. V. Khanykovak Frantsuzskomu Oriyentalistu Reyno, Opublikovannoye v” , «Journal Asiatique» T. XV., 1860.
• KHVOSTOV, Vladimir Mikhailovich ve KHVOSTOV, Mikhail Mikhailovich: Problemy İstorii Vneshney Politiki Rossii i Mezhdunarodnykh Otnosheniy v Kontse XIX - Nachale XX v: İzbrannyye Trudy, Moskva: Nauka, 1977.
• KONUKÇU, Enver: “Halaç”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi, 1997, (Çevrim içi) https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/halac, 16.08.2021.
• KOTOVSKY, G. G: Ivan Pavlovich Minayev: Sbornik Statey, Nauka, Moskva,1967.
• LEVI, Scott C: The Rise and Fall of Khoqand, 1709-1876: Central Asia in the Global Age. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017.
• MAJUMDAR, Ramesh Chandra, Ancient India, Motilal Banarsidass Publ, Delhi, 1977.
• MİNORSKY V. ve BARTHOLD, V. V.: Hudud al’Alam “The Regions Of The World” A Persian Geography. London: Published By Messrs. Lu Zac & Co., 1937.
• MOTADEL, David: Islam and Nazi Germany’s War, Harvard University Press, London, 2014.
• MUJTABA, Bahaudin; JAWAD, Sayed Tayeb: Afghanistan: Realities of War and Rebuilding, ILEAD Academy, Kentucky, 2006.
• MUKHAMEDZHANOV, Abdullakhad Rakhimdzhanovich: Istoriya Orosheniya Bukharskogo Oazisa, Fan., Taşkent,1978.
• NEBOLSİN, Pavel Ivanovich: Ocherki Torgovli Rossii s Stranami Sredney Azii, Khivoy, Bukharoy i Kokanom: So Storony Orenburgskoy Linii, İ.Gonçarov’, Sanktpeterburg’,1856.
• NETTON, Ian Richard. BOSWORTH, Clifford Edmund. ve HİLLENBRAND, Carole: Studies in Honour of Clifford Edmund Bosworth. Volume I, Hunter of the East: Arabic and Semitic Studies. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
• NORRIS, John A: The First Afghan War 1838-1842, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,1967.
• RASHID, Abdur: From Makkah to Nuclear Pakistan, Ferozsons, Lahore, 2001.
• REYSNER, Igor’ Mikhaylovich ve RUBTSOV, B. K: Novaya İstoriya Stran Zarubezhnogo Vostoka, Tom II. Izd-vo Moskovskogo Universiteta, Moskva,1952.
• ROMODİN, V. A. “İz İstorii İzucheniya Afgantsev i Afganistana v Rossii”. Ocherki po İstorii Russkogo Vostokovedeniya (s.148-182) Nauk, Moskva,1953.
• Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvennyy Arkhiv Drevnikh Aktov (RGADA), “Opisi i Ukazateli”, F. 1385 Op. 1 D. 4 ve F. 192 Op. 1-6, 2019, (Çevrim içi) http://rgada.info/, 28.06.2021.
• Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvennyy Arkhiv Literatury i İskusstva (RGALI), “Spisok Fondov”, F. 191 Op. 2 Yed. Khr. 212, F. 306 Op. 1 Yed. Khr. 189 ve F. 485 Op. 1 Yed. Khr. 1203, 2019, (Çevrim içi) https://rgali.ru/ 28.06. 2021.
• Rossiyskiy Gosudarstvennyy İstoricheskiy Arkhiv (RGIA). (1805). “Afganistan”, F. 853 Op. 1 D. 285, (Çevrim içi) https://rgia.su/object/1108563, 25.06.2021.
• SABİROV, A. A.: Bibliografiya Afganistana, Kazan: Kazanskiy (Privolzhskiy) Federal’nyy Universitet Institut İstorii Kafedra Zarubezhnogo Regionovedeniya, 2012.
• Sankt-Peterburgskiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet. Vastoçniy Fakul’tet. “O Kafedre Otdeleniye İstorii Irana i Afganistana”, 2021, (Çevrim içi) https://orient.spbu.ru/index. php/en/about-fa-as/departments/item/74-department-of-history-of-the-middleeast- countries, 02.07. 2021.
• SERGEYEV, Yevgeniy: (2012). Bol’shaya İgra, 1856–1907, Mify i Realii Rossiysko-Britanskikh Otnosheniy v Tsentral’noy i Vostochnoy Azii. Moskva: Tovarişçestvo Nauçnih İzdaniy KMK.
• SHAHRANI, M. Nazif: Modern Afghanistan: The Impact of 40 Years of War, Indiana University Press, Indiana, 2018.
• SINHA, Mukesh Kumar: The Persian World: Understanding People, Polity, and Life in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, Hope India, . Delhi, 2005.
• SOLOVYEV, Vladimir Mihayloviç: Dve İmperii: Rossiya ot Nachala XIX veka do Noveyshego Vremeni. Moskva, Berlin.
• SOROKİN, Yuriy Alekseyevich: Aktual’nyye Problemy Otechestvennoy İstorii XVIII-XX vv, III. Tom, Omskiy Gosudarstvennyy Universitet, Omsk, 2006.
• TANPINAR, Ahmet Hamdi ve EMİL, Birol: Yaşadığım Gibi. İstanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, 1966.
• TOMSEN, Peter: The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers, Public Affairs, . New York, 2011.
• V oktyabre (st. st.) 1878 g. I. P. Minayev prochel na zasedanii Otdeleniya etnografii Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva doklad o snosheniyakh Rossii s Afganistanom v XVII v. Sm. soobshcheniye ob etom doklade v gaz. «Novosti», ot 16 Oktyabrya 1878. G.
• Vastoçnaya Literatura, “Srednevekovyye İstoricheskiye İstochniki Vostoka i Zapada”, Amirov, Gabaydullah (1775-1805) Puteşestvie, (Çevrim içi) http://www.vostlit.info/ Texts/Doku-menty/Indien/XVIII/1760-1780/Amirov_G/text1.phtml?id=11719, (25 Haziran 2021).
• VENGEROV’, S. A: “Arandarenko, Georgy Alekseevich”. Kritiko-Biograficheskiy Slovar’ Russkikh’ Pisateley i Uchenykh’ (Istoriko-Literaturnyy Sbornik’), Tom VI, St. Petersburg: Tipografia M. M. Stasyuleviça, 1897-1904.
• VİGASİN, Aleksey Alekseyevich: Russko-İndiyskiye Otnosheniya v XIX v; Sbornik Ark-hivnykh Dokumentov i Materialov, Moskva: Izdatel’skaia Firma “Vostochnaia Lit-ra” RAN., 1997.
• WYATT, Christopher: “Afghanistan in the Great War”, Asian Affairs, V.46 Issue (3). (2 September). 2015.
• YAVORSKY, Ivan Lavrovich: Puteshestviye Russkogo Posol’stva po Afganistanu i Bukharskomu Khanstvu v 1878-1879 gg. Imperatorskogo Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva: V 2-kh t. -St. Petersburg: Tip. Dr. M. A. Hana, 1882-1883.
• ZHİGALİNOY, O. I. SHMİDTA, E. F. ve KHALFİNA, N. A.: İ. F. Blaramberg Vospominaniya, Moskva: Glavnaya Redaktsiya Vostochnoy Literatury İzdatel’stva “Nauka”. 1978.