Ekolojik Risk Değerlendirmede Ekotoksikogenomik Kavramı ve Verdiği Katkılar

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 144 - 161, 18.06.2020

Mehmet Kürşat Şahin

https://doi.org/10.46810/tdfd.712763

Öz

Ekotoksikolojide, ekotoksikogenomik yaklaşımlar önemli bir alan olmaya başlamıştır. Toksikogenomikler önceleri kimyasalların insanlara risklerini belirlemek amacıyla kullanımdayken, bu konudaki son gelişmeler bu yaklaşımın diğer organizmalara da uygulanabilirliğini göstermiştir. Ekotoksikogenomik, ekosistemi temsil eden ve bireyler üzerinde olduğu kadar ekosistem üzerinde de kimyasalların zararlı etkilerinin çalışıldığı, organizmalara yönelik toksikogenomik bir uygulamadır. Ekotoksikogenomik belli bir toksikanta biyolojik sistemlerin bir yanıtı olarak, öncül gen ekspresyon çalışmalarından gelişmiştir. Zaman içinde olgunlaşan çalışmalar çeşitli –omik alanlarının toksikoloji ve patolojide kullanılmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Bu bağlamda ekolojik risk değerlendirme çalışmalarında çeşitli enzimler ve proteinlerin (örneğin Glutatyon S-transferaz, metallotiyonin, kolinesterazlar, ısı – şok proteinleri) biyobelirteç olarak kullanılması canlılar üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerin gözlemlenmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Ayrıca birçok omurgalı ve omurgasız canlıda toksik etkiye maruz kalmanın belirlenmesinde mikroçip veya gen çiplerinden yararlanılarak hangi genlerin hücrede, dokuda, organda “up/down regüle” olarak ifade edilmesinin belirlenmesi de bu yaklaşımın bir diğer alanıdır. Etki ve genin sonuç özgü örüntüsü, protein ve metabolit profilleri, toksisitenin biyobelirteçleri olarak moleküler değişimleri tanımlamada kullanılmakta ve bu profiller, toksisite mekanizmalarını açıklamayı da sağlamaktadır. Bu yaklaşım ile çok sayıda farklı etkenin etki mekanizmalarını belirlenerek, belli tür ve populasyon alt gruplarında bu mekanizmaları yorumlayabilen genetik özellikleri gösterebilmektedir. Son yıllarda çevresel maruz kalma ile oluşan etkilerden korunma ya da etkinin azaltılmasında ekotoksikogenomik çalışmalar, multidisipliner kimliği ile hem erken uyarı değerlendirilmesini hem de maruz kalmanın ekosistemde oluşturduğu risklerin moleküler düzeyde etki mekanizmalarının açıklanmasını sağlayan bir bilim dalı olarak gelişmesini sürdürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ekotoksikogenomik, toksikant, biyobelirteç, Ekolojik risk değerlendirilmesi

Ecotoxicogenomics Concept and Its Contributions to Ecological Risk Assessment

Öz

Ecotoxicogenomic approach has become an important area in ecotoxicology. While toxicogenomics were previously used to determine the risks of chemicals to humans, recent developments in this area have demonstrated that this approach is also applicable for other organisms.Ecotoxicogenomic is a toxicogenomic practice that represents the ecosystem and where harmful effects of chemicals are studied on the ecosystem as well as on individuals. Ecotoxicogenomics evolved from precursor gene expression studies as a response to a particular toxicant biological systems. Studies that have matured over time have allowed various -omic fields to be used in toxicology and pathology. In this context, the use of various enzymes and proteins (eg Glutathione S-transferase, metallothionine, cholinesterases, heat-shock proteins) as biomarkers in ecological risk assessment studies has enabled the observation of potential effects on living things. In addition, determining which genes are expressed as “up / down regulated” in the cell, tissue and organ by using microarrays or gene chips in determining the exposure to toxic effects in many vertebrates and invertebrates. The result-specific pattern of effect and gene, protein and metabolite profiles are used to define molecular changes as biomarkers of toxicity, and these profiles also explain the mechanisms of toxicity. With this approach, by determining the mechanisms of action of many different factors, it can show genetic features that can interpret these mechanisms in certain species and population subgroups. In recent years, ecotoxicogenomic studies continue to be developed as a branch of science that provides both early warning assessment and explanation of the mechanisms of action at the molecular level of the risks posed by the exposure in the ecosystem, with its multidisciplinary identity.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ecotoxicogenomic, Toxicant, Biomarker, Ecological risk assessment

Kaynakça

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