Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Tek Başınalık Deneyimi Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 1973 - 2006, 31.12.2024

Erdi Özçelik , Filiz Bilge

https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.1540566

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinde tek başınalığın nasıl deneyimlendiği, tek başınalık sürecinde neler yapıldığı, tek başınalığın sonuçlarının ve etkilerinin neler olabileceğinin ortaya konmasıdır. Çalışma nitel yöntem ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada katılımcıların öznel deneyimlerine odaklanılması nedeniyle fenomenolojik desenden yararlanılmıştır. Katılımcılar İstanbul ilinde eğitimlerine devam eden 12 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Öğrenciler amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden maksimum çeşitleme ve kartopu örnekleme ile çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler ile toplanmıştır. Görüşmeler 2023 yılının bahar aylarında yüz yüze yapılmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde tematik analiz kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda dört temaya ulaşılmıştır; belirleyiciler, içsel motivasyon, aktiviteler ve sonuçlar. Araştırma sonucunda tek başınalık modeli geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen modele göre üniversite öğrencilerinin tek başınalık deneyimini belirleyen bazı koşulların olabileceği, bu koşulların tek başınalık motivasyonunu ve tek başınayken yapılacak aktiviteyi etkileyebileceği, yapılan aktivitelerle birlikte tek başınalık deneyiminin olumlu, olumsuz ve sosyal bazı etkilerinin olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmada ulaşılan sonuçlar alanyazın bağlamında tartışılarak bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tek başınalık, Tek başına zaman geçirme, Üniversite öğrencileri, Yalnızlık

A Qualitative Study on the Solitude Experience of University Students

Öz

The purpose of this study is to reveal how solitude is experienced by university students, what is done, and what its results and effects may be. The study was conducted using a qualitative method. The phenomenological design was used in the study because of focusing individual experiences of the participants. The participants consisted of 12 university students continuing their education in İstanbul. The students were included in the study with maximum variation and snowball sampling from purposeful sampling methods. The research data were collected using a semi-structured interview form through face-to-face interviews in the spring of 2023. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. As a result of the research, four themes were reached: determinants, intrinsic motivation, activities and consequences. A solitude model was developed as a result of the research. According to the model, it was concluded that there may be some conditions that determine the solitude experience of university students. These conditions may affect the motivation for solitude and the activity to be done, and the solitude experience may have some positive, negative and social effects together with the activities done. The results obtained in the study were discussed in the context of the literature, and some suggestions were made

Anahtar Kelimeler

Solitude, Spending time alone, University students, Loneliness

Kaynakça

• Akrivou, K., Bourantas, D., Mo, S., & Papalois, E. (2011). The sound of silence: A space for morality? The role of solitude for ethical decision making. Journal of Business Ethics, 102, 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10551-011-0803-3
• Al, N. (2019). Üniversite birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin tek başına olma, yalnızlık ve utangaçlık durumları arasındaki ilişkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). http://tez.yok.gov.tr sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Avan, O. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yalnızlık düzeyleri ile tek başına olmayı tercih etme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). http://tez.yok.gov.tr sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
• Bosacki, S., Quenneville, S., Powell, S., & Talwar, V. (2022). Canadian adolscents’ solitude experiences, self-perceptions, and well-being. Journal of Silence Studies in Education, 2(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.31763/jsse.v2i1.30
• Borg, M. E. & Willoughby, T. (2022). Affinity for solitude and motivations for spending time alone among early and mid-adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 51(1), 156-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01520-1
• Bowker, J. C., Nelson, L. J., Markovic, A., & Luster, A. S. (2013). Social withdrawal during adolescence and emerging adulthood. R. J. Coplan, J. C. Bowker, & L. J. Nelson (Ed.), The handbook of solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone içinde (s. 167-183). Wiley Blackwell.
• Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
• Buchholz, E. S. (1999). The call of solitude: Alonetime in a world of attachment. Simon and Schuster.
• Burger, J. M. (1995). Individual differences in preference for solitude. Journal of Research in Personality, 29(1), 85-108. https://doi.org/10.1006/JRPE.1995.1005
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem.
• Campbell, S. W. & Ross, M. Q. (2022). Re-conceptualizing solitude in the digital era: From “being alone” to “noncommunication”. Communication Theory, 32(3), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1093/ct%2Fqtab021
• Chan, P. J. L. (2016). Rethinking solitude in schools: How silence and solitude can benefit students and enhance creativity (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). http://hdl.handle.net/1807/72165 sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Coplan, R. J., Zelenski, J. M., & Bowker, J. C. (2017). Leave well enough alone? The costs and benefits of solitude. J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Subjective well-being and life satisfaction içinde (s. 129-147). Routledge.
• Coplan, R. J., Hipson, W. E., Archbell, K. A., Ooi, L. L., Baldwin, D., & Bowker, J. C. (2019). Seeking more solitude: Conceptualization, assessment, and implications of aloneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 148, 17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2019.05.020
• Coplan, R. J., Hipson, W. E., & Bowker, J. C. (2021). Social withdrawal and aloneliness in adolescence: Examining the implications of too much and not enough solitude. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(6), 1219-1233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01365-0
• Cramer, K. M. & Lake, R. P. (1998). The Preference for Solitude Scale: Psychometric properties and factor structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 24(2), 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2897%2900167-0
• Creswell, J. W. & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches (4. b.). Sage.
• Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the selfdetermination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
• Detrixhe, J. J. (2011). Solitude's paradox: The role of object relations and attachment in the capacity to be alone (Doktora Tezi). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3479625).
• Demirkasımoğlu, N. & Bezen, S. (2024). Nitel araştırmalarda yansıtıcılık: Araştırmacının rolü. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 14(2), 770-788. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1464026
• Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (2018). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (5. b.) içinde (s. 29-55). Sage.
• Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. International University.
• Erkan, S., Çankaya, Z. C., Terzi, Ş., & Özbay, Y. (2011). Üniversite psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik merkezlerinin incelenmesi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(22), 174-198. https://doi.org/10.21764/EFD.44968
• Erpay, T. (2017). Tek başına olma ve tek başına olmayı tercih etmenin yalnızlık, yaşamda anlam ve utangaçlıkla ilişkisinin incelenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). http://tez.yok.gov.tr sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Erpay, T. (2022). Çocuklarda tek başına olma (Doktora Tezi). http://tez.yok.gov.tr sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Galanaki, E. P., Nelson, L. J., & Antoniou, F. (2023). Social withdrawal, solitude, and existential concerns in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 11(4), 1006-1021. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968231170247
• Gordon, M. (2022). Solitude and privacy: How technology is destroying our aloneness and why it matters. Technology in Society, 68, 101858.
• Gürbüz, F., Kürker, F., Şenol, A., Poyrazlı, Ş., & Bilge, F. (2024). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin tutumları: Ruh sağlığı okuryazarlığı, depresyon, anksiyete ve stresin rolü. XIth International Eurasian Educational Research Congress’te sunulmuş bildiri, 21-24 Mayıs, Kocaeli, Türkiye.
• Haylı, R. G. (2016). İnönü Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin psikososyal sorunlarının ve psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerine duydukları ihtiyaçların belirlenmesi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). http://tez.yok.gov.tr sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Hemberg, J., Korzhina, Y., Groundstroem, H., Östman, L., Nyström, L., & Nyman-Kurkiala, P. (2021). Loneliness–Two sides to the story: Adolescents’ lived experiences. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 26(1), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2021.1883075
• Hills, P. & Argyle, M. (2001). Happiness, introversion–extraversion and happy introverts. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 595-608. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2800%2900058-1
• Hipson, W. E., Kiritchenko, S., Mohammad, S. M., & Coplan, R. J. (2021). Examining the language of solitude versus loneliness in tweets. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(5), 1596-1610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521998460
• Hollenhorst, S. J. & Jones, C. D. (2001). Wilderness solitude: Beyond the social-spatial perspective. W. A. Freimund, & D. N. Cole (Ed.), Visitor use density and wilderness experience: Proceedings RMRS-P-20 içinde (s. 56–61). USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
• Kaya, N. & Weber, M. J. (2003). Cross-cultural differences in the perception of crowding and privacy regulation: American and Turkish students. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(3), 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944%2802%2900087-7
• Kiritchenko, S., Hipson, W., Coplan, R., & Mohammad, S. M. (2020). SOLO: A corpus of tweets for examining the state of being alone. Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference içinde (s. 1567–1577), Mayıs, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association.
• Larson, R. W. (1990). The solitary side of life: An examination of the time people spend alone from childhood to old age. Developmental Review, 10(2), 155-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-2297%2890%2990008-R
• Lay, J. C., Pauly, T., Graf, P., Biesanz, J. C., & Hoppmann, C. A. (2019). By myself and liking it? Predictors of distinct types of solitude experiences in daily life. Journal of Personality, 87(3), 633-647. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12421
• Lee, S. (2013). A study on exploring people's affinity for solitude (Doktora Tezi). https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/ sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Leung, L. (2015). Using tablet in solitude for stress reduction: An examination of desire for aloneness, leisure boredom, tablet activities, and location of use. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 382-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.068
• Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Establishing trustworthiness. Naturalistic Inquiry, 289(331), 289-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
• Long, C. R. & Averill, J. R. (2003). Solitude: An exploration of benefits of being alone. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 33(1), 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00204
• Long, C. R., Seburn, M., Averill, J. R., & More, T. A. (2003). Solitude experiences: Varieties, settings, and individual differences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), 578-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029005003
• Manusov, V. (2020). In praise of voluntary solitude: the “fertile void” and its role in communication and relationships. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 28(1), 68-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2020.1684158
• Maslow, A. H. (1970). New introduction: Religions, values, and peak-experiences. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 2(2), 83-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.1965.11774448
• Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage.
• Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A step-by-step process of thematic analysis to develop a conceptual model in qualitative research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
• Nance, W. & Mays, M. (2013). Exploring the role of time alone in modern culture. American Counseling Association Conference’ta sunulmuş bildiri, Mart, Cincinnati, OH.
• Nikitin, J., Rupprecht, F. S., & Ristl, C. (2022). Experiences of solitude in adulthood and old age: The role of autonomy. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 46(6), 510-519. https://doi.org/10.1177/01650254221117498
• Nguyen, T. V. T., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2018). Solitude as an approach to affective self-regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(1), 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217733073
• Nguyen, T. V. T., Werner, K. M., & Soenens, B. (2019). Embracing me-time: Motivation for solitude during transition to college. Motivation and Emotion, 43, 571-591. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11031-019-09759-9
• Nguyen, T. V. T., Taylor-Bower, E., & Yau, K. (2023). Solitude in context: A systematic review of how societal norms and physical environment shape perceptions of solitary experiences. Preprint from PsyArXiv, 08 Jan 2023. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xb8gd
• Öztürk, T., Süleymanlı, E., Arıboğan, D., & Kılıç, H. (2020). Sociological and psychopolitical consequences of loneliness: An example of Istanbul. Azerbaijan Journal of Educational Studies, 5(690), 117-137. https://doi.org/10.29228/edu.97
• Özyazıcı, Ö. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde tek başınalık, psikolojik ihtiyaç doyumu ve benlik kurgusu (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). http://tez.yok.gov.tr sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Paterson, J. & Park, M. S. A. (2023). “It’s allowed me to be a lot kinder to myself”: Exploration of the self-transformative properties of solitude during COVID-19 lockdowns. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221678231157796
• Poon, C. Y., Chan, C. S., Chau, P. P., & Chan, C. Y. (2023). Be still and you will know: A mixed-method study on solitude and consideration of future consequences among youth in rehabilitation. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 67(6-7), 687-706. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X211058955
• Ren, D. (2016). Solitude seeking: The good, the bad, and the balance (Doktora Tezi). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 10179104).
• Ren, D., Loh, W. W., Chung, J. M., & Brandt, M. J. (2024). Person‐specific priorities in solitude. Journal of Personality. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12916
• Rodriguez, M., Bellet, B. W., & McNally, R. J. (2020). Reframing time spent alone: Reappraisal buffers the emotional effects of isolation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 1052-1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10128-x
• Ryff, C. D., Boylan, J. M., & Kirsch, J. A. (2021). Eudaimonic and hedonic well-being. M. T. Lee, L. D. Kubzansky, & T. J. VanderWeele (Ed.), Measuring well-being içinde (pp. 92-135). Oxford University. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103008
• Sezer, G. (2023). Üniversite öğrencilerinin ekran sürelerinin tek başına olma, yaşam doyumu ve depresyon belirtisiyle ilişkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). http://tez.yok.gov.tr sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Smith, J. L., Thomas, V., & Azmitia, M. (2023). Happy alone? Motivational profiles of solitude and well-being among senior living residents. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 96(3), 312-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914150221112283
• Stern, J. (2016). Solitude and spirituality in schooling: The alternative at the heart of the school. H.E. Lees & N. Noddings (Ed.), The Palgrave international handbook of alternative education içinde (s. 431-445) Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-41291-1_28
• Thomas, V. (2017). How to be alone: An investigation of solitude skills (Doktora Tezi). https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gm0c2vq sayfasından erişilmiştir.
• Thomas, V. (2023). The psychological affordances of solitude in emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 11(3), 611-625. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968231151982
• Thomas, V. & Azmitia, M. (2019). Motivation matters: Development and validation of the Motivation for Solitude Scale–Short Form (MSS-SF). Journal of Adolescence, 70, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.11.004
• Thomas, V., Balzer-Carr, B., Azmitia, M., & Whittaker, S. (2021). Alone and online: Understanding the relationships between social media, solitude, and psychological adjustment. Psychology of Popular Media, 10(2), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000287
• Thomas, V. & Broussard, S. (2023). Full or empty: Examining perceptions and implications of solitude as a psychological space. Journal of Adolescent Research, 07435584231195257 https://doi.org/10.1177/07435584231195257
• Vardy, Y., Day, N. J., & Grenyer, B. F. (2019). Development and validation of an experience of time alone scale for borderline personality disorder. PloS one, 14(5), e0217350. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233970
• Wang, J. M. (2016). Preference-for-solitude and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 151-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PAID.2015.09.033
• Wang, J. M., Rubin, K. H., Laursen, B., Booth-LaForce, C., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2013). Preference-for-solitude and adjustment difficulties in early and late adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(6), 834-842. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.794700
• Wei, Y., McGrath, P. J., Hayden, J., & Kutcher, S. (2015). Mental health literacy measures evaluating knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking: A scoping review. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0681-9
• Weinstein, N., Nguyen, T. V., & Hansen, H. (2021). What time alone offers: Narratives of solitude from adolescence to older adulthood. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 714518. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.714518
• Weinstein, N., Hansen, H., & Nguyen, T. V. (2023a). Definitions of solitude in everyday life. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(12), 1663-1678. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672221115941
• Weinstein, N., Hansen, H., & Nguyen, T. V. (2023b). Who feels good in solitude? A qualitative analysis of the personality and mindset factors relating to well‐being when alone. European Journal of Social Psychology, 53(7), 1443-1457. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2983
• Weinstein, N., Vuorre, M., Adams, M., & Nguyen, T. V. (2023c). Balance between solitude and socializing: everyday solitude time both benefits and harms well-being. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 21160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-44507-7
• Winnicott, D. W. (1958). The capacity to be alone. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 39, 416-420. https://doi.org/10.1093/med%3Apsych%2F9780190271374.003.0060
• Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin.