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Akılcı İlaç Kullanımının Boylamsal Bir Koridor Şeklinde Üç Yıllık Klinik Eğitim Programına Entegrasyonu

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 56, 110 - 122, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.572193

Öz

Akılcı
ilaç kullanımı ile ilgili ülkemizde ve dünyada çok sayıda eğitim faaliyeti
yürütülmektedir. Ancak yapılan çalışmalarda günümüzde halen akılcı olmayan ilaç
kullanımı olduğu, hekimlerin ve özellikle yeni mezun hekimlerin bu konuda
yeterliğe sahip olmadığı ve öğrencilerin kendilerini reçete yazma konusunda
yeterli hissetmediklerini bildirilmektedir. Bu nedenle mezuniyet öncesi eğitim
döneminde başlayan ve ileri eğitim ve meslek yaşamları boyunca devam eden eğitimlerle
akılcı ilaç kullanımının devamlılığının sürdürülmesi önemlidir.  



Öğrenen
merkezli eğitim modellerinde öğrenenlerin kendi öğrenme süreçlerini yönettiği probleme
dayalı öğrenme ve işbaşında öğrenme gibi aktif öğrenme yöntemleriyle rasyonel
farmakoterapi eğitiminin yürütülmesi, öğrenmede kalıcılığın artırılması ve doktorların
ilerideki klinik pratiklerinde kendi başlarına kaldıklarında rasyonel ilaç
kullanımını değişen koşullara göre uygulayabilme yeterliğini kazanmaları için
gereklidir.



Klinik
tedavi kılavuzları ve temel ilaç listeleri ile uyumlu rasyonel farmakoterapi
eğitimi iyi reçeteleme alışkanlığı kazandırmak için yararlı olmaktadır.
Öğrencilerin bilgi, beceri ve tutumları dikkate alarak, sıklıkla karşılaşılan
klinik durumlar üzerinden yapılan probleme dayalı öğrenme ile işbaşında öğrenme
etkinlikleri rasyonel ilaç kullanımı kazandırılması noktasında tercih
edilebilecek etkili yöntemlerin başında gelmektedir. Yine, toplumda sık görülen
hastalıklara yönelik rasyonel farmakoterapi eğitim modülleri ile, akılcı ilaç
kullanımının tıp fakültelerinde klinik eğitim dönemlerinde tüm staj
programlarına boylamsal bir koridor olarak entegre bir şekilde dahil edilmesi
ile, öğrencilerin karşılaşacakları hastalıklarda reçete yazmada kendilerine
güven duymalarına, kişisel ilaç formülerlerini hazırlayabilmelerine ve güvenli
ve etkili tedavi planları oluşturabilmelerine olanak sağlayacaktır. 

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization The rational use of drugs: Report of the Conference of Experts Nairobi. 1985.
  • 2. World Health Organization “Effective Public Education” in promoting rational drug use. WHO Programme on Essential Drugs and International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs, Nairobi. 1987.
  • 3. WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines - Promoting Rational Use of Medicines: Core Components No. 005. 2002.
  • 4. Sektörel Bakış - İlaç – 2018. Erişim tarihi ve adresi: 20.05.2019,https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/tr/pdf/2018/01/sektorel-bakis-2018-ilac.pdf
  • 5. Sektörel Bakış - İlaç – 2019. Erişim tarihi ve adresi: 20.05.2019,https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/tr/pdf/2019/04/sektorel-bakis-2019-ilac.pdf
  • 6. Türkiye Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı Bülteni Cilt 2; Sayı 9; Eylül 2015 Erişim tarihi ve adresi: 20.05.2019, http://www.akilciilac.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/aik-bltn-12-i.pdf
  • 7. Akdağ R, Mollahaliloğlu S, Alkan A, Özgülcü Ş, Öncül HG, Akıcı A, Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, Refik Saydam Hıfzıssıhha Merkezi Başkanlığı, Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara, 2011.
  • 8. Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı (AİK) Ulusal Eylem Planı 2014-2017. Erişim tarihi ve adresi: 20.05.2019, http://www.akilciilac.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/aik-ulusal-eylem-plani.pdf
  • 9. Karaalp A, Akici A, Kocabasoglu YE, Oktay S. What do graduates think about a two-week rational pharmacotherapy course in the fifth year of medical education? Med Teach 2003; 25:515–521.
  • 10. De Vries TPGM, Henning RH, Hogerzeil HV, Fresle DA. Guide to Good Prescribing. WHO/Action Programme on Essential Drugs, Geneva, 1994.
  • 11. Dean B, Schachter M, Vincent C, Barber N. Causes of prescribing errors in hospital inpatients: a prospective study. Lancet 2002;359:1373–1378.
  • 12. Members of EMERGE, Erice Medication Errors Research Group, Agrawal A, Aronson JK, et. Al. Medication errors: problems and recommendations from a consensus meeting. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;67:592–598.
  • 13. McLellan L, Tully MP, Dornan T. How could undergraduate education prepare new graduates to be safer prescribers? .Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;74:605–613.
  • 14. Aydın B, Gelal A. Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı: Yaygınlaştırılması ve Tıp Eğitiminin Rolü. DEÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2012;26:57–63.
  • 15. Likic R, Maxwell SR. Prevention of medication errors: teaching and training. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2009;67:656–661.
  • 16. Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, et al. The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard medical practice study II. N Engl J Med 1991;324:377–384.
  • 17. Barber ND, Dean BS. The incidence of medication errors and ways to reduce them. Clinical Risk 1998;4:103–106.
  • 18. Leape LL, Bates DW, Cullen DJ, et al. Systems analysis of adverse drug events. JAMA 1995;274:35–43.
  • 19. Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, et al. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events: Implications for prevention. JAMA 1995;274:29–34.
  • 20. Ross S, Maxwell S.Prescribing and the core curriculum for tomorrow's doctors: BPS curriculum in clinical pharmacology and prescribing for medical students. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;74(4):644-661.
  • 21. Ellis A. Prescribing rights: are medical students properly prepared for them? Br Med J 2002;324:1591.
  • 22. Heaton A, Webb DJ, Maxwell SR. Undergraduate preparation for prescribing: the views of 2413 UK medical students and recent graduates. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 66: 128-134.
  • 22. Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Graaf S, Otten RHJ, Richir MC, van Agtmael MA. Do final-year medical students have sufficient prescribing competencies? A systematic literature review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(4):615-635.
  • 24. Ross S, Loke YK. Do educational interventions improve prescribing by medical students and junior doctors? A systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;67:662–70.
  • 25. Richir MC, Tichelaar J, Geijteman EC, de Vries TP. Teaching clinical pharmacology and therapeutics with an emphasis on the therapeutic reasoning of undergraduate medical students. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64:217–24.
  • 26. de Vries TP, Henning RH, Hogerzeil HV, et. Al. Impact of a short course in pharmacotherapy for undergraduate medical students: an international randomised controlled study. Lancet 1995;346:1454–1457.
  • 27. Khanal S, Buckley T, Harnden C, et. Al. Effectiveness of a national approach to prescribing education for multiple disciplines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013;75:756–762.
  • 28. Akici A, Goren MZ, Aypak C, Terzioglu B, Oktay S. Prescription audit adjunct to rational pharmacotherapy education improves prescribing skills of medical students. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61:643–650.
  • 29. Akıcı A, Gelal A, Erenmemişoğlu A, Melli M, Babaoğlu M, Oktay Ş. Akılcı ilaç kullanımı eğitimi uygulama sürecinde Türkiye’deki tıp fakültelerinde farmakoloji anabilim dallarının durumunun incelenmesi. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası 2011;29:11-20.
  • 30. Scobie SD, Lawson M, Cavell G, Taylor K, Jackson SH, Roberts TE. Meeting the challenge of prescribing and administering medicines safely: structured teaching and assessment for final year medical students. Med Educ 2003;37:434–437.
  • 31. Langford NJ, Martin U, Kendall MJ, Ferner RE. Medical errors. Medical schools can teach safe drug prescribing and administration. Br Med J 2001;322:1424.
  • 32.Vollebregt JA, Metz JC, De Haan M, Richir MC, Hugtenburg JG, De Vries TP. Curriculum development in pharmacotherapy: testing the ability of preclinical medical students to learn therapeutic problem solving in a randomized controlled trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;61:345–351.
  • 33. Gülpınar MA. Klinikte öğrenme ve ölçme-değerlendirmeye ilişkin genel bir çerçeve. Ulusal Tıp Eğitimi Sempozyumu, 10-12 Nisan 2019 Eskişehir, Bildiri Kitapçığı, s. 8-19.
  • 34. James H, Tayem YI, Al Khaja KA, Veeramuthu S, Sequeira RP. Prescription Writing in Small Groups as a Clinical Pharmacology Educational Intervention: Perceptions of Preclerkship Medical Students. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56(8):1028-1034.
  • 35. Zgheib NK, Simaan JA, Sabra R. Using team-based learning to teach clinical pharmacology in medical school: student satisfaction and improved performance. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;51(7):1101-1111.
  • 36. Keijsers CJ, Segers WS, de Wildt DJ, Brouwers JR, Keijsers L, Jansen PA. Implementation of the WHO-6-step method in the medical curriculum to improve pharmacology knowledge and pharmacotherapy skills. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015;79(6):896-906.
  • 37. Azer SA, Frauman AG. Seeing the wood for the trees: approaches to teaching and assessing clinical pharmacology and therapeutics in a problem-based learning course. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008;37(3):204-209.
  • 38. Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Okorie M et.al. ; Education Working Group of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT). Pharmacology and Therapeutics Education in the European Union Needs Harmonization and Modernization: A Cross-sectional Survey Among 185 Medical Schools in 27 Countries. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;102(5):815-822.

Integration of Rational Pharmacotherapy to a Three-Year Clinical Training Program as a Longitudinal Threads

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 56, 110 - 122, 30.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25282/ted.572193

Öz

Several educational activities are carried out in our country and in the world regarding rational pharmacotherapy. However, it is reported that there is still irrational drug use, physicians and especially new graduates do not have the prescribing competency and medical students do not feel sufficient to prescribe themselves. For this reason, the training started in the undergraduate period and continued in the period of professional life training is important in maintaining the continuity of rational drug use. 

It is necessary to conduct the rational pharmacotherapy training with active learning methods such as problem based learning and workplace learning models in which the learner manage their own learning process, long term retention of knowledge increase the competence of the physicians to apply the rational drug usage according to the changing conditions in their future clinical practices consalidate.

Rational pharmacotherapy training, which is compatible with clinical treatment guidelines and basic drug lists, is useful for gaining good prescribing habits. Considering the knowledge, skills and attitudes of the students, problem-based learning together with workplace learning activities on frequently encountered clinical conditions are the leading methods that can be preferred to bring rational drug use. Also, the rational pharmacotherapy training modules for the common diseases in the community will be included in every clerkship program as longitudinal threads in the medical faculties and will allow students to feel confident in the prescription writing, to prepare their personal drug formulas and to provide safe and effective treatment plan.

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization The rational use of drugs: Report of the Conference of Experts Nairobi. 1985.
  • 2. World Health Organization “Effective Public Education” in promoting rational drug use. WHO Programme on Essential Drugs and International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs, Nairobi. 1987.
  • 3. WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicines - Promoting Rational Use of Medicines: Core Components No. 005. 2002.
  • 4. Sektörel Bakış - İlaç – 2018. Erişim tarihi ve adresi: 20.05.2019,https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/tr/pdf/2018/01/sektorel-bakis-2018-ilac.pdf
  • 5. Sektörel Bakış - İlaç – 2019. Erişim tarihi ve adresi: 20.05.2019,https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/tr/pdf/2019/04/sektorel-bakis-2019-ilac.pdf
  • 6. Türkiye Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı Bülteni Cilt 2; Sayı 9; Eylül 2015 Erişim tarihi ve adresi: 20.05.2019, http://www.akilciilac.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/aik-bltn-12-i.pdf
  • 7. Akdağ R, Mollahaliloğlu S, Alkan A, Özgülcü Ş, Öncül HG, Akıcı A, Hıfzıssıhha Mektebi Müdürlüğü, Refik Saydam Hıfzıssıhha Merkezi Başkanlığı, Sağlık Bakanlığı, Ankara, 2011.
  • 8. Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı (AİK) Ulusal Eylem Planı 2014-2017. Erişim tarihi ve adresi: 20.05.2019, http://www.akilciilac.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/aik-ulusal-eylem-plani.pdf
  • 9. Karaalp A, Akici A, Kocabasoglu YE, Oktay S. What do graduates think about a two-week rational pharmacotherapy course in the fifth year of medical education? Med Teach 2003; 25:515–521.
  • 10. De Vries TPGM, Henning RH, Hogerzeil HV, Fresle DA. Guide to Good Prescribing. WHO/Action Programme on Essential Drugs, Geneva, 1994.
  • 11. Dean B, Schachter M, Vincent C, Barber N. Causes of prescribing errors in hospital inpatients: a prospective study. Lancet 2002;359:1373–1378.
  • 12. Members of EMERGE, Erice Medication Errors Research Group, Agrawal A, Aronson JK, et. Al. Medication errors: problems and recommendations from a consensus meeting. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;67:592–598.
  • 13. McLellan L, Tully MP, Dornan T. How could undergraduate education prepare new graduates to be safer prescribers? .Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012;74:605–613.
  • 14. Aydın B, Gelal A. Akılcı İlaç Kullanımı: Yaygınlaştırılması ve Tıp Eğitiminin Rolü. DEÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2012;26:57–63.
  • 15. Likic R, Maxwell SR. Prevention of medication errors: teaching and training. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2009;67:656–661.
  • 16. Leape LL, Brennan TA, Laird N, et al. The nature of adverse events in hospitalized patients. Results of the Harvard medical practice study II. N Engl J Med 1991;324:377–384.
  • 17. Barber ND, Dean BS. The incidence of medication errors and ways to reduce them. Clinical Risk 1998;4:103–106.
  • 18. Leape LL, Bates DW, Cullen DJ, et al. Systems analysis of adverse drug events. JAMA 1995;274:35–43.
  • 19. Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, et al. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events: Implications for prevention. JAMA 1995;274:29–34.
  • 20. Ross S, Maxwell S.Prescribing and the core curriculum for tomorrow's doctors: BPS curriculum in clinical pharmacology and prescribing for medical students. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;74(4):644-661.
  • 21. Ellis A. Prescribing rights: are medical students properly prepared for them? Br Med J 2002;324:1591.
  • 22. Heaton A, Webb DJ, Maxwell SR. Undergraduate preparation for prescribing: the views of 2413 UK medical students and recent graduates. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008; 66: 128-134.
  • 22. Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Graaf S, Otten RHJ, Richir MC, van Agtmael MA. Do final-year medical students have sufficient prescribing competencies? A systematic literature review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(4):615-635.
  • 24. Ross S, Loke YK. Do educational interventions improve prescribing by medical students and junior doctors? A systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;67:662–70.
  • 25. Richir MC, Tichelaar J, Geijteman EC, de Vries TP. Teaching clinical pharmacology and therapeutics with an emphasis on the therapeutic reasoning of undergraduate medical students. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2008;64:217–24.
  • 26. de Vries TP, Henning RH, Hogerzeil HV, et. Al. Impact of a short course in pharmacotherapy for undergraduate medical students: an international randomised controlled study. Lancet 1995;346:1454–1457.
  • 27. Khanal S, Buckley T, Harnden C, et. Al. Effectiveness of a national approach to prescribing education for multiple disciplines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013;75:756–762.
  • 28. Akici A, Goren MZ, Aypak C, Terzioglu B, Oktay S. Prescription audit adjunct to rational pharmacotherapy education improves prescribing skills of medical students. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61:643–650.
  • 29. Akıcı A, Gelal A, Erenmemişoğlu A, Melli M, Babaoğlu M, Oktay Ş. Akılcı ilaç kullanımı eğitimi uygulama sürecinde Türkiye’deki tıp fakültelerinde farmakoloji anabilim dallarının durumunun incelenmesi. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası 2011;29:11-20.
  • 30. Scobie SD, Lawson M, Cavell G, Taylor K, Jackson SH, Roberts TE. Meeting the challenge of prescribing and administering medicines safely: structured teaching and assessment for final year medical students. Med Educ 2003;37:434–437.
  • 31. Langford NJ, Martin U, Kendall MJ, Ferner RE. Medical errors. Medical schools can teach safe drug prescribing and administration. Br Med J 2001;322:1424.
  • 32.Vollebregt JA, Metz JC, De Haan M, Richir MC, Hugtenburg JG, De Vries TP. Curriculum development in pharmacotherapy: testing the ability of preclinical medical students to learn therapeutic problem solving in a randomized controlled trial. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;61:345–351.
  • 33. Gülpınar MA. Klinikte öğrenme ve ölçme-değerlendirmeye ilişkin genel bir çerçeve. Ulusal Tıp Eğitimi Sempozyumu, 10-12 Nisan 2019 Eskişehir, Bildiri Kitapçığı, s. 8-19.
  • 34. James H, Tayem YI, Al Khaja KA, Veeramuthu S, Sequeira RP. Prescription Writing in Small Groups as a Clinical Pharmacology Educational Intervention: Perceptions of Preclerkship Medical Students. J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;56(8):1028-1034.
  • 35. Zgheib NK, Simaan JA, Sabra R. Using team-based learning to teach clinical pharmacology in medical school: student satisfaction and improved performance. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;51(7):1101-1111.
  • 36. Keijsers CJ, Segers WS, de Wildt DJ, Brouwers JR, Keijsers L, Jansen PA. Implementation of the WHO-6-step method in the medical curriculum to improve pharmacology knowledge and pharmacotherapy skills. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015;79(6):896-906.
  • 37. Azer SA, Frauman AG. Seeing the wood for the trees: approaches to teaching and assessing clinical pharmacology and therapeutics in a problem-based learning course. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2008;37(3):204-209.
  • 38. Brinkman DJ, Tichelaar J, Okorie M et.al. ; Education Working Group of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT). Pharmacology and Therapeutics Education in the European Union Needs Harmonization and Modernization: A Cross-sectional Survey Among 185 Medical Schools in 27 Countries. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;102(5):815-822.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Berna Terzioğlu Bebitoğlu 0000-0003-4601-7871

Mehmet Ali Gülpınar 0000-0003-1765-3529

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 56

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Terzioğlu Bebitoğlu B, Gülpınar MA. Akılcı İlaç Kullanımının Boylamsal Bir Koridor Şeklinde Üç Yıllık Klinik Eğitim Programına Entegrasyonu. TED. 2019;18(56):110-22.