Heat Transfer Analysis of Active Magma Chambers Feeding Hasan Dağı Volcano and Çiftlik-Bozköy (Central Anatolia) Hidden Caldera

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 4, 63 - 84, 28.07.2024

Özgür Karaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1344955

Öz

In Turkey, 78% of geothermal energy resources are located in Western Anatolia, 9% in Central Anatolia, 7% in the Marmara Region, 5% in Eastern Anatolia, and 1% in other regions. The Cappadocia region stands out as an important area where many investments have been made in recent years to increase the potential of the geothermal sector. In recent years, drilling activities were carried out in and around Hasan Dağı volcano to find and utilise geothermal energy. The most important of these was carried out by the 3S Kale Energy company in the Çiftlik-Bozköy region, where temperature values of 295 °C at a depth of 3,814 meters and 341 °C from another deeper drilling at a depth of 3,957 meters were obtained. Numerical modelling studies were carried out using data from these two individual drillings. According to the simulation results, the magma chamber (magma chamber roof), which acts as a heat source with a temperature of 600-700 °C at a depth of 7 km and/or 900-1,000 °C at a depth of 8 km, must still be actively present in the upper crust to produce these temperature values.

Magnetotelluric (MT) studies conducted in Hasan Dağı and vicinity suggest a potential magma chamber with a depth of 4-6 km and a width of approximately the same dimensions, especially in the profiles obtained towards Nigde plain. These MT studies and drilling data were evaluated together and temperature anomalies were obtained for possible drilling in and around Hasan Dağı. Accordingly, it is estimated that approximate temperature values of 120 °C at 3814 meters, 90 °C at 3,000 meters, 74 °C at 2,000 meters, and 41 °C at 1,000 meters will be obtained from geothermal drilling carried out in the flat areas located southwest of Hasan Dağı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hasan dağı, Numerical modelling, Heat transfer, Geothermal energy, Volcano, Magma

Proje Numarası

201815A203, 202015D10, 201715A215, 201715031, FCD-2023-2795, FHD-2023-2784, FYL-2022-2482

Hasan Dağı Volkanı ve Çiftlik-Bozköy (Orta Anadolu) Gömülü Kalderasını Besleyen Aktif Magma Odalarına İlişkin Isı Transferi Analizleri

Öz

Ülkemizdeki Jeotermal enerji kaynaklarının %78'i Batı Anadolu'da, %9’u İç Anadolu'da, %7’si Marmara Bölgesi’nde, %5'i Doğu Anadolu'da ve %1'i diğer bölgelerde yer almaktadır. Kapodokya bölgesi son yıllarda jeotermal sektörünün potansiyelin artırılması adına pek çok yatırımın yapıldığı önemli bir saha olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Son yıllarda Hasan Dağı ve çevresinde jeotermal enerji bulmak ve işletmek amaçlı sondaj faaliyetleri sürdürülmektedir. Bunların en önemlisi 3S Kale Enerji şirketi tarafından yürütülen çalışmalarda Çiftlik-Bozköy bölgesinde, 3.814 metre derinlikte 295 °C; diğer daha derin sondajdan 3.957 metre derinlikten 341 °C kuyu dibi sıcaklık değeri elde edilmiştir. Bu iki sondaj verisinden yararlanarak sayısal modelleme çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Simülasyon sonuçlarına göre söz konusu sıcaklık değerlerini üretebilmek için 7 km derinlikte 600-700 °C ve/veya 8 km derinlikte 900-1.000 °C sıcaklığında ısı kaynağı olarak işlev gören bir magma odasının (magma odası çatısı) üst kabukta bulunması gerekmektedir.

Hasan Dağı ve çevresinde gerçekleştirilen manyetotellurik (MT) çalışmaları sonucunda özellikle Niğde düzlüğüne doğru elde edilen profillerde 4-6 km derinlikte ve yaklaşık aynı ölçülerdeki genişlikte olası bir magma odası olduğu önerilmişti. Bu MT çalışmaları ile sondaj verileri birlikte değerlendirilerek Hasan Dağı ve çevresinde muhtemel açılacak sondaj çalışmaları için çeşitli sıcaklık belirtileri elde edilmiştir. Buna göre, Hasan Dağı güneybatısında yer alan düzlük alanlarda yürütülecek jeotermal sondaj faaliyetlerinden 3.814 metrede 120 °C; 3.000 metrede 90 °C; 2.000 metrede 74 °C; 1.000 metrede 41 °C gibi yaklaşık sıcaklık değerlerinin elde edilmesi beklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hasan dağı, Isı transferi, Jeotermal enerji, Volkan, Magma, Sayısal modelleme

Destekleyen Kurum

Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

201815A203, 202015D10, 201715A215, 201715031, FCD-2023-2795, FHD-2023-2784, FYL-2022-2482

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenen projelerle gerçekleştirilmiştir (Proje Numaraları: 201815A203, 202015D10, 201715A215, 201715031, FCD-2023-2795, FHD-2023-2784, FYL-2022-2482). Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi BAP Birimine teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

• Atabey, E. (1989). 1/100.000 ölçekli açınsama nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi, Aksaray H19 (K33) Paftası. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Ankara.
• Aydar, E. (1992). Etude Volcano-Structurale et Magmatologique du Strato-Volcan Hasan Dagı (Anatolie Central-Turquie), [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
• Aydar, E. & Gourgaud, A. (1998). The geology of Mount Hasan stratovolcano, central Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 129–152.
• Aydemir, A., Bilim, F., Kosaroglu, S. & Buyuksarac, A. (2019). Thermal structure of the Cappadocia region, Turkey: a review with geophysical methods. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews,1, 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-019-00011-7
• Besang, C., Eckhardt, F. J., Harre, W., Kreuzer, H. & Muller, P. (1977). Radiometrische Altersbestimmungen an Neogenen Eruptivgsteinen der Turkei. Geologisches Jahrbuch, 25, 3–36.
• Bilim, F., Kosaroglu, S., Aydemir A. & Buyuksarac, A. (2017). Thermal investigation in the Cappadocia Region, Central Anatolia-Turkey, analyzing the Curie Point Depth, Geothermal Gradient and Heat Flow maps from the aeromagnetic data. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 147, 4445–4458.
• Caricchi, L., Annen, C., Blundy, J., Simpson, G. & Pinel, V. (2014). Frequency and magnitude of volcanic eruptions controlled by magma injection and buoyancy. Nature Geoscience, 7(2), 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2041
• Chestler, S.R. & Grosfils, E.B. (2013). Using numerical modeling to explore the origin of intrusion patterns on Fernandina volcano, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(17), 4565–4569.
• Cosentino, D., Schildgen, T.F., Cipollari, P., Faranda, C., Gliozzi, E., Hudáčková, N., Lucifora, S. & Strecker, M.R. (2011). Late Miocene surface uplift of the southern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Central Taurides, Turkey. Bulletin of Geological Society of America, 124(1–2), 133–145.
• de Silva, S. L. & Gregg, P. M. (2014). Thermomechanical feedbacks in magmatic systems: Implications for growth, longevity, and evolution of large caldera-forming magma reservoirs and their supereruptions. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 282, 77-91.
• Deniel, C., Aydar, E. & Gourgaud, A. (1998). The Hasan Dagi stratovolcano (Central Anatolia, 780 Turkey): Evolution from calc-alkaline to alkaline magmatism in a collision Zone. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 87, 275-302.
• Dornadula, C., Singh, M., & Baba, A (basımda/in press). Sahinkalesi Massif, a Resurgent Dome and Super-Hot Egs Province: Hasandag Stratovolcanic Province, Central Anatolia. Available at SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4388412
• Eldursi, K., Branquet, Y., Guillou-Frottier, L. & Marcoux, E. (2009). Numerical investigation of transient hydrothermal processes around intrusions: Heat-transfer and fluid-circulation controlled mineralization patterns. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 288(1–2), 70–83.
• Ercan, T., Tokel, S., Can, B., Fişekçi, A., Fujitani, T., Notsu, K., Selvi, Y., Olmez, M., Matsuda, J.I., Ui, T., Yıldırım, T. & Akbaşlı, A. (1990). Hasan Dağı-Karacadağ Orta Anadolu dolaylarındaki Senozoyik yaşlı volkanizmanin kökeni ve evrimi. Jeomorfoloji Dergisi, 18, 39–54.
• Froger, J. L., Lenat, J. F., Chrowicz, J., Le Pennec, J. L., Bourdier, J. L., Kose, O., Zimitoğlu, O., Gündoğdu, N. M. & Gaurgaud, A. (1998). Hidden calderas evidenced by multisource geophysical data; example of Cappadocian Calderas, Central Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 185, 99–128.
• Gelman, S. E., Gutiérrez, F. J. & Bachmann, O. (2013). On the longevity of large upper crustal silicic magma reservoirs. Geology, 41(7), 759-762.
• Gerbault, M., Cappa, F. & Hassani, R. (2012). Elasto‐plastic and hydromechanical models of failure around an infinitely long magma chamber. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 13(3), Article Q03009. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003917
• Gudmundsson, A. (2012). Magma chambers: Formation, local stresses, excess pressures, and compartments. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 237, 19–41.
• Hacıoğlu, Ö., Başokur, A. T., Meqbel, N., Arslan, H. İ. & Efeçınar, T. (2023). Magnetotellurics unveils a hidden caldera complex beneath the Cappadocia Volcanic Province, Central Anatolia, Türkiye. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 442, Article 107877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107877
• Jaeger, J. C. (1959). Temperatures outside a cooling intrusive sheet. American Journal of Science, 257(1), 44-54.
• Jaupart, C., Mareschal, J.C., Guillou-Frottier, L. & Davaille, A. (1998). Heat flow and thickness of the lithosphere in the Canadian Shield. Journal of Geophysical Research 103(B7), 15269–15286.
• Karakas, O., Degruyter, W., Bachmann, O. & Dufek, J. (2017). Lifetime and size of shallow magma bodies controlled by crustal-scale magmatism. Nature Geoscience, 10(6), 446-450. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2959
• Karaoğlu, Ö. (2021). A numerical approach to verify the reservoir temperature of the Afyon geothermal fields, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(4), 536-550. . https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-2101-21
• Karaoğlu, Ö., Özdemir, Y., Tolluoğlu, A., Karabiyikoğlu, M., Köse, O. & Froger, J. L. (2005). Stratigraphy of the volcanic products around Nemrut Caldera: implications for reconstruction of the caldera formation. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 14(2), 123-143.
• Karaoğlu, Ö., Browning, J., Bazargan, M., & Gudmundsson, A. (2016). Numerical modelling of triple-junction tectonics at Karlıova, Eastern Turkey, with implications for regional magma transport. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 452, 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.037
• Kosaroglu, S., Buyuksarac, A. & Aydemir, A. (2016). Modeling of shallow structures in the Cappadocia region using gravity and aeromagnetic anomalies. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 124, 214–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.05.005
• Kuzucuoğlu, C., Pastre, J.F., Black, S., Ercan, T., Fontugne, M., Guillou, Hatté, C., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., Orth, P. & Türkecan, A. (1998). Identification and dating of tephra layers from Quaternary sedimentary sequences of Inner Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 153–172.
• Le Corvec, N., Menand, T. & Lindsay, J. (2013). Interaction of ascending magma with pre-existing crustal fractures in monogenetic basaltic volcanism: an experimental approach. Journal of Geophysical Research, 118(3), 968–984. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50142
• Le Pennec, J. L., Bourdier, J. L., Froger, J. L., Temel, A., Camus, G. & Gourgaud, A. (1994). Neogene ignimbrites of the Nevsehir plateau (Central Turkey): stratigraphy distribution and source constraints. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 63, 59–67.
• Nabelek, P. I., Hofmeister, A. M. & Whittington, A. G. (2012). The influence of temperature dependent thermal diffusivity on the conductive cooling rates of plutons and temperature- time paths in contact aureoles. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 317-318, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.11.009
• Okubo, Y., Graf, R. J., Hansen, R. O., Ogawa, K. & Tsu, H. (1985). Cruie Point Depths of the Island of Kyushu and Surrounding Areas, Japan. Geophysics, 50, 481–494.
• Pasquare, G., Poli, S., Vezzoli, L. & Zanchi, A. (1988). Continental arc volcanism and tectonic setting in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Tectonophysics, 146, 217–230.
• Rodriguez, C., Geyer, A., Castro, A. & Villasenor, A. (2015). Natural equivalents of thermal gradient experiments. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 298, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.03.021
• Rozimant, K., Buyuksarac, A. & Bektas, O. (2009). Interpretation of magnetic anomalies and estimation of depth of magnetic crust in Slovakia. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 166, 471–484.
• Schildgen, T. F., Cosentino, D., Bookhagen, B., Niedermann, S., Yildirim, C., Echtler, H., Wittmann, H. & Strecker, M. R. (2012). Multi-phased uplift of the southern margin of the Central Anatolian plateau, Turkey: a record of tectonic and upper mantle processes, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 317–318, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.003
• Şener M. F., Baba, A., Uzelli, T., Akkuş, İ. & Mertoğlu, O. (2022). Türkiye Jeotermal Kaynaklar Strateji Raporu. Maden ve Petrol İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, 1-149 (in Turkish).
• Şener, M. F., Öztürk, M. Z. & Baba, A. (2023). A review of the geothermal system evolution and distribution in the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (Türkiye). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 32(6), 703-720. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1870
• Tabatabaian, M. (2014). COMSOL for Engineers. Mercury Learning and Information, Boston, USA.
• Tank, S. B. & Karaş, M. (2020). Unraveling the electrical conductivity structure to decipher the hydrothermal system beneath the Mt. Hasan composite volcano and its vicinity, SW Cappadocia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 405, Article 107048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.107048
• Toprak, V. (1998). Vent distribution and its relation to regional tectonics, Cappadocian volcanics, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 55–67.
• Yildirim, C., Schildgen, T.F., Echtler, H., Melnick, D. & Strecker, M.R. (2011). Late Neogene and active orogenic uplift in the Central Pontides associated with the North Anatolian Fault: implications for the northern margin of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey. Tectonics, 30(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002756
• URL 1: https://3skaleenerji.com.tr/biz-kimiz/: Eylül 2023.