Türkiye’deki Kadın Girişimciliğinin Önündeki Engeller

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 117 - 130, 08.05.2022

Dilek Çınar , Zeynep Banu Dalaman

Öz

İyi yeni fikirleri pazara sunmak ve karlı hale getirmek için gerekli bilgi, beceri ve inisiyatiflere sahip olan girişimciler ekonomiler içerisinde kilit noktalar oluşturmaktadırlar ve aldıkları risklerin ödülü potansiyel kardır. En teknik manada kadın girişimci; herhangi bir girişimi organize eden, yöneten, önemli ölçüde risk taşıyan ve bu konuda inisiyatif alan kadın bireydir. Dünyada kadın girişimci sayısı artmakla birlikte erkeklerin gerisinde kalmaktadır. Türkiye’de kadınların iş gücü ve istihdama katılımının erkeklere göre düşük olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Kadınların iş gücüne katılamamasının çeşitli sebepleri bulunmaktadır. Temel sebebi kadınlara geleneksel aile rollerinden kaynaklanan evlenme ve çocuk sahibi olmak olarak ele alınsa da kadınların girişimci olabilmeleri için gerekli ekosistemin de oluşturulması gerekmektedir. Bu bilgiler ışığında çalışmanın amacı kadın girişimciliği ve önündeki engeller hakkında geniş literatür tarama sunmakla birlikte Türkiye’de girişimcilik bağlamında kadınların karşılaştığı kemikleşmiş problemler veriler doğrultusunda ele alınmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kadın girişimciliği, girşimcilik, Türkiye’de kadın girişimciler, girişimcilik ekosistemi

Kaynakça

• Aldrich, H. (1999). Organizations Evolving. London: Sage.Publications
• Aldrich, H. & Baker, T. (1997). Blinded by the cites? Has there been progress in entrepreneurship research? In (Ed. D. Sexton & R. Smilor), Entrepreneurship 2000 (pp. 377–400). Chicago: Upstart Publishing
• Anna, A., Chandler, G., Jansen, E., & Mero, N. (2000). Women business owners in traditional and nontraditional industries. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(3), 279–303.
• Arıkan, S., (2004), Girişimcilik Temel Kavramlar ve Bazı Güncel Konular, Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Arslan, İ. K., & Toksoy, M. D. (2017). Türkiye’de Kadınları Girişimciliğe Yönelten Faktörler Karşılaştıkları Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Girişimcilik Dergisi, 1(1), 123-148.
• Baines, S. & Wheelock, J. (1998). Working for each other: Gender, the household and micro-business survival. and growth. International Small Business Journal, 17(1), 16–35
• Baker, T., E. Aldrich, H., & Nina, L. (1997). Invisible entrepreneurs: The neglect of women business owners by mass media and scholarly journals in the USA. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 9(3), 221-238.
• Bird, B. & Brush, C. (2002). A gendered perspective on organizational creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 41–65.
• Bowen, D. D., & Hisrich, R. D. (1986). The female entrepreneur: A career development perspective. Academy of management review, 11(2), 393-407.
• Brush, C. (1992). Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, 5–26.
• Brush, C. (2006). Women entrepreneurs: A research overview. In M. Casson, B. Yeung, A. Basu, & N. Wadeson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of entrepreneurship (pp. 611–628). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Brush, C. G., De Bruin, A., & Welter, F. (2009). A gender‐aware framework for women's entrepreneurship. International Journal of Gender and entrepreneurship. 1(1), 8-24.
• Bruno, A. V., & Tyebjee, T. T. (1985). The entrepreneur's search for capital. Journal of business Venturing, 1(1), 61-74.
• Carter, N. & Allen, K. (1997). Size-determinants of women-owned businesses: Choices or barriers to resources. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 9(3), 211–220.
• Chandler, G. & Lyon, D. (2001). Issues of research design and construct measurement in entrepreneurship research: The past decade. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 25(4), 101–113.
• Cohoon, J. M., Wadhwa, V., & Mitchell, L. (2010). Are successful women entrepreneurs different from men?. Available at SSRN 1604653.
• De Bruin, A., Brush, C. G., & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women's entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 31(3), 323-339.
• DeTienne, D.R. & Chandler, G.N. (2007). The role of gender in opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 365–386.
• Dopfer, K., Foster, J., & Potts, J. (2004). Micro-meso-macro. Journal of evolutionary economics, 14(3), 263-279.
• Ecevit, Y. (2007). A critical approach to women's entrepreneurship in Turkey. ILO.
• Galbreath, J. (2019). Drivers of green innovations: The impact of export intensity, women leaders, and absorptive capacity. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(1), 47-61.
• GEDI. (2015). Female Entrepreneurship Index 2015 Report. Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2021: https://thegedi.org/female-entrepreneurship-index-2015-report/
• Giantari, I.G.A.K., Surya, I.B.K., Yasa, N.N.K., & Yasa, I.B.A. (2018). Development and revitalization strategies for traditional markets in Bali. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(7).
• HABITAT. (2020). Yüksek Etki Arayışında Türkiyeʼde Girişimci Kadınlar, Habitat Derneğ. Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2021: https://habitatdernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/kk_rapor-min.pdf
• Hackler, D., Harpel, E., & Mayer, H. (2008). Human Capital and Women's Business Ownership. Small Business Administration.
• Handayani, R.;Wahyudi, S.; Suharnomo, S. (2017). The e_ects of corporate social responsibility on manufacturing industry performance: The mediating role of social collaboration and green innovation. Bus. Theory Pract, 18, 152–159.
• Hisrich, R., Peters, M., & Shepherd, D. A. (2010). Entrepreneurship. Eight Edition.
• İKV. (2019). AB Katılım Sürecindeki Türkiye’nin Kadın İstihdamı Karnesi. İKV Değerlendirme Notu. Erişim Tarihi: 3.1.2022: https://www.ikv.org.tr/images/files/%C4%B0KV_Degerlendirme_Notu_AB_Kat%C4%B1l%C4%B1m_S%C3%BCrecindeki_T%C3%BCrkiyenin_Kad%C4%B1n_%C4%B0stihdam%C4%B1_Karnesi(2).pdf
• Iwu, C. G., Nsengimana, S., & Robertson, T. K. (2019). The Factors contributing to the low numbers of women entrepreneurs in Kigali. Acta Universitatis Danubius Economica, 15(6).
• Jennings, J. E., & McDougald, M. S. (2007). Work-family interface experiences and coping strategies: Implications for entrepreneurship research and practice. Academy of management review, 32(3), 747-760.
• Kılıç, D., & Öztürk, S. (2014). Türkiye’de kadınların işgücüne katılımı önündeki engeller ve çözüm yolları: Bir ampirik uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(1), 107-130.
• Kuadli, J. (2021, 2 Şubat). Women Entrepreneurs Statistics. Legaljobc.com. Erişim Tarihi: 21.1.2022: https://legaljobs.io/blog/women-entrepreneurs-statistics/Kusumawardani, K. A.,
• Widyanto, H. A., & Deva, I. P. L. I. (2020). Understanding the entrepreneurial intention of female entrepreneurs in the Balinese tourism industry: Superman is Dead. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 9(1), 63-79.
• Kutanis, R. Ö., (2006), Girişimci Kadınlar, Değişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Laksana, D., Ngurah, I. G., Jayantiari, R., & Mas, I. G. A. (2019). Implementation Model of Share Farming Agreements of Customary Land in Bali (A Study on Indigenous People's Legal Culture). JL Pol'y & Globalization, 85, 31.
• Langowitz, N. & Minitti, M. (2007). The entrepreneurial propensity of women. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 341–364.
• Manolova, T.S., Carter, N.M., Manev, I.M., & Gyoshev, B.S. (2007). The differential effect of men and women entrepreneurs’ human capital and networking on growth expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 407–426.
• Mason, C. & Harrison, R. (1999). Venture capital: Rationale, aims and scope. Venture Capital, 1(1), 1– 46.
• Mungai, A. M. W., Kihonge, E., & Gichure, J. (2019). Effect of Proactiveness on the Growth of Women Street Vending in Kenya. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Project Management, 3(2), 35-63.
• Neumeyer, X., Santos, S. C., Caetano, A., & Kalbfleisch, P. (2019). Entrepreneurship ecosystems and women entrepreneurs: A social capital and network approach. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 475-489.
• OECD (2013). Entrepreneurship : Access to training and money to start a business, by sex. OECD. Erişim tarihi: 7.3.2022: https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=83119
• Putra, I. N. D. (2018). Masih Identik Dengan Peran Domestik? Implikasi Perkembangan Pariwisata Pada Dinamika Relasi Gender di Bali. In Proceeding Seminar Nasional Gender Dan Anak LP2M “Harmonisasi Gender Dan Keluarga Zaman Now.
• Santoni, J. (2016). Spécificités, obstacles et levier potentiel de l’entrepreneuriat des femmes: État des littératures francophone et anglophone. Revue internationale de psychosociologie et de gestion des comportements organisationnels, XXII, 207-228. https://doi.org/10.3917/rips1.054.0207
• Shane, S. A. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual-opportunity nexus. Edward Elgar Publishing. Singh, S. P. (2009). The Emergence of Women-owned Businesses As An Economic Force In India: Conceptual Insights & Opportunities Ahead.
• Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, F., & Lawrence, J. (2019). Power and Its Loss in The Iron Lady. In Biography and History in Film (pp. 295-317). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
• Tambunan, T. (2009). Women entrepreneurship in Asian developing countries: Their development and main constraints. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 1(2), 027-040.
• Tambunan, T. T. H. (2017). Women entrepreneurs in MSEs in Indonesia: their motivations and main constraints. JWEE, (1-2), 56-86. TUİK, (2020, 20 Mart). İşgücü İstatistikleri, 2019. Erişim Tarihi: 22.1.2022: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Labour-Force-Statistics-2019-33784
• TUİK, (2022, 4 Mart). İstatistiklerle Kadın, 2021. Erişim Tarihi 06.3.2022: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Kadin-2021-45635
• Vivek, V., Saranya, S., & Chandrasekar, K. (2020). Tourism Development and Fundamentals to Promote Sustainopreneurship in Tourism Industry. Our Herit, 68, 10598-10603.
• Weiler, S., & Bernasek, A. (2001). Dodging the glass ceiling? Networks and the new wave of women entrepreneurs. The social science journal, 38(1), 85-103.
• Wheelock, J. (1998). Working for each other: Gender, the household and micro business survival and growth. International Small Business Journal, 17(1), 16–35.
• Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387– 406.