Optimization Studies on the Changeable Components of Hydroelectric Power Plants

Year 2023, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 97 - 112, 29.03.2023

M. Cihat Tuna , Alp Buğra Aydın

https://doi.org/10.55525/tjst.1192089

Abstract

The design flow rate, the dimensions of the transmission structure and the penstock size have a large impact on the cost of run-of-river type hydroelectric power plants. Equipment costs constitute a large part of the total budget of the plant. Optimum sizing, which maximizes the use of hydraulic potential, does not fit together with optimum sizing, which is necessary to obtain economic benefit from its investment. The main design parameters can be selected with the help of an optimization study in terms of both economic benefit and hydraulic potential. In this study, an easy to implement model, aimed at determining the costs associated with the different components in the structural organization of a hydroelectric power plant, is developed by a feasibility study to overcome the difficulties in practice. Gokcekoy HEPP, built in Turkey, was selected as the system. Annual energy production values were calculated by taking into account the current energy market conditions in Turkey. In addition, real situation studies were carried out regarding design flow rate selection, forced pipe diameter optimization and transmission channel sizing.

Keywords

Hydroelectric power plants, optimization, investment cost, changeable components

References

• Jacobson Mark Z, Delucchı Mark A. Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy policy 2011; 39(3): 1154-1169.
• Berga L. The role of hydropower in climate change mitigation and adaptation: a review. Engineering 2016; 2(3): 313-318.
• Dursun B, Gokcol C. The role of hydroelectric power and contribution of small hydropower plants for sustainable development in Turkey. Renewable Energy 2011; 36(4): 1227-1235.
• Demarty M, Bastien J. GHG emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs in tropical and equatorial regions: Review of 20 years of CH4 emission measurements. Energy Policy 2011; 39(7): 4197-4206.
• Mao G, Wang S, Tenq Q, Zuo J, Tan X., Wang H, Liu Z. The sustainable future of hydropower: a critical analysis of cooling units via the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving and Life Cycle Assessment methods. J Clean Prod 2017; 142 (4): 2446–2453.
• Yildiz V, Vrugt JA. A toolbox for the optimal design of run-of-river hydropower plants. Environmental modelling & software 2019; 111: 134-152.
• Mutlu R. Feasibility Study Of A Hydropower Project: Case Study Of Niksar HEPP, Turkey. vol, 5, 265-288, 2010.
• Bartle A. Hydropower potential and development activities. Energy policy 2002; 30(14): 1231-1239.
• International Hydroelectric Association: Hydropower status report; sector trends and insights, 2019.
• Küçükbeycan M. RETScreen decision support system for prefeasibility analysis of small hydropower projects. MSc, Middle East Techinal University, Ankara, Turkey, 2008.
• Lehner B, Czisch G, Vassolo S. The impact of global change on the hydropower potential of Europe: a model-based analysis. Energy Policy 2005; 33(7): 839-855.
• Eurelectric, Study on the importance of harnessing the hydropower resources of the world, Union of the Electric Industry (Eurelectric), Hydro Power and other Renewable Energies Study Committee, Brussels, 1997.
• Sharma DP, Verma GL, Bahadur AK. Selecting installed capacity for a run-ofriver plant. Journal of International Water Power & Dam Construction 1980; 32: 23–26.
• Sharma MG, Das D, Sharma J. Selection of optimum capacity for run-of-river plant. Journal of Dam Engineering 2002; 23: 97–117.
• Gingold PR. The optimum size of small run-of-river plants. Journal of International Water Power & Dam Construction 1981; 33: 26–39.
• Fahlbuch F. Optimum capacity of a run-of-river plant. Journal of International Water Power & Dam Construction 1983; 35: 25–37.
• Fahlbuch F. Optimum capacity and tunnel diameter of run-of-river plants. Journal of International Water Power & Dam Construction 1986; 38: 42–55.
• Deppo LD, Datei C, Fiorotto V, Rinaldo A. Capacity and type of units for small run-of-river plants. Journal of International Water Power & Dam Construction 1984; 36: 31–47.
• Najmaii M, Movaghar A. Optimal design of run-of-river power plants. Water Resour. Res. 1992; 28: 991–997.
• Voros NG, Kiranoudis CT, Maroulis ZB. Short-cut design of small hydroelectric plants. Renew. Energy 2000; 19: 545–563.
• Montanari R. Criteria for the economic planning of a low power hydroelectric plant. Renew Energy 2003; 28: 2129–2145.
• Hosseini SMH, Forouzbakhsh F, Rahimpoor M. Determination of the optimal installation capacity of small hydro-power plants through the use of technical, economic and reliability indices. Energy Pol 2005; 33: 1948–1956.
• Anagnostopoulos JS, Papantonis DE. Optimal sizing of a run-of-river small hydropower plant. Energy Convers Manag 2007; 48: 2663–2670.
• Haddad OB, Moradi-Jalal M, Mariño MA. Design operation optimization of run-of-river power plants. Proc Inst Civ Eng Water Manage. 2011; 164: 463–475.
• Santolin A, Cavazzini G, Pavesi G, Ardizzon G, Rossetti A. Techno-economical method for the capacity sizing of a small hydropower plant. Energy Convers Manag 2011; 52: 2533–2541.
• Basso S, Botter G. Streamflow variability and optimal capacity of run-of-river hydropower plants. Water Resour. Res. 2012; 48: 463–475.
• Voros NG, Kiranoudis CT, Maroulis ZB. Short-cut design of small hydroelectric plants. Renew. Energy 2000; 19: 545–563.
• Motwani KH, Jain SV, Patel RN. Cost analysis of pump as turbine for pico hydropower plants – a case study. Procedia Engineering 2013; 51: 721–726.
• Nouni MR, Mullick SC, Kandpal TC. Techno-economics of micro-hydro projects for decentralized power supply in India. Energy Pol 2006; 34 (10): 1161–1174.
• Liu Y, Ye L, Benoit I, Liu X, Cheng Y, Morel G, Fu C. Economic performance evaluation method for hydroelectric generating units. Energy Convers Manag 2003; 44: 797–808.
• Karlis AD, Papadopoulos DP. A systematic assessment of the technical feasibility and economic viability of small hydroelectric system installations. Renew Energy 2000; 20: 253–262.
• Aslan Y, Arslan O, Yasar C.. A sensitivity analysis for the design of small-scale hydropower plant: kayabogazi case study. Renew Energy 2008; 33, 791–801.
• Niadas IA. Mentzelopoulos P. Probabilistic flow duration curves for small hydro plant design and performance evaluation. Water Resour Manag 2008; 22: 509–523.
• Brealey RA, Myers SC. Principle of Corporate Finance, seventh ed. (New York), 2002.
• Kaldellis JK, Vlachou DS, Korbakis G. Techno-economic evaluation of small hydro power plants in Greece: a complete sensitivity analysis. Energy Pol 2005; 33: 1969–1985.
• Fleten SE, Kristoffersen TK. Short-term hydropower production planning by stochastic programming. Comput Oper Res 2008; 35 (8): 2656–2671.
• Finardi EC, Silva EL, Sagastizabal C. Solving the unit commitment problem of hydropower plants via Lagrangian Relaxation and Sequential Quadratic Programming. Comput Appl Math 2005; 24 (3): 317–341.
• Lopes de Almeida JPPG, Lejeune AGH, Sá Marques JAA, Cunha MC. OPAH a model for optimal design of multipurpose small hydropower plants. Adv Eng Software 2006; 37: 236–247.
• Yoo JH. Maximization of hydropower generation through the application of a linear programming model. J Hydrol 2009; 376 (1–2): 182–187.
• Baños R, Manzano-Agugliaro F, Montoya FG, Gil C, Alcayde A, Gómez J. Optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011; 15 (4): 1753–1766.
• Gibson NR. The Gibson Method and Apparatus for Measuring the Flow of Water in Closed Conduits. ASME Power Division, 1923; pp. 343–392.
• Troskolanski A. 1960. Hydrometry. Pergamon Press Ltd. US Energy Information Administration, 2016. Monthly Energy Review 1960; Table 1.3 and 10.1.
• IEC. 41, International Standard: Field Acceptance Tests to Determine the Hydraulic Performance of Hydraulic Turbines, Storage Pumps and Pump-turbines 1991.
• Khosrowpanah S, Fiuzat A, Albertson M. Experimental study of cross flow turbine. J Hydraul Eng 1988; 114 (3): 299–314.
• Desai VR, Aziz NM. An experimental investigation of cross-flow turbine efficiency. J Fluid Eng 1994; 116 (3): 545–550.
• Williams AA. The turbine performance of centrifugal pumps: a comparison of prediction methods. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part A: Journal Power Energy 1994; 208: 59.
• Ye L, Weidong L, Zhaohui L, Malik OP, Hope GS. An integral criterion appraising the overall quality of a computer-based hydro turbine generating system. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 1995; 10 (2): 376–381.
• Liu X. Application of ultrasonic flow measurement technologies on the testing of hydroelectric generating units in China. J Hydro Power Plant Automat supplement edition, 2000.
• Adamkowski A, Janicki W, Kubiak J, Urquiza G, Sierra F., Fernández DJM. Water turbine efficiency measurements using the gibson method based on special instrumentation installed inside pipelines. In: 6th International Conference on Innovation in Hydraulic Efficiency Measurements, Portland, Oregon, USA, 2006. pp. 1–12.
• Ye-xiang X, Feng-qin H, Jing-lin Z, Takashi K. Numerical prediction of dynamic performance of Pelton turbine. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser B 2007; 19 (3): 356–364.
• Wallace AR, Whittington HW. Performance prediction of standardized impulse turbines for micro-hydro, Sutton. Int. Water Power Dam Constr Elsevier B.V., U.K, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032114009769, 2008.
• Derakhshan S, Nourbakhs A. Experimental study of characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps working as turbines in different specific speeds. Exp Therm Fluid Sci 2008; 32: 800–807.
• Singh P, Nestmann F. Experimental optimization of a free vortex propeller runner for micro-hydro application. Exp Therm. Fluid Sci. 2009; 33: 991–1002.
• Alexander KV, Giddens EP, Fuller AM. Radial- and mixed-flow turbines for low head microhydro systems. Renew. Energy 2009; 34: 1885–1894.
• Yassi Y, Hashemloo S. Improvement of the efficiency of the agnew micro-hydro turbine at part loads due to installing guide vanes mechanism. Energy Convers Manag 2010; 51: 1970–1975.
• Akinori F, Watanabe S, Matsushita D, Okuma K. Development of ducted Darrieus turbine for low head hydropower utilization. Curr Appl Phys 2010; 10: pp. 128–132.
• Anagnostopoulos JS, Dimitris EP. A fast Lagrangian simulation method for flow analysis and runner design in Pelton turbines. J Hydrodyn 2012; 24 (6): 930–941.
• Shimokawa K, Furukawa A, Okuma K, Matsushita D, Watanabe S. Experimental study on simplification of Darrieus-type hydro turbine with inlet nozzle for extra-low head hydropower utilization. Renew Energy 2012; 41: 376–382.
• Ramos HM, Simão M, Borga A. Experiments and CFD analyses for a new reaction micro hydro propeller with five blades. J Energy Eng 2013; 139: 109–117.
• Bozorgi A, Javidpour E, Riasi A, Nourbakhsh A. Numerical and experimental study of using axial pump as turbine in pico-hydropower plants. Renew Energy 2013; 53: 258–264.
• Khurana S, Kumar V, Kumar A. The effect of nozzle angle on erosion and the performance of turgo impulse turbines. Int. J. Hydropower Dams 2013; 20: pp. 97–101.
• Williamson SJ, Stark BH, Booker JD. Performance of a low-head pico-hydro turgo turbine. Appl Energy 2013; 102: 1114–1126.
• Williamson SJ, Stark BH, Booker JD. Low head pico hydro turbine selection using a multi-criteria analysis. Renew Energy 2014; 61: pp. 43–50.
• Laghari JA, Mokhlis H, Bakar AHA, Mohammad H. A comprehensive overview of new designs in the hydraulic, electrical equipments and controllers of mini hydro power plants making it cost effective technology. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2013; 20: 279–293.
• Pimnapat I, Patib T, Bhumkittipichc K. Performance study of micro hydro turbine and PV for electricity generator, case study: bunnasopit School, y Nan province, Thailand, 10th eco-energy and materials science and engineering (EMSES2012). Energy Proc 2013; 34. 235–242.
• Cobb BR, Sharp KV. Impulse (Turgo and Pelton) turbine performance characteristics and their impact on pico-hydro installations. Renew Energy 2013; 50: 959–964.
• Yaakob OB, Ahmed YM, Elbatran AH, Shabara HM. A review on micro hydro gravitational vortex power and turbine systems. Jurnal Teknologi (Sci Eng) 2014; 69 (7): 1–7.
• Elbatran AH, Yaakob OB, Ahmed YM, Shabara HM. Operation, performance and economic analysis of low head micro-hydropower turbines for rural and remote areas: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015; 43: 40–50.
• Heitz LF. Hydrologic Analysis Programs for Programmable Calculators and Digital Computers for Use in Hydropower Studies. University of Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, pp. 127 Report No: 198207, 1982.
• US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Hydropower Engineering and Design, Engineering Manual 1110-2-1701. US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC., 1985.
• Vogel RM, Fennessey NM. Flow duration curves II: a review of applications in water resources planning. J Am Water Resour Assoc 1995; 31: pp. 1029–1039.
• Hobbs BF, Mittelstadt RL, Lund JR. Energy and water, chapter 31. In: Mays, L.W. (Ed.), Water Resources Handbook, International Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York. 1996.
• Borges CLT, Pinto RJ. Small hydro power plants energy availability modeling for generation reliability evaluation. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2008; 23 (3): 1125–1135.
• Niadas IA, Mentzelopoulos P. Probabilistic flow duration curves for small hydro plant design and performance evaluation. Water Resour Manag 2008; 22: 509–523.
• Peña R, Medina A, Anaya-Lara O, McDonald JR. Capacity estimation of a minihydro plant based on time series forecasting. Renew Energy 2009; 34: 1204–1209.
• Heitz LF, Khosrowpanah SH. Prediction of Flow Duration Curves for Use in Hydropower Analysis at Ungaged Sites in Kosrae. FSM, University of Guam/WERI Technical, pp. 28 Report No. 137 under printing, 2012.
• Erkek C, Ağıralioğlu N. Su Kaynakları Mühendisliği, Beta Basım Yayın, 1986.
• Masoudinia F. Retscreen--Small Hydro Project Software. In 2013 International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies April 2013; pp. 858-861 IEEE.