Weeds and Their Control in Hemp

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 1, 76 - 85, 08.11.2024

Hilmi Torun , Kübra Kale , Doğan Işık

Öz

Cannabis sativa L., which is increasingly important for industrial and medical applications, requires effective weed control for successful cultivation. The cannabis plant, particularly in its early stages, is vulnerable to competition from other plants and weeds can negatively affect its growth and yield. Weed control is essential for the healthy development and high productivity of cannabis. Physical methods of weed control include manual or mechanical removal, while chemical methods involve the use of herbicides. Chemical control is often preferred because of its rapid results and cost-effectiveness, but the timing and dosage of herbicide application are critical. Soil preparation and planting strategies also play an important role in weed management. Pre-plant soil preparation and weed control have a positive effect on cannabis development. In addition, crop rotation with cannabis can reduce weed pressure and improve soil fertility. This review is an assessment of the main weed species and weed control practices in hemp cultivation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cannabis sativa L., hemp, weed populations

Kenevirde Sorun Olan Yabancı Otlar ve Mücadelesi

Öz

Kenevir (Cannabis sativa L.), endüstriyel ve tıbbi kullanım alanlarında giderek artan bir önem taşırken, başarılı bir yetiştiricilik için yabancı ot kontrolü kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Kenevir bitkisi, özellikle başlangıç aşamasında, diğer bitkilerle rekabet etme konusunda zayıf olduğundan, yabancı otlar kenevirin büyümesini ve verimini olumsuz etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle yabancı ot mücadelesi, kenevirin sağlıklı gelişimi ve yüksek verimliliği için gereklidir. Kenevir yetiştiriciliğinde fiziksel yöntemler arasında elle veya mekanik olarak yabancı otların temizlenmesi yer alırken, kimyasal yöntemler herbisitlerin uygulanmasını içerir. Kimyasal mücadele, hızlı sonuç ve maliyet etkinliği nedeniyle sıklıkla tercih edilir; ancak, herbisitlerin doğru zaman ve miktarda uygulanması önemlidir. Toprak hazırlığı ve ekim stratejileri de yabancı ot mücadelesinde önemli rol oynar. Ekim öncesinde toprak işlenmesi ve yabancı ot kontrolü, kenevirin gelişim sürecini olumlu yönde etkiler. Ayrıca, kenevir ile yapılan münavebeler, yabancı ot baskısını azaltabilir ve toprak verimliliğini artırabilir. Bu derlemede kenevir yetiştiriciliğinde sorun olan önemli yabancı ot türleri ile kenevirde yabancı ot mücadele uygulamaları değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cannabis sativa L., kenevir, yabancı ot popülasyonları

Kaynakça

• Akça, A., Işık, D. (2016). Kayseri ili şeker pancarı (Beta vulgaris L.) ekiliş alanlarında bulunan yabancı otların tespit edilmesi. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 56 (1), 115-124. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/284579
• Aytaç, S. (2018). Endüstriyel kenevir gerçeği ve ülkemizdeki durum. Karadeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Endüstriyel Kenevir Gerçeği Paneli, 2-3 Mayıs, Samsun.
• Basbag, S., Ekinci, R., Yaşar, M. (2020). Kenevirin ekolojik istekleri. Kenevir (Cannabis sativa L.), Palme Yayıncılık, s. 45-60.
• Byrd, J. (2019). Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) germination temperatures and herbicide tolerance screening. MSc. Thesis, Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA.
• Desanlis, F., Cerruti, N., Warner, F. (2013). Hemp Agronomics and Cultivation, Chapter 6. Hemp Industrial Production and Uses (Bouloc, P., Allegret, S., Arnaud, L., eds.), CAB International, London, UK.
• Ehler, L.E. (2006). Integrated pest management (IPM): Definition, historical development and implementation, and the other IPM. Pest Management Science, 62 (9), 787-789. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1247
• Ehrensing, D.T. (1998). Feasibility of industrial hemp production in the United States Pacific Northwest. https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/administrative_report_or_publications/j3860729t (Erişim tarihi: 10.06.2024).
• Fike, J. (2016). Industrial hemp: Renewed opportunities for an ancient crop. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 35 (5-6), 406-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2016.1257842
• GKGM (2024). T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Gıda ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü, Bitki Koruma Ürünleri Daire Başkanlığı Veri Tabanı. https://bku.tarimorman.gov.tr/ (Erişim tarihi: 08.07.2024).
• Gorchs, G., Lloveras, J., Serrano, L., Cela, S. (2017). Hemp yields and its rotation effects on wheat under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Agronomy Journal, 109 (4), 1551-1560. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2016.11.0676
• Göre, M., Kurt, O. (2021). Bitkisel üretimde yeni bir trend: Kenevir. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 4 (1), 138- 157. https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.789970
• Hackleman, J.C., Domingo, W.E. (1943). Hemp, an İllinois war crop. Circular No.547, 1-8. https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/33567 (Erişim tarihi: 08.07.2024).
• Hall, J., Bhattarai, S.P., Midmore, D.J. (2014). Effect of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) planting density on weed suppression, crop growth, physiological responses, and fibre yield in the subtropics. Renewable Bioresources, 2 (1),1. https://doi.org/10.7243/2052-6237-2-1
• İşler, N. (2019). Keten-Kenevir Tarımı, Bilgi notu. M.K.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü. http://www.mku.edu.tr/files/898-bce2d202-dd48-47e6-b1aa-c6a6b64f7350.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2024)
• Jankauskienė, Z., Gruzdevienė, E. (2010). Evaluation of Cannabis sativa cultivars in Lithuania. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 97 (3), 87-96.
• Jankauskienė, Z., Gruzdevienė, E., Burbulis, N., Maumevičius, E., Layko, I.M. (2015). Investigation of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) crop weediness. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, 2, 120-123. Environment. Technology. Resources, Rezekne, Latvia. http://journals.rta.lv/index.php/ETR/article/view/272/667 (Erişim tarihi: 14.08.2024).
• Jankauskienė, Z., Gruzdevienė, E., Lazauskas, S. (2014). Potential of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes to suppress weeds. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 101 (3), 265-270.
• Kale, K. (2023). Endüstriyel kenevir (Cannabis sativa L.)’de yabancı ot mücadelesi üzerine araştırmalar. Doktora tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
• Kiely, T., Donaldson, D., Grube, A. (2004). Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage 2000 and 2001 Market Estimates. U.S.A Environmental Protection Agency, Washington.
• Kousta, A., Papastylianou, P., Travlos, I., Mavroeidis, A., Kakabouki, I. (2023). Effect of fertilization and weed management practices on weed diversity and hemp agronomic performance. Agronomy, 13 (4), 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13041060
• Labrada, R. (2006). Weed management: a basic component of modern crop production. Chapter 2. Handbook of Sustainable Weed Management (Crop science) (Singh, H.P., Batish, D.R., Kohli, R.K., eds), Binghamton, NY: Haworth.
• Lee, S., Oliver, L. (1982). Efficacy of acifluorfen on broadleaf weeds. Times and methods for application. Weed Science, 30 (5), 520-526. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4043753
• Liebman, M. Gallandt, E.R. (1997). Many little hammers: Ecological management of crop-weed interactions. Ecology in Agriculture, 1997, 291-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012378260-1/50010-5 Liebman, M., Mohler, C.L. Staver, C.P. (2001). Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds. Cambridge University Press.
• Marahatta, S.P., Wang, K., Sipes, B.S., Hooks, C.R.R. (2012). Effects of the ıntegration of sunn hemp and soil solarization on plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes. Journal of Nematology, 44 (1), 72-79.
• Maxwell, B.A. (2016). Effects of Herbicides on Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Phytotoxicity, Biomass, and Seed Yield. Masters Theses & Specialist Projects. Paper 1742. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1742 (Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2024).
• McPartland, J. M., Cubeta, M.A. (1997). New species, combinations, host associations and location records of fungi associated with hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Mycological Research, 101 (7), 853-857. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756297003584
• McPartland, J.M., Clarke, R.C., Watson, D.P. (2000). Hemp Diseases and Pests: Management and Biological Control. CABI. MEB (2024). Tarım, Lif Bitkileri. T.C. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, Ankara. https://megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller/Lif%20Bitkileri.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 12.08.2024).
• Morris, J.B., Chase, C., Treadwell, D., Koenig, R., Cho, A., Morales-Payan, J.P., Murphy, T., Antonious, G.F. (2015). Effect of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) cutting date and planting density on weed suppression in Georgia, USA. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B, 50 (8), 614-621. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2015.1028855
• Norsworthy, J. K., Ward, S. M., Shaw, D. R., et al. (2012). Reducing the risks of herbicide resistance: Best management practices and recommendations. Weed Science, 60 (sp1), 31-62. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-11-00155.1
• O’Donovan, J.T., Blackshaw, R.E., Harker, K.N., Clayton, G.W, Moyer, J.R., Dosdall L.M., Maurice, D.C., Turkington, T.K. (2007). Integrated approaches to managing weeds in spring-sown crops in western Canada. Crop Protection, 26 (3), 390-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.09.018
• ONTARIO (2024a). Chapter 8. Other Crops, Hemp. Agronomy guide for field crops, p.179-180, https://www.ontario.ca/files/2022-10/omafra-agronomy-guide-for-field-crops-chapter-7-en-2022-10-13.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2024).
• ONTARIO (2024b). Growing Industrial Hemp in Ontario. https://files.ontario.ca/omafra-growing-industrial-hemp-in-ontario-22-020-en-2023-07-21.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 11.08.2024).
• Önen, H. (2020). Endüstriyel Kenevirde Hastalık, Zararlı ve Yabancı Ot Mücadelesi. İstanbul Harf Yayınları.
• Özdemir, Ç., Işık, D. (2020). Kayseri ili çerezlik kabak ekiliş alanlarında görülen yabancı otların tespiti. Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi, 23 (1), 74-80. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjws/issue/55770/705707.
• Özer, Z., Kadıoğlu, İ., Önen, H. , Tursun, N. (2001). Herboloji (Yabancı Ot Bilimi). 3. Baskı. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No:20, Tokat.
• Petersen, J., Röver, A. (2005). Comparison of sugar beet cropping systems with dead and living mulch using a glyphosate-resistant hybrid. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 191 (1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2004.00134.x
• Poisa, L., Adamovics, A. (2010). Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as an environmentally friendly energy plant. Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 5 (1), 80-85. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10145-010-0038-z
• Rehman, M.S.U., Rashid, N., Saif, A., Mahmood, T., Han, J.I. (2013). Potential of bioenergy production from industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa): Pakistan perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 18, 154-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.019
• Schultes, R., Joyce, C., Curry, S.H. (1970). Random thoughts and queries on the botany of cannabis. Botany and Chemistry of Cannabis 1-38.
• Struik, P.C., Amaduccı, S., Bullard, M.J., Stutterheim, N.C., Venturi, G., Cromack H.T.H. (2000). Agronomy of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Europe. Industrial Crops and Products, 11 (2-3), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00048-5
• Tepe, I. (2014). Yabancı Otlarla Mücadele. Sidas Medya Ziraat Yayın No: 031, İzmir.
• Uluğ, E., Kadıoğlu, İ., Üremiş, İ. (1993). Türkiye'nin Yabancı Otları ve Bazı Özellikleri. Tarım ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Yayın No:78, Adana.
• Van der Werf, H.M.G. (2002). Hemp production in France. Journal of Industrial Hemp, 7 (2), 105-109. https://doi.org/10.1300/J237v07n02_12
• Vencill, W.K., Nichols, R.L., Webster, T.M., Soteres, J.K., Mallory-Smith, C., Burgos, N.R., Johnson, W.G., McClelland, M.R. (2012). Herbicide resistance: Toward an understanding of resistance development and the impact of herbicide-resistant crops. Weed Science 60 (SP1), 2-30. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-11-00206.1
• Vera, C.L., Woods, S.M., Raney, J.P. (2006). Seeding rate and row spacing effect on weed competition, yield and quality of hemp in the Parkland region Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 86 (5), 911-915. https://doi.org/911-915. 10.4141/P05-177