EitherEconomize on Knowledge orCapitalizeon Intellectuality:Educational ChallengesforEconomicGrowthin the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 166 - 184, 01.04.2016

Behiye Çavuşoğlu Mustafa Sağsan

Öz

Intellectual capital appears as the most important component of knowledge economy. It is very wellknown in the knowledge management literature that knowledge has become an engine of social, economic and cultural development in today’s world. Thus, education is a vitalfactor for the accumulation of intellectual capital to reach economic growth. There are thirteen universities in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus TRNC , and higher education is a major sector. Income generatedfrom the education sector as well as the accelerating number of universities are two important factors which TRNC government should pay attentionto in regards to education and knowledge creation activities.Thestudy aims to emphasize the importance of knowledge economy and to create both public and government awareness particularly for TRNC and for other small economies as well. The Engle-Granger Causality test in VAR model was used to analyse the causal between education and economic growth in TRNC and the results indicate a positiveimpact of knowledge economy variables on the economy’s productivity level. Literacy rate,generaland technical high school enrolment rate and higher education enrolment rate isEntelektüalite Üzerine usedas knowledge economy variables. Furthermore, the extended Cobb-Douglas production function is appliedfor the 1977-2010 period and emphasizes the increasing returns to scale in production process within a given period in TRNC. Overall results show that the TRNC economyhas a potential to become a knowledge economy

Anahtar Kelimeler

Knowledge economy, intellectual capital, education, Engle-Granger causality test, Cobb-Douglasproduction function, economic growth, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

Ya Bilgi Üzerine İktisadileş ya da Entelektüalite Üzerine Sermayeleş: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti’nde Ekonomik Büyüme için Eğitime Yönelik Bir Araştırma

Öz

Entelektüel sermaye, bilgi ekonomisinin en önemli unsurlarından birisidir. Bilgi yönetimiliteratüründe entelektüel sermaye ekonomik ve kültürel kalkınma açısından önemli faktörlerdenbiri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle, entelektüel sermaye birikimini oluşturan eğitim,ekonomik büyümenin vazgeçilmez bir değişkenidir. Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti KKTC ’nde eğitim, adada on üç üniversite olması sebebi ile ekonomik büyüme için önem teşkiletmekte, hükümetler tarafından öncü sektör olarak adlandırılmaktadır.Bu çalışma KKTC’nde bilgi ekonomisinin önemini vurgulayarak vatandaşların vedevletin bu konudaki farkındalığını artırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Söz konusu farkındalığınoluşabilmesi için, öncelikle bilgi ekonomisi değişkenlerinin ekonomik büyümeye olan etkisiölçülmüş, Engle-Granger nedensellik testi kullanılarak bilgi ekonomisi değişkenlerininbüyümeye neden olup olmadığı araştırılmıştır. Bu bağlamda okuryazarlık oranı, genel ve teknikliselere katılım oranı ve yükseköğretime katılım oranı bilgi ekonomisi değişkenleri olarakkullanılmıştır. Geliştirilmiş Cobb-Douglas üretim fonksiyonuyla geleneksel üretimfaktörlerinin yanı sıra, entelektüel sermayenin üretim sürecindeki etkisi 1977-2010 yılları içinölçülmüş ve üretimde artan verimin ekonomik büyümeye olan etkisi vurgulanmıştır. MakaledeKKTC ekonomisinin bilgi ekonomisi karakterini taşıyıp taşımadığı, kurulan model ve yapılantestler aracılığıyla denetlenmiş ve KKTC ekonomisinin bilgi ekonomisi olma yolundapotansiyeli olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bilgi ekonomisi, entelektüel sermaye, eğitim, Engle-Granger nedensellik testi, Cobb-Douglas üretim fonksiyonu, ekonomik büyüme, Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti.

Kaynakça

• Adamska,M.,MinarovaM.(2014).Role of learning organization inbuildingconsumer confidence. E & MEkonomieaManagement, 17(1), 62-72.
• Alipour,M. (2012).Theeffects ofinternationalcapitalon firm performance:AninvestigationofIran insurancecompanies.Measuring Business Excellence, 16(1),53-66.
• Asgeirsdottir, B.(2006).OECDworkonknowledgeand knowledgeeconomy. In Kahin B. ForayD. (Ed.).AdvancingKnowledge andtheKnowledge Economy,(pp. 1-9).Cambridge:MITPress.
• Batool, A., Zulfiqar S. (2013). Analyzing theinput outputrelationshipofsmall and mediumenterprises inPakistan: An Development,1(1),66-73.
• Burdus,E. (2008).Management schimbrii organizationale.InSarayrehB. H., KhudairH., BarakatE. (2013),ComparativeStudy:The KurtLewinof Change Management. International Journalof Computer and InformationTechnology,2(4),1.
• Bumes, B.,(2004).KurtLewinandplannedapproachtochange: are-appraisal. Journal ofManagement Studies.41(6), 972-1002.
• Catasus,B.and Chaminade,C.(2007). Intellectual capital:paradoxesand expansions.In Intellectual capital revisited: paradoxesin the knowledgeintensiveorganization, (pp. 1-7). Northampton: EdwardElgar Publishing.
• Cavusoglu, B.(2014). Intellectual capital asan engine of growth: analysisofcausalityforNorthCyprus economy.In Proceedings ofthe 15thEuropeanConference on Knowledge Management(pp. 1137­ 1145).Santarem,Portugal:AcademicPublishing.
• Cavusoglu, B.,Sagsan M. (2011). National knowledge management strategyfor the TRNC: recommendations forsmallislandeconomies.InProceedingsof the72 European Conferenceof KnowledgeManagement (pp.190-198).UniversityofPassau.Germany:AcademicPublishing.
• Chavula,H. K.(2010).Theroleofknowledgeineconomic growth. TheAfrican perspective.In:ICT, Science andTechnologyDivision Commission for Africa (UNECA). (ISTD), (pp.26). Ethiopia: UnitedNationsEconomic
• Cobb,C. W. and Douglas P.H. (1928).A Theory ofproduction,American Economic Review. 18(1), 139-165.
• Delina,R.and Drab,R. (2010). Socio-economic aspects oftrust building forthe electronicbusiness platforms. E&MEkonomieaManagement.13(4), 110-122.
• Edvinsson,L.(1997). Developingintellectual capitalatSkandia. LangRange Planning, 30(3),366-73.
• Edvinsson,L. Malone,M. Intellectualcapital. NewYork:Harper Business.
• Ekelund, B.R. and Hebert F. R. (1997). Ahistory of economic theoryandmethod.4thed., Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
• Foray,D.(2006),Optimizingtheuse of knowledge. In:Advancingknowledge andthe knowledge economy(pp:9-15). England: MITPress.
• Gujarati,D.N.(1995). Basic econometrics. 3rdedition. Singapore:McGraw-Hill.
• Gülle, M.T.(2015). Isit possible forTurkey tobe aninformation society?. Turkish Librarianship, 29(1),57-62.
• Hronec, S.,Merickova B.,and MarcinekovaZ.(2008). Themedicine education investmentevaluation methods.E&MEkonomie aManagement, 11(2),89-98.
• Huang,Y. C.andWu, Yç, C.,(2010). Intellectual capitalandknowledgeproductivity:Taiwan biotech. Industry ManageDecision, 48(4)
• Janecek.V.and Hynek, J. (2010). Incentive system as afactoroffirms’efficiencyimprovement.E&M Ekonomie aManagement, 13(1), 76-90.
• Kajdiz, R. and Bojnec, S.(2014). Determinantsof public expenditures for medicinal productsin non­ hospitalconsumptionin Slovenia. E+MEkonomieaManagement,17(3), 27.
• Katırcıoglu, S.,and Fethi S., Caner,H. (2014). Testingthe higher education-led growthhypothesis ina small island:anempirical investigationfroma new versionof the solowgrowth model.Quality& Quantity,48(1), 729-744.
• Keselevic,A. (2008). Going beyond thederogativeattitude towardsknowledge withinparticular scientificcommunities.E& MEkonomie aManagement, 11(3),73-84.
• LewinK. (1947).Frontiers ingroupdynamics II.Channelsof grouplife; socialplanningand action research. HumanRelations, 1(3),143-153.
• Lin, J. L. (2008). Notesontesting causality.Instituteof Economics,AcademiaSinica, Departmentof Economics. http://faculty.ndhu.edu.tw/~jlin/files/causality.pdf Chengchi University, 3-22. Accessed
• Lucas, R.E. (1988).Onthemechanics of economicdevelopment.Journalof Monetary Economics, 22(1),3-42.
• Malhotra,Y.(2003), Measuringknowledge assetsofanation: knowledge systems fordevelopment. Researchpaper preparedfor the invitedkeynote presentationdeliveredat theUnitedNations Advisorymeeting ofthe DepartmentofEconomic andSocialAffairs: Division ofPublic Administration and Development Management, Ad HocGroupofExperts Meeting.Knowledge Systemsfor Development, United NationsHeadquarters, NewYork, 4-5September.Accessed: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.6.878&rep=repl&type=pdf.
• Marcin,K.(2013). Intellectualcapitalasa key factor ofsocio-economicdevelopment ofregions and countries.Procedia Economics andFinance, 6(1)
• Maresova,P. (2010). KnowledgemanagementinCzech enterprises. E&MEkonomiea Management, 13(1),131-144.
• Ngugi, J. K.,Gakure, R.,W., Were,M.,S, Ngugi, P.,Kand Kibiru, C.R.,(2012).The influence of intellectual capital on growthof small and medium enterprises inKenya.JournalofBusiness ManagementandCorporate Affairs,1(1),11-19.
• Noordin,M.A.and Mohtar, S.(2013). Anexploratoryof the intangible assets: Methods of measuringintellectual capital.In:3rd International ConferenceonBusiness,Economics, Managementand Behavioural Sciences(ICBEMBS’2013), April29-302013(pp.311-315). Singapore: AcademicPublishing.
• OfficialReceiver andRegistrar Office(ORRO),(2014), Annual report.Nicosia: TRNC PrimeMinistry.
• Powel, W.W. Snellman,K. Theknowledge economy.AnnualReviewof Sociology,30, 199-220.
• Rajnoha, R.,DobrovicJ.(2011). Simultaneous managementofeconomics andbusinessprocessesby addedvalueknowledge. E& M Ekonomie aManagement, 14(1), 53-69.
• Romer,P. (1990). Endogenoustechnological change.Journalof PoliticalEconomy, 98(5), 71-102.
• Ross,J.(1998). Intellectual capital: Navigatingin the newbusiness landscape. NewYork:NY University Press.
• Sarayreh, B.H.,Khudair andH.,Barakat,E.A.,(2013). Comparativestudy: TheKurt Lewin ofchange management.InternationalJournalof ComputerandInformation Technology,2(4), 1-4.
• Skandia(1996).Power ofinnovation: intellectual capital.Supplement to Skandia’s 1996InterimAnnual Report. Stockholm: Skandia.
• Solow, R. (1956).Acontributiontotheory ofeconomicgrowth.Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1),65-94.
• StatePlanningOrganisation (SPO)(2011).Macroeconomic indicators.Nicosia:TRNCPrimeMinistry.
• StatePlanningOrganisation (SPO)(2013).Economicand socialindicators.Nicosia: TRNC Prime Ministry.
• Steward, T.A.(1997). Intellectual capital.NewYork:Bantam DoubledayDell Publishing Group.
• Suciu, M. C. and Bratescu, A. G.(2010). Intellectual capital, innovation and creativity askey drivers for long-runsustainable development inthe contextof the creativeeconomyand knowledge based society. In: Proceedingsof5th WSEASInternational Conferenceoneconomy and Management Transformation, Romania,V. 2(pp. 464-469).
• Sveiby,K. E.(1997).The new organizationalwealth:Managing and measuring knowledge-basedassets. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-KoehlerPublishers.
• Szabo Z. K., Soltes M. andHelmanE. (2013). Innovativecapacity & performance oftransition economies: Comparativestudy atthelevel ofenterprises. E&MEkonomie a Management, 16(1),52-68.
• TontaY.andKüçük,M.E.(2005). Maindynamics of thetransitionfrom industrial societyto informationsociety. TurkishLibrarianship,19(4),1-14.
• UNECE(2002).Towardsknowledgebased economy.Regionalassessment report.New York:UnitedNations.
• World Bank(2012). Knowledge assessmentmethodology. Accessed: www.worldbank.org/kam
• Investment Development Agency(YAGA)(2012),Investor guide.Nicosia:TRNCPrime Ministry.