Likbez Kampanyası Dönemindeki Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir İnceleme

Caner Çakı; Mehmet Ali Gazi; Gül Çakı; Mehmet Ozan Gülada

doi:10.24146/tk.806892

Araştırma Makalesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 4, 663 - 692, 30.12.2020

Caner Çakı , Mehmet Ali Gazi , Gül Çakı , Mehmet Ozan Gülada

https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.806892

Cited By: 5

Öz

The Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin came to power in Russia passes after the October Revolution in 1917. A literacy campaign was launched in Russia under the title of "Elimination of Ignorance Among the Population" (ликвида́ция безгра́мотности у населения), with the short name Likbez (Ликбез) and with the campaign, an intense effort was made to raise the level of education in the country under the leadership of Lenin on December 26, 1919, two years after the October Revolution. Especially within the scope of the campaign, propaganda activities were carried out to encourage reading books and to develop the reading habits of the masses. At this stage, propaganda posters, one of the leading mass media tools of the period, were used. In the study, it was aimed to reveal how the propaganda posters were used and what messages were given in the process of encouraging the masses to read books in Likbez, which was initiated during the Lenin period. For this purpose, 9 propaganda posters determined by using quota sampling were analyzed in the light of the semiotics concepts of the Russian linguist Roman Jakobson. In the findings of the study, it was revealed that the perceptions that people who read books would have a happy and peaceful life were tried to be formed, on the other hand, reading was presented as a way of getting closer to the Communism ideology.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Literacy, boko, communism, russia, propaganda

Kaynakça

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Akinde, C. O., ve Omolewa, M. (1982). Background issues relating to the proposed Mass Literacy Campaign in Nigeria. International Review of Education, 28(1), 71-93. doi.org/10.1007/BF00597759
Amare, G. (2006). An appraisal of the literacy campaign in Ethiopia during the military regime, 1974-1991. Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 39(1/2), 93-117.
Angus, E. (1980). The awakening of a people: Nicaragua's Literacy Campaign. Two Thirds, 2(3), 6-32.
Аракелова, М. П. (1994). Ликвидация неграмотности среди женщин в первой половине 20-х годов. Социологические исследования, (3), 75-78.
Arıca, F. A. (2019). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Mao Zedong Döneminde Spor Yayıncılığı Üzerine İnceleme. TRT Akademi, 4(8), 392-408.
Avcı, Ö. (2018). Propaganda Çeşitleri. Mustafa Karaca, Caner Çakı. (Ed.) İletişim ve Propaganda (75-114). Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
Azab, S. A. (1985). The national adult literacy campaign in Iraq. Prospects, 15(3), 383-387. doi.org/10.1007/BF02196640
Васеха, М. В. (2018). "Крестьянка грамотная": ликбез в Западной Сибири и конструирование нового паттерна женского поведения в 1920-е годы. Вестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Серия: История. Филология, 17(5), 150-160.
Badiane, F. (1983). The literacy campaign in Senegal. Educafrica: Bulletin of the Unesco Regional Office for Education in Africa, (9), 192-198.
Barrington, L. (2005). Education, literacy, training, and propaganda in a Ghanaian border town. Ghana Studies, 8(1), 3-38.
Bradley, J. (2012). The St. Petersburg Literacy Committee and Russian education: government tutelage or public trust?. The Russian Review, 71(2), 267-294. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9434.2012.00653.x
Braimoh, D. (1983). Communication strategies for effective literacy campaign in Nigeria. Nigeria Magazine, (145), 16-27.
Budd, A. M. (2018). Marksist teoriye bir katkı: Rusya'da devlet kapitalizmi teorisi. Enternasyonal Sosyalizm, 1(2), 74-83.
Сажина, А. И. (2012). Ликвидация неграмотности в Забайкалье в условиях ДВР (1920-1922 гг.). Вестник Забайкальского государственного университета, (10), 12-16.
Clark, C. E. (1995). Literacy and labour: The Russian literacy campaign within the trade unions, 1923–27. Europe-Asia Studies, 47(8), 1327-1341.
Clark, C. E. (2000). Uprooting otherness: the literacy campaign in NEP-Era Russia. The United States: Susquehanna University Press.
Çalışkan, S., ve Doğan, D. K. (2020). İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Sovyetler Birliği'ndeki Radyo Yayınlarında Propaganda Şarkılarının Kullanılması: "Kutsal Savaş" Şarkısı Üzerine İnceleme. Eurasian Journal of Music And Dance, (16), 263-280. doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.757538
Dardour, M. (2000). The literacy campaign in rural Morocco: Drawing some lessons. Prospects, 30(1), 125-142.
Dündar, G. (2019). Mussolini İtalyası'nda Spor Yayıncılığı. TRT Akademi, 4(8), 308-324.
Eklof, B. (1987). Russian literacy campaigns, 1861–1939. Ed. Robert F. Arnove, Harvey J. Graff. In National Literacy Campaigns (123-145). Boston, MA: Springer.
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горюнова, а. г. (2012). советское государство и общественность в борьбе за грамотность женщин в 1920-е годы в регионе верхнего поволжья. ивановского государственного университета, 23-27.
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Herman, R. (2012). An army of educators: Gender, revolution and the Cuban literacy campaign of 1961. Gender & History, 24(1), 93-111. doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01670.x
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Likbez Kampanyası Dönemindeki Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 4, 663 - 692, 30.12.2020

Caner Çakı , Mehmet Ali Gazi , Gül Çakı , Mehmet Ozan Gülada

https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.806892

Cited By: 5

Öz

1917 yılında gerçekleşen Ekim Devrimi’nden sonra Rusya’da iktidar, Vladimir Lenin liderliğindeki Bolşeviklerin eline geçmektedir. Ekim Devrimi’nden iki yıl sonra 26 Aralık 1919 tarihinde Lenin’in yönetiminde “Nüfus Arasında Cehaletin Ortadan Kaldırılması” (ликвида́ция безгра́мотности у населения) başlığında, Likbez (Ликбез) kısa adıyla Rusya’da okuryazarlık kampanyası başlatılmakta ve kampanyayla birlikte ülkede eğitim düzeyinin yükseltilmesine yönelik yoğun bir çaba sarf edilmektedir. Özellikle kampanya kapsamında kitap okumasının teşvik edilmesine ve kitlelerin okuma alışkanlığının gelişmesine yönelik propaganda faaliyetleri gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu aşamada dönemin önde gelen kitle iletişim araçlarından biri olan propaganda posterlerinden yararlanılmaktadır. Çalışmada Lenin döneminde başlatılan Likbez’de kitlelerin kitap okumasının teşvik edilmesi sürecinde propaganda posterlerinden ne şekilde yaralanıldığının ve hangi mesajların verildiğinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaçla çalışmada kota örneklemi kullanılarak belirlenen 9 propaganda posteri, Rus dilbilimci Roman Jakobson’un göstergebilim kavramları ışığında analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmada elde edilen bulgularda kitap okuyan insanların mutlu ve huzurlu bir yaşama sahip olacağına yönelik algıların oluşturulmaya çalışıldığı, diğer yandan kitap okumanın Komünizm ideolojisiyle yakınlaşmanın bir yolu olarak sunulduğu ortaya çıkarılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Okuryazarlık, kıta, komünizm, rusya, propaganda

Kaynakça

Abendroth, M. (2014). Rebel Literacy: Cuba's national literacy campaign and critical global citizenship. The United States: Litwin Books.
Akinde, C. O., ve Omolewa, M. (1982). Background issues relating to the proposed Mass Literacy Campaign in Nigeria. International Review of Education, 28(1), 71-93. doi.org/10.1007/BF00597759
Amare, G. (2006). An appraisal of the literacy campaign in Ethiopia during the military regime, 1974-1991. Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 39(1/2), 93-117.
Angus, E. (1980). The awakening of a people: Nicaragua's Literacy Campaign. Two Thirds, 2(3), 6-32.
Аракелова, М. П. (1994). Ликвидация неграмотности среди женщин в первой половине 20-х годов. Социологические исследования, (3), 75-78.
Arıca, F. A. (2019). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nde Mao Zedong Döneminde Spor Yayıncılığı Üzerine İnceleme. TRT Akademi, 4(8), 392-408.
Avcı, Ö. (2018). Propaganda Çeşitleri. Mustafa Karaca, Caner Çakı. (Ed.) İletişim ve Propaganda (75-114). Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
Azab, S. A. (1985). The national adult literacy campaign in Iraq. Prospects, 15(3), 383-387. doi.org/10.1007/BF02196640
Васеха, М. В. (2018). "Крестьянка грамотная": ликбез в Западной Сибири и конструирование нового паттерна женского поведения в 1920-е годы. Вестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Серия: История. Филология, 17(5), 150-160.
Badiane, F. (1983). The literacy campaign in Senegal. Educafrica: Bulletin of the Unesco Regional Office for Education in Africa, (9), 192-198.
Barrington, L. (2005). Education, literacy, training, and propaganda in a Ghanaian border town. Ghana Studies, 8(1), 3-38.
Bradley, J. (2012). The St. Petersburg Literacy Committee and Russian education: government tutelage or public trust?. The Russian Review, 71(2), 267-294. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9434.2012.00653.x
Braimoh, D. (1983). Communication strategies for effective literacy campaign in Nigeria. Nigeria Magazine, (145), 16-27.
Budd, A. M. (2018). Marksist teoriye bir katkı: Rusya'da devlet kapitalizmi teorisi. Enternasyonal Sosyalizm, 1(2), 74-83.
Сажина, А. И. (2012). Ликвидация неграмотности в Забайкалье в условиях ДВР (1920-1922 гг.). Вестник Забайкальского государственного университета, (10), 12-16.
Clark, C. E. (1995). Literacy and labour: The Russian literacy campaign within the trade unions, 1923–27. Europe-Asia Studies, 47(8), 1327-1341.
Clark, C. E. (2000). Uprooting otherness: the literacy campaign in NEP-Era Russia. The United States: Susquehanna University Press.
Çalışkan, S., ve Doğan, D. K. (2020). İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Sovyetler Birliği'ndeki Radyo Yayınlarında Propaganda Şarkılarının Kullanılması: "Kutsal Savaş" Şarkısı Üzerine İnceleme. Eurasian Journal of Music And Dance, (16), 263-280. doi.org/10.31722/ejmd.757538
Dardour, M. (2000). The literacy campaign in rural Morocco: Drawing some lessons. Prospects, 30(1), 125-142.
Dündar, G. (2019). Mussolini İtalyası'nda Spor Yayıncılığı. TRT Akademi, 4(8), 308-324.
Eklof, B. (1987). Russian literacy campaigns, 1861–1939. Ed. Robert F. Arnove, Harvey J. Graff. In National Literacy Campaigns (123-145). Boston, MA: Springer.
Erguig, R. (2017). The mosques-based literacy campaign in Morocco: A socio-cultural perspective. Studies in the Education of Adults, 49(1), 3-25. doi.org/10.1080/02660830.2017.1283755
Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş, Çev: Süleyman İrvan, 5. Basım, Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
Golobokova, Y. (2011). Literacy and democracy in Russia. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 68(1), 50-55.
Глущенко, И. В. (2015). Советский просветительский проект: ликвидация неграмотности среди взрослых в 1920–1930‑е годы. Вопросы образования, (3), 246-282.
горюнова, а. г. (2012). советское государство и общественность в борьбе за грамотность женщин в 1920-е годы в регионе верхнего поволжья. ивановского государственного университета, 23-27.
Grainger, I. P. (1987). The literacy campaign in Zimbabwe. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 2(2), 49-58. Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
Guroff, G., ve Starr, S. F. (1971). A Note on Urban Literacy in Russia, 1890—1914. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, (H. 4), 520-531.
Hanemann, U. (2006). Nicaragua’s literacy campaign. Paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report, 1-13.
Herman, R. (2012). An army of educators: Gender, revolution and the Cuban literacy campaign of 1961. Gender & History, 24(1), 93-111. doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01670.x
Hobbs, R., ve McGee, S. (2014). Teaching about propaganda: An examination of the historical roots of media literacy. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 6(2), 56-67.
Hobbs, R., Seyferth-Zapf, C., ve Grafe, S. (2018). Using virtual exchange to advance media literacy competencies through analysis of contemporary propaganda. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 10(2), 152-168. doi.org/10.23860/JMLE-2018-10-2-9
Kalkina, V. (2020). Between Humour and Public Commentary: Digital Re-appropriation of the Soviet Propaganda Posters as Internet Memes. Journal of Creative Communications, 15(2) 131–146. doi.org/10.1177/0973258619893780
Karabulut, F. (2009). İktidar ve meşrulaştırma mücadelesinin odağı orta Asya: Sovyetlerin dil ve eğitim politikaları. Bilig Dergisi, 50, 64-95.
Kefeli, A. N. (2014). Becoming Muslim in imperial Russia: Conversion, apostasy, and literacy. New York: Cornell University Press.
Kisel, M. (2008). Literacy and Literary Mastery in Early Soviet Russia: The Case of Yuri Olesha's "Envy". Ulbandus Review, 11, 23-45.
Klarin, V. (1970). Lenin and Krupskaya in the struggle for public education. Soviet Education, 12(12), 51-64. Korolev, F. F. (1970). Lenin and public education. Prospects in Education, 1(2), 45-50.
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Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Kütüphane ve Bilgi Çalışmaları
Bölüm	Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar	Caner Çakı 0000-0002-1523-4649 Mehmet Ali Gazi 0000-0002-9239-4187 Gül Çakı 0000-0001-5501-0191 Mehmet Ozan Gülada 0000-0001-8233-2321
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi	7 Ekim 2020
Kabul Tarihi	26 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2020 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA	Çakı, C., Gazi, M. A., Çakı, G., Gülada, M. O. (2020). Likbez Kampanyası Dönemindeki Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine Göstergebilimsel Bir İnceleme. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 34(4), 663-692. https://doi.org/10.24146/tk.806892