‘Açık Kapı’ Politikasından ‘Göç Diplomasisi’ne İran’da Afgan Mülteciler Meselesi

Yıl 2023, , 127 - 160, 30.12.2023

İlknur Cihangir Demirbaş

https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.1333388

Öz

Dünyanın en kalabalık göçmen popülasyonlarından birini topraklarında barındıran İran, kırk yılı aşkın bir süredir önemli miktarda Afgan nüfusa ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bununla beraber, İran’a yoğun Afgan göçlerinin yaşanmaya başladığı seksenli yıllardan bu yana İran’ın duruma yaklaşımında belirgin farklılaşmalar yaşanmış, İran’da göç yönetimi, ‘açık kapı’ politikası uygulamaktan, göçmenlerin diplomaside araçsallaştırılmasına dönük çabalara dek uzanan bir skalada önemli ölçüde dönüşüme uğramıştır. Bu çalışma, İran’ın Afgan göçmenler hususunda izlediği politikayı süreç bağlantılı ve çoklu etkenler bağlamında değerlendirmektedir. Çalışmada, İran’ın Afgan göçmenlere yönelik ‘açık kapı’ politikası izlediği ilk on yıllık evrede dönemsel koşullar dahilinde davrandığı ve yanı sıra rejimin konsolidasyonu adına belirli kimliksel ilkeler ekseninde politikalar takip ettiği ifade edilmekte, ancak doksanlı yılların “yeniden inşa” evresiyle birlikte Afgan mültecilere yönelik politikanın da bir dönüşüme uğradığı ve meselenin günümüze ulaşılıncaya dek geçen süreçte yeni koşullara adapte edildiği belirtilmektedir. ‘Göç diplomasisi’ kavramını odağına alarak göçün diplomatik bağlamda araçsallaştırılması hususunu vurgulayan literatürden yola çıkılan çalışmada, Türkçe literatürde henüz çok fazla yer bulamamış olan bu kavramsal çerçevenin İran’da bugün Afgan mültecilerin dış politikaya konu edilme biçiminin ve göçmenlere dönük edimlerin anlaşılmasında kolaylaştırıcı bir rol üstleneceği savlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İran, Göç, Göç Diplomasisi, Afgan Mülteciler, Göç Politikası.

From ‘Open Door Policy’ to ‘Migration Diplomacy’: Afghan Migrants in Iran

Öz

Hosting one of the world's largest migrant populations, Iran has harbored a significant Afghan population for more than four decades. However, since the 1980s, when massive Afghan migration to Iran commenced, Iran's approach to the situation has undergone a significant transformation, ranging from an ‘open door’ policy to efforts to instrumentalize migrants in diplomacy. This study evaluates Iran’s policy towards Afghan migrants in the context of process-related and multiple factors. The study argues that Iran acted in accordance with periodic conditions and pursued policies based on certain identity principles for the sake of regime consolidation in the first decade, however, with the 'restructuring' phase in the 1990s, the policy towards Afghan refugees has also undergone a transformation. Today, it has been argued that Iran's attitude towards Afghan migrants has been adapted to current conditions and tried to be turned into a bargaining chip in foreign policy issues. This study which based on the literature that has emphasises the instrumentalisation of migration in the diplomatic context by focusing on the concept of 'migration diplomacy,' argues that this conceptual framework, which has not yet found much space in the Turkish literature, will play a facilitating role in understanding the way Afghan refugees are subject to foreign policy in contemporary Iran.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Iran, Migration, Migration Diplomacy, Afghan Refugees, Migration Policy

Kaynakça

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