Investigation of entrepreneurial tendency in terms of serious leisure time activities and duration variables
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 106 - 113, 31.12.2023
Hasan Suat Aksu
,
Alper Kaya
,
Mehmet Demirel
Öz
The common aim of the studies aimed at determining entrepreneurial tendencies is to make sense of the factors depending on which entrepreneurial activities, which play a critical role in the development of nations, may change. While the studies designed on the subject can be evaluated mainly within the field of economics, it has not yet been tested whether there is a statistical difference between the activities that individuals perform in their leisure time and their entrepreneurial tendencies. Serious leisure time activities are thought to affect entrepreneurial tendency in terms of their scope. In this respect, the aim of this descriptive survey research is to examine the entrepreneurial tendencies of individuals participating in serious leisure time activities in terms of the type of serious leisure time activity they are interested in and the duration of their weekly participation in this activity. The Manova test was conducted with the data obtained from 418 participants from gyms and nature clubs. According to the findings, no significant difference was found between the type of activity preferred by the individuals participating in the study and entrepreneurship parameters. As a result, while there is no significant difference between the preference for serious leisure activity and entrepreneurial tendency, it is concluded that there is a statistical difference between the activity duration variable and entrepreneurial tendency.
Kaynakça
- Acs, Z. J., Desai, S. & Hessels, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship, Economic Development and Institutions. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9135-9
- Adesoye, A. A. & Ajibua, M. (2015). Exploring the Concept of Leisure and Its Impact on Quality of life. American Journal of Social Science Research, 1(2), 77–84.
- Aksu, H. S., & Kaya, A. (2021). Rekreasyon ve Etkinlik Yönetimi. Y. Doğar ve S. Öner (Ed.), Spor ve Bilim 4 içinde (s. 185–203). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
- Aksu, H. S., Güneş, G. & Kaya, A. (2022). Covid-19 Küresel Salgını Sürecinde Rekreasyona Aktif Katılımın Yalnızlık Algısına Etkisi. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(5), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2022.922
- Aslan, Ş. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
- Aydoğan, D. (2018). Girişimcilik ve Kültür, Türk Sineması’nda İş ve Girişimci Temsilcileri 1970-2010. Bursa: Ekin Kitabevi.
- Bano, S., Tripathi, R. C. & Education, P. (2013). Recreational sport activities: Psychological well-being of children in Government and Private Schools. International Educational E-Journal, 2(3), 78–83.
- Bayram, A. T., Kavlak, H. T., Dogra, J. & Bayram, G. E. (2020). Hopelessness against desire to pursue a career in tourism: An empirical analysis of Sinop University, Turkey. Turyzm/Tourism, 30(2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.30.2.27
- Berl, R. L., Williamson, N. C. & Powell, T. (1984). Industrial salesforce motivation: A critique and test of Maslow's hierarchy of need. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 4(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.1984.10754367
- Bielinis, E., Bielinis, L., Krupińska-Szeluga, S., Łukowski, A. & Takayama, N. (2019). The Effects of a Short Forest Recreation Program on Physiological and Psychological Relaxation in Young Polish Adults. Forests, 10(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010034
- Bilge, H. & Bal, V. (2012). Girişimcilik Eğilimi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16, 131–148.
- Carnicelli, S., Drummond, S. & Anderson, H. (2021). Making the connection using Action Research: serious leisure and the Caledonian Railway. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 16(6), 615–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1820015
- Chauntry, A. J., Bishop, N. C., Hamer, M. & Paine, N. J. (2022). Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and psychobiological stress reactivity: A systematic review. Biological Psychology, 108374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108374
- Cohen-Gewerc, E. & Stebbins, R. A. (2013). Serious leisure and individuality. England: McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP.
- Curran, R., Baxter, I. W. F., Collinson, E., Gannon, M. J., Lochrie, S., Taheri, B., Thompson, J. & Yalinay, O. (2018). The traditional marketplace: serious leisure and recommending authentic travel. The Service Industries Journal, 38(16), 1116–1132. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1432603
- Çakırer, M. (2016). Girişimcilik ve Küçük İşletme Yönetimi. Bursa: Ekin Kitabevi.
- Demirel, M., Varol, F., Bozoğlu, M. S., Kaya, A. & Aksu, H. S. (2022). Rekreatif Amaçlı Tenis Oynayan Bireylerde Akış Deneyimi ve Serbest Zaman İlgilenimi. Çatalhöyük Uluslararası Turizm ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9, 54-66.
- Doistua, J., Lazcano, I. & Madariaga, A. (2022). Serious Leisure and Passion in University Programs for Seniors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063573
- Ege, İ. & İnce, F. (2020). Yenilikçi Girişimcilik Teori ve Uygulama. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Elkington, S. & Stebbins, R. (2014). The serious leisure perspective: An introduction. London: Routledge.
- Field, A. (2017). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). United States: SAGE Publications.
- Frash, R. E. & Blose, J. E. (2019). Serious leisure as a predictor of travel intentions and flow in motorcycle tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(4), 516–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2019.1626118
- Güzel, P., Yavaş Tez, Ö. & Esentaş, M. (2020). Serbest Zaman Doyumunun Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisinde Cinsiyetin Düzenleyici Rolü. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.711055
- Harper, N. J., Fernee, C. R. & Gabrielsen, L. E. (2021). Nature’s Role in Outdoor Therapies: An Umbrella Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105117
- Hayosh, T. (2017). Engagement is serious leisure as practice for coping with the stress of daily life. World Leisure Journal, 59(3), 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2017.1345485
- Heidari, K., Heydarinejad, S., Saffari, M. & Khatibi, A. (2021). Investigating the leisure behavior of Iranians: the structural model of serious leisure, recreation specialization and place attachment. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 13(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2019.1694030
- Hyndman, R. J. & Fan, Y. (1996). Sample quantiles in statistical packages. The American Statistician, 50(4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.2307/2684934
- Işık, M. & Uğurlu, F. (2021). Günümüz ve Geleceğin Girişimcilik Türleri. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Jones, C. (2010). Entrepreneurship education: revisiting our role and its purpose. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(4), 500–513. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001011088697
- Kavlak, H.T. & Aksu, H.S. (2023). The effect of attitudes towards physical violence and demographic variables on serious leisure time activity choice. Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns (JERP), 4(2), 494-506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53016/jerp.v4i2.173
- Kavlak, T., H., Düzgün, E., Karaçar, E. & Zararsız, F., H. (2021). Tiyatro Oyuncularının Boş Zaman Tatminleri ve Yaşam Doyumları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 8(1), 73-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48036
- Kirkham, P., Simon, M. & Martin, B. (2011). Ingenuity in Practice: A Guide for Clear Thinking. England: University of Nottingham,
- Koç, M. & Demirel, M. (2020). The relationship between serious and casual leisure and leisure management and its education: A research on Generation Y. African Educational Research Journal, 8(2), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.82.20.055
- Kümbül-Güler, B. (2010). Sosyal Girişimcilik. Ankara: Efil Kitabevi.
- Lamont, M., Kennelly, M. & Moyle, B. (2014). Costs and Perseverance in Serious Leisure Careers. Leisure Sciences, 36(2), 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.857623
- Lee, K. & Ewert, A. (2019). Understanding the motivations of serious leisure participation: a self-determination approach. Annals of Leisure Research, 22(1), 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2018.1469420
- Lim, R. (2020). Monetizing serious leisure: A grounded study of fashion blogshops. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(1), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2019.1633234
- Liu, H. & Yu, B. (2015). Serious Leisure, Leisure Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being of Chinese University Students. Social Indicators Research, 122(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0687-6
- Marcu, G., Iordanescua, C. & Iordanescua, E. (2012). The influence of the psychological factors upon the entrepreneurial tendency in crisis environments. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 473–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.166
- Mirza, Ş. & Demiral, G. (2019). Kişilik Özelliklerinin Girişimcilik Eğilimleri Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Yüksek Lisans Öğrencileri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(4), 3256–3268. http://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2019.808
- Mosey, S., Shipway, R. & Symons, C. (2022). Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Sport and Leisure. In Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Sport and Leisure. England: Routledge.
- Myrzabekkyzy, K., Bolganbayev, A. & Kelesbayev, D. (2020). Entrepreneurship Trend And The Effect of Market Focus on Performance. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 55(4), 2206–2224. https://doi.org/10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.20.10.1447
- Ntoumanis, N. (2001). A Step-by-Step Guide to SPSS for Sport and Exercise Studies. England: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
- Patterson, I. & Pegg, S. (2009). Serious leisure and people with intellectual disabilities: benefits and opportunities. Leisure Studies, 28(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360903071688
- Sart, G. (2020). Bireysel Girişimcilik Eğilimi Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. International Journal of Applied Economic and Finance Studies, 5(1), 58-72.
- Stebbins, R. (2016). Serbest Zaman Fikri: Temel İlkeler (M. Demirel, N. E. Ekinci, Ü. D. Üstün, U. Işık & O. Gümüşgül , Çev.). Ankara: Spor Kitabevi.
- Stebbins, R. A. (1982). Serious Leisure: A Conceptual Statement. The Pacific Sociological Review, 25(2), 251–272. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388726
- Stebbins, R. A. (2020). The Serious Leisure Perspective. In Serious Leisure. England: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48036-3
- Suchek, N., Ferreira, J. J. & Fernandes, P. O. (2022). A review of entrepreneurship and circular economy research: State of the art and future directions. Business Strategy and the Environment, 31(5), 2256–2283. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3020
- Torkildsen, G. (2005). Leisure and Recreation Management (5th ed.). England: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
- Varol, F., Aksu, H. S. & Demirel, M. (2022). Evaluation of outdoor recreation potential of destinations in terms of paragliding: the case of Konya. Tourism and Recreation, 4(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.53601/tourismandrecreation.1079252
- Wry, T., York, J. G. & Waldron, T. L. (2023). The purpose and potential of entrepreneurship research. Strategic Organization, 21(2), 429–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/14761270221124052
- Yao, X., Wu, X. & Long, D. (2016). University students’ entrepreneurial tendency in China. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 8(1), 60–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-03-2015-0021
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Girişimcilik eğiliminin ciddi serbest zaman faaliyetleri ve süre değişkenleri açısından incelenmesi
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 106 - 113, 31.12.2023
Hasan Suat Aksu
,
Alper Kaya
,
Mehmet Demirel
Öz
Girişimcilik eğilimlerini belirlemeye yönelik yapılan çalışmaların ortak amacı, ulusların gelişimi için hayati bir rol oynayan girişimcilik faaliyetlerinin hangi faktörlere bağlı olarak değişebileceğini anlamlandırmaktır. Konuyla ilgili tasarlanan çalışmalar ağırlıklı olarak ekonomi alanı içerisinde değerlendirilebilirken, bireylerin serbest zamanlarında gerçekleştirdikleri faaliyetler ile girişimcilik eğilimleri arasında istatistiksel bir farklılık olup olmadığı henüz test edilmemiştir. Ciddi serbest zaman faaliyetleri kapsamı itibariyle girişimcilik eğilimini etkileyebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle, bu betimsel tarama araştırmasının amacı, ciddi serbest zaman faaliyetlerine katılan bireylerin girişimcilik eğilimlerini, ilgilendikleri ciddi serbest zaman faaliyetinin türü ve bu faaliyete haftalık katılım süresi açısından incelemektir. Spor salonları ve doğa kulüpleri katılımcıları için 418 katılımcıdan elde edilen verilerle Manova testi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, araştırmaya katılan bireylerin tercih ettikleri aktivite türü ile girişimcilik parametreleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, ciddi serbest zaman faaliyeti tercihi ile girişimcilik eğilimi arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmazken, faaliyet süresi değişkeni ile girişimcilik eğilimi arasında istatistiksel bir farklılık olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışmada kullanılan anket yöntemi için Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’ndan 09/06/2023 tarihli ve 07 nolu toplantısında 2023/226 sayılı kararı ile izin alınmıştır. Aksi bir durumun tespiti halinde TO&RE Dergisinin hiçbir sorumluluğu olmayıp, tüm sorumluluk çalışmanın yazar (lar) ına aittir.
Kaynakça
- Acs, Z. J., Desai, S. & Hessels, J. (2008). Entrepreneurship, Economic Development and Institutions. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9135-9
- Adesoye, A. A. & Ajibua, M. (2015). Exploring the Concept of Leisure and Its Impact on Quality of life. American Journal of Social Science Research, 1(2), 77–84.
- Aksu, H. S., & Kaya, A. (2021). Rekreasyon ve Etkinlik Yönetimi. Y. Doğar ve S. Öner (Ed.), Spor ve Bilim 4 içinde (s. 185–203). Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
- Aksu, H. S., Güneş, G. & Kaya, A. (2022). Covid-19 Küresel Salgını Sürecinde Rekreasyona Aktif Katılımın Yalnızlık Algısına Etkisi. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(5), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2022.922
- Aslan, Ş. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
- Aydoğan, D. (2018). Girişimcilik ve Kültür, Türk Sineması’nda İş ve Girişimci Temsilcileri 1970-2010. Bursa: Ekin Kitabevi.
- Bano, S., Tripathi, R. C. & Education, P. (2013). Recreational sport activities: Psychological well-being of children in Government and Private Schools. International Educational E-Journal, 2(3), 78–83.
- Bayram, A. T., Kavlak, H. T., Dogra, J. & Bayram, G. E. (2020). Hopelessness against desire to pursue a career in tourism: An empirical analysis of Sinop University, Turkey. Turyzm/Tourism, 30(2), 115-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.30.2.27
- Berl, R. L., Williamson, N. C. & Powell, T. (1984). Industrial salesforce motivation: A critique and test of Maslow's hierarchy of need. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 4(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.1984.10754367
- Bielinis, E., Bielinis, L., Krupińska-Szeluga, S., Łukowski, A. & Takayama, N. (2019). The Effects of a Short Forest Recreation Program on Physiological and Psychological Relaxation in Young Polish Adults. Forests, 10(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10010034
- Bilge, H. & Bal, V. (2012). Girişimcilik Eğilimi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16, 131–148.
- Carnicelli, S., Drummond, S. & Anderson, H. (2021). Making the connection using Action Research: serious leisure and the Caledonian Railway. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 16(6), 615–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1820015
- Chauntry, A. J., Bishop, N. C., Hamer, M. & Paine, N. J. (2022). Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and psychobiological stress reactivity: A systematic review. Biological Psychology, 108374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108374
- Cohen-Gewerc, E. & Stebbins, R. A. (2013). Serious leisure and individuality. England: McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP.
- Curran, R., Baxter, I. W. F., Collinson, E., Gannon, M. J., Lochrie, S., Taheri, B., Thompson, J. & Yalinay, O. (2018). The traditional marketplace: serious leisure and recommending authentic travel. The Service Industries Journal, 38(16), 1116–1132. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1432603
- Çakırer, M. (2016). Girişimcilik ve Küçük İşletme Yönetimi. Bursa: Ekin Kitabevi.
- Demirel, M., Varol, F., Bozoğlu, M. S., Kaya, A. & Aksu, H. S. (2022). Rekreatif Amaçlı Tenis Oynayan Bireylerde Akış Deneyimi ve Serbest Zaman İlgilenimi. Çatalhöyük Uluslararası Turizm ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9, 54-66.
- Doistua, J., Lazcano, I. & Madariaga, A. (2022). Serious Leisure and Passion in University Programs for Seniors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063573
- Ege, İ. & İnce, F. (2020). Yenilikçi Girişimcilik Teori ve Uygulama. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Elkington, S. & Stebbins, R. (2014). The serious leisure perspective: An introduction. London: Routledge.
- Field, A. (2017). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). United States: SAGE Publications.
- Frash, R. E. & Blose, J. E. (2019). Serious leisure as a predictor of travel intentions and flow in motorcycle tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 44(4), 516–531. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2019.1626118
- Güzel, P., Yavaş Tez, Ö. & Esentaş, M. (2020). Serbest Zaman Doyumunun Mutluluk Üzerindeki Etkisinde Cinsiyetin Düzenleyici Rolü. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 18(4), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.711055
- Harper, N. J., Fernee, C. R. & Gabrielsen, L. E. (2021). Nature’s Role in Outdoor Therapies: An Umbrella Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105117
- Hayosh, T. (2017). Engagement is serious leisure as practice for coping with the stress of daily life. World Leisure Journal, 59(3), 206–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2017.1345485
- Heidari, K., Heydarinejad, S., Saffari, M. & Khatibi, A. (2021). Investigating the leisure behavior of Iranians: the structural model of serious leisure, recreation specialization and place attachment. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 13(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2019.1694030
- Hyndman, R. J. & Fan, Y. (1996). Sample quantiles in statistical packages. The American Statistician, 50(4), 361-365. https://doi.org/10.2307/2684934
- Işık, M. & Uğurlu, F. (2021). Günümüz ve Geleceğin Girişimcilik Türleri. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi.
- Jones, C. (2010). Entrepreneurship education: revisiting our role and its purpose. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 17(4), 500–513. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626001011088697
- Kavlak, H.T. & Aksu, H.S. (2023). The effect of attitudes towards physical violence and demographic variables on serious leisure time activity choice. Journal of Education and Recreation Patterns (JERP), 4(2), 494-506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53016/jerp.v4i2.173
- Kavlak, T., H., Düzgün, E., Karaçar, E. & Zararsız, F., H. (2021). Tiyatro Oyuncularının Boş Zaman Tatminleri ve Yaşam Doyumları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Journal of Recreation and Tourism Research, 8(1), 73-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48036
- Kirkham, P., Simon, M. & Martin, B. (2011). Ingenuity in Practice: A Guide for Clear Thinking. England: University of Nottingham,
- Koç, M. & Demirel, M. (2020). The relationship between serious and casual leisure and leisure management and its education: A research on Generation Y. African Educational Research Journal, 8(2), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.82.20.055
- Kümbül-Güler, B. (2010). Sosyal Girişimcilik. Ankara: Efil Kitabevi.
- Lamont, M., Kennelly, M. & Moyle, B. (2014). Costs and Perseverance in Serious Leisure Careers. Leisure Sciences, 36(2), 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2013.857623
- Lee, K. & Ewert, A. (2019). Understanding the motivations of serious leisure participation: a self-determination approach. Annals of Leisure Research, 22(1), 76–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2018.1469420
- Lim, R. (2020). Monetizing serious leisure: A grounded study of fashion blogshops. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(1), 88–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2019.1633234
- Liu, H. & Yu, B. (2015). Serious Leisure, Leisure Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being of Chinese University Students. Social Indicators Research, 122(1), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0687-6
- Marcu, G., Iordanescua, C. & Iordanescua, E. (2012). The influence of the psychological factors upon the entrepreneurial tendency in crisis environments. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 473–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.166
- Mirza, Ş. & Demiral, G. (2019). Kişilik Özelliklerinin Girişimcilik Eğilimleri Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Yüksek Lisans Öğrencileri Üzerinde Bir Uygulama. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(4), 3256–3268. http://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2019.808
- Mosey, S., Shipway, R. & Symons, C. (2022). Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Sport and Leisure. In Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Sport and Leisure. England: Routledge.
- Myrzabekkyzy, K., Bolganbayev, A. & Kelesbayev, D. (2020). Entrepreneurship Trend And The Effect of Market Focus on Performance. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 55(4), 2206–2224. https://doi.org/10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.20.10.1447
- Ntoumanis, N. (2001). A Step-by-Step Guide to SPSS for Sport and Exercise Studies. England: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
- Patterson, I. & Pegg, S. (2009). Serious leisure and people with intellectual disabilities: benefits and opportunities. Leisure Studies, 28(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360903071688
- Sart, G. (2020). Bireysel Girişimcilik Eğilimi Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. International Journal of Applied Economic and Finance Studies, 5(1), 58-72.
- Stebbins, R. (2016). Serbest Zaman Fikri: Temel İlkeler (M. Demirel, N. E. Ekinci, Ü. D. Üstün, U. Işık & O. Gümüşgül , Çev.). Ankara: Spor Kitabevi.
- Stebbins, R. A. (1982). Serious Leisure: A Conceptual Statement. The Pacific Sociological Review, 25(2), 251–272. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388726
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