Problems Encountered in the Counseling Process in the Context of Cultural Sensitivity and Coping Methods: Opinions of School Counselors

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 74, 347 - 375, 30.09.2024

Şule Güngör Karaman , Selda Karadeniz Özbek

https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1384733_5

Öz

This study, it is aimed to examine the problems that arise in the context of cultural sensitivity in the counseling process and the methods of coping with these problems based on the views of school counselors. For the data obtained using the interview technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The study included a total of 35 participants, with 25 women and 10 men, who had a minimum of three years of professional experience in private and public schools during the 2021-2022 academic year. Interviews were conducted digitally on the Zoom platform using a semi-structured form developed by the researcher. All interviews were subjected to content analysis. According to the results of the data analysis conducted with the Maxqda 2020 program, the participant's perspective on the concept of cultural sensitivity consists of self-awareness, respect, and acceptance of different cultures. The most important cultural challenges reported by the participants were gender and sex, different value judgments, socioeconomic status, and language. Feelings of inadequacy and desperation were reported as the most intensely felt emotions in the face of these challenges. Participants reported using various methods to overcome cultural challenges, such as consulting colleagues gaining knowledge, and making various suggestions to overcome cultural inadequacies. It is thought that the findings obtained in this study will create an important awareness as it is a first in the literature, and it is hoped that it will contribute to policymakers, counselor educators, counselor candidates, and all counseling professionals in this field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Multiculturalism, counseling, culturally sensitive counseling, school counseling

Etik Beyan

This study is derived from the thesis prepared by the first author under the supervision of the second author at Giresun University, Institute of Social Sciences.

Kaynakça

• Ağ, İ. (2017). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının çokkültürlü kişilik özellikleri ve ayrımcılık tutumlarının incelenmesi [Psychological counselor candidates' multicultural personality traits and discrimination attitudes] (Publication No.66707) [Master's Thesis, Ankara University]. Ankara University Institute of Educational Sciences, Ankara.
• Ak, M., Eşen E., & Özdengül, F. (2014). Mevlâna penceresinden bilişsel terapiler (Cognitive therapies from the window of Mevlâna). Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, (3), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.165048
• Akalın, M.B., & Türküm, A.S. (2021). Kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma (Culturally sensitive counseling). Journal of Anadolu University Faculty of Education (AUJEF), 5(1), 81-107. https://doi.org/10.34056/aujef.850094
• Akay, S., Hamamcı, Z., & Kurt, M. (2018). Suriyeli öğrencilerle çalışan psikolojik danışmanların yaşadıkları sorunlar ve bu sorunlara ilişkin uyguladıkları çözüm yollarının incelenmesi (Examining the problems experienced by psychological counselors working with Syrian students and the solutions they apply to these problems). Gaziantep University Journal of Educational Sciences, 2(1), 23-47. https://doi.org/10.29329/mjer.2020.258.6 
• Akyıldız, İ. E. (2022). Dış ve iç göçler bağlamında Türkiye’nin dinamik göç yapısının değerlendirilmesi (Evaluation of Türkiye's dynamic migration structure in the context of external and internal migration). İçtimaiyat, 6(Göç ve Mültecilik Özel Sayısı), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1010076
• Anuar, A.A., & Jaladin, R.A.M. (2017). Development and evaluation of a multicultural counseling competencies (MCC) Training module for trainee counselors. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 6(1), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.18401.2016.6.1.3
• APA (2002). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. http://www.apa.org/pi/oema/resources/policy/multiculturalguidelines.aspx
• Apak, H. (2014). Suriyeli göçmenlerin kente uyumları: Mardin örneği (Syrian immigrants' adaptation to the city: The case of Mardin). Mukaddime, 5(2), 53-70. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.14625 
• Arastaman, G., Öztürk Fidan, İ., & Fidan, T. (2018). Nitel araştırmada geçerlik ve güvenirlik: Kuramsal bir inceleme (Validity and reliability in qualitative research: A theoretical review). Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Faculty of Education, 15(1), 37-75. https://doi.org/10.23891/efdyyu.2017.61
• Atkins, S.L, Fitzpatrick, M.R, Poolokasingham, G., Lebeau, M., & Spanierman, L.B. (2017). Make ıt personal: a qualitative ınvestigation of white counselors’ multicultural awareness development. The Counseling Psychologist. 45(5), 669-696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000017719458
• Ay-Yılmaz, Y. (2019). Okullarda Suriyeli öğrencilere sunulan psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerine ilişkin okul psikolojik danışmanlarının görüşleri [Opinions of school psychological counselors on psychological counseling and guidance services provided to Syrian students in schools] (Publication No. 568186) [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Ankara: Ankara University Institute of Educational Sciences.
• Aydın, B. (2014). Kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma eğitiminin psikolojik danışman adaylarının kültürel duyarlılık düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisi [The effect of culturally sensitive counseling training on the cultural sensitivity levels of counselor candidates] (Publication No. 381092) [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Karadeniz Technical University.
• Aydın, B., & Şahin, M. (2017). Psikolojik danışman adaylarında kültürel duyarlılığı yordayan bazı değişkenler (Some variables predicting cultural sensitivity in psychological counselor candidates). Journal of Buca Faculty of Education, (43), 64-77. https://doi.org/ 10.35675/befdergi.834107
• Bakioğlu, F. (2017). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının özyeterlikleri ile kültüre duyarlılıkları, cinsiyet rolleri ve bilinçli farkındalıkları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi [Examining the relationship between self-efficacy and cultural sensitivity, gender roles and mindfulness of counselor candidates] (Publication No. 494181) [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Eskisehir Anadolu University.
• Barden, S.M., & Greene, J.H. (2014). An investigation of multicultural counseling competence and multicultural counseling self-efficacy for counselors-intraining. International Journal of Advanciment Counselling, (37), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9224-1
• Başkale, H. (2016). Nitel araştırmalarda geçerlik, güvenirlik ve örneklem büyüklüğünün belirlenmesi (Determination of validity, reliability and sample size in qualitative research). Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Nursing, 9(1), 23-28. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/deuhfed/issue/46796/586804
• Bedel, A., & Kutlu, A. (2018). Başa çıkma stratejilerinin algılanan sosyal desteğe göre incelenmesi (Investigation of coping strategies according to perceived social support). Journal of Bingöl University Graduate School of Social Sciences, 8(15), 107-122. https://doi.org/ 10.29029/busbed.378121
• Bedi, R. P. (2018). Racial, ethnic, cultural, and national disparities in counseling and psychotherapy outcome are inevitable but eliminating global mental health disparities with indigenous healing is not. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 6(1), 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000047
• Bektaş, Y. (2006). Kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma yeterlikleri ve psikolojik danışman eğitimindeki yeri (Culturally sensitive counseling competencies and their place in counselor education). Ege Education Journal, 7(1), 43-59. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/egeefd/issue/4916/67285
• Bemak, F., & Chung, R. C. Y. (2017). Refugee trauma: Culturally responsive counseling interventions. Journal of Counseling & Development, 95(3), 299-308. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12144
• Bennett, M. J. (2004). Becoming interculturally competent. Intercultural Resource Corporation. https://www.idrinstitute.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/becoming_ic_competent.pdf
• Beyazyüz, M., & Göka, E. (2010). Kültüre duyarlı yaklaşımın obsesif kompülsif bozukluktaki önemi [The importance of culture-sensitive approach for obsessive compulsive disorder]. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 11(4), 360–366. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-26361-011
• Buyruk Genç, A. (2019). Psikolojik danışmanların etkili psikolojik danışman nitelikleri ile kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma yeterlikleri arasındaki ilişkide kültürel zekanın ve bilişsel esnekliğin aracı rolü [The mediating role of cultural intelligence and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between effective psychological counselor qualifications of psychological counselors and culturally sensitive psychological counseling competencies] (Publication No. 547833) [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Yıldız Technical University.
• Bush. V.D., Rose, G.M., Gilbert, F., & Ingram, T.N. (2001). Managing culturally diverse buyer-seller relationships: the role of ıntercultural disposition and adaptive selling in developing ıntercultural communication competence. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 29(4), 391-404. https://doi.org/10.1177/03079450094234
• Chao, R. C. L. (2013). Race/ethnicity and multicultural competence among school counselors: Multicultural training, racial/ethnic identity, and color-blind racial attitudes. Journal of Counseling & Development, (91), 140-151. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00082.x
• Chao, R. C. L., & Nath, S. R. (2011). The role of ethnic identity, gender roles, and multicultural training in college counselors' multicultural counseling competence: A mediation model. Journal of College Counseling, 14(1), 50-64. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ922289
• Chen, G. (2010). The ımpact of ıntercultural sensitivity on ethnocentrism and ıntercultural communication apprehension. Intercultural Communication Studies, 19(1), 1-9. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=com_facpubs
• Chopra, T. (2013). All supervision is multicultural: A review of literature on the need for multicultural supervision in counseling. Psychological Studies, 58(3), 335-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-013-0206-x
• Constantine, M. G. (2000). Social desirability attitudes, sex and affective and cognitive emphaty as predictors of self-reported multicultural counseling competence. The Counseling Psychologist, 28(6), 857-872. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000000286008
• Constantine, M. G. (2001). Multicultural tarining, theoretical orientation, emphaty and multicultural case conceptualization ability in counselors. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 23(4), 357-372. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-09235-006
• Constantine, M. G., Juby, H. L., & Liang, J. J. C. (2001). Examining self-reported multicultural counseling competence and race-related attitudes among White marital and family therapists. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, (27), 353-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2001.tb00330.x
• Corey, G. (2008). Psikolojik danışma ve psikoterapi kuram ve uygulamaları (Theories and practices of counseling and psychotherapy). Mentis Publishing.
• Çetin, S., & Akgül, H. (2023). Çok kültürlü psikolojik danışma yaklaşımı açısından alt sosyo-ekonomik düzeyin incelenmesi (Examining the lower socio-economic level in terms of multicultural counseling approach). Journal of Academic Social Research, 11(136), 298-315. https://doi.org/ 10.29228/ASOS.66042
• Deniz, A.Ç., Hülür, A.B., & Ekinci, Y. (2016). Göç, strateji ve taktik: Suriyeli sığınmacıların gündelik hayat deneyimleri (Migration, strategy and tactics: Everyday life experiences of Syrian asylum seekers). International Journal of Social Research, 9(42), 1077-1087. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.20164216217
• Doğan, S. (2000). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminde akreditasyon gereği bir model önerisi (A model proposal for accreditation in counselor psychological education). Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, (14), 31–38. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/21434/229870
• Erdur Baker, Ö. (2007). Psikolojik danışma ve kültürel faktörler (Counseling and cultural factors). Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, (27), 109-122. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.10366
• Erkan, S. (2020). Kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma (Culturally sensitive counseling). Pegem Publishing.
• Farmer, L. B., Welfare, L. E., & Burge, P. L. (2013). Counselor competence with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients: Differences among practice settings. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 41(4), 194-209. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2013.00036.x
• Gatmon, D., Jackson, D., Koshkarian, L., Martos-Perry, N., Molina, A., Patel, N., & Rodolfa, E. (2001). Exploring ethnic, gender, and sexual orientation variables in supervision: Do they matter?. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, (29), 102-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2001.tb00508.x
• Greene, J.H., Barden, S.M., Richardson, E.D., & Hall, K.G. (2014). The influence of film and experiential pedagogy on multicultural counseling self-efficacy and multicultural counseling competence. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, (14), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.14434/josotlv14i5.12656
• Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1982). Epistemological and methodological bases of naturalistic inquiry. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 30(4), 233-252. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30219846
• Güçlücan, N. (2016). Psikolojik danışmanların kültürel duyarlılık algılarının demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Psychological counselors' cultural sensitivity perceptions in terms of demographic variables] (Publication No. 11421) [Doctoral Dissertation]. Anadolu University.
• Gülmüş, Ö. (2021). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarında özgecilik düzeyleri ve kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma yeterlikleri arasındaki ilişkide benlik kurgularının ve öz şefkatin aracılık rolü [The medıatıng role of self-constructs and self-compassıon ın the relatıonshıp between altruısm levels and culturally responsıve psychologıcal counselıng competencıes ın school psychologıcal counselors] (Publication No.696241) [Master’s Thesis]. Anadolu University.
• Gültekin, F., & Voltan Acar, N. (2004). Transaksiyonel analizin Türk kültürüne uygulanabilirliği: Kültür açısından eleştirel bakış (Applicability of transactional analysis to Turkish culture: A critical view from a cultural perspective). Education and Science, 29(28), 38- 48.
• Hamamcı, Z., Murat, M., & Çoban, A.E. (2004, Temmuz 6-9). Gaziantep’teki okullarda çalışan psikolojik danışmanların mesleki sorunlarının incelenmesi (Investigation of professional problems of psychological counselors working in schools in Gaziantep) [Conference presentation]. 13th National Educational Sciences Congress, İnönü University, Malatya. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344188922
• Haskan Avcı, Ö., Tuna, B., Büyükçolpan, H., Güngör, A., & Yörükoğlu, M. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışman tercihlerinin incelenmesi (Examining the psychological counselor preferences of university students). Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 9(52), 209-239. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/44557/552753
• Hatunoğlu, Y., & Hatunoğlu, Y. (2006). Okullarda verilen rehberlik hizmetlerinin problem alanları (Problem areas of guidance services provided in schools). Kastamonu Education Journal, 14(1), 333-338. https://doi.org/10.9761/jasss_150
• Hatunoğlu, A. (2017). Turkish school counselors and counselor educators‟ perceptions about multicultural counseling. International Journal of Advancement of Counselling, (39), 1-13. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10447-016-9278-3
• Hays, D. G. (2008). Assessing multicultural competence in counselor trainees: A review of instrumentation and future directions. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(1), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00630.x
• Holcomb McCoy, C. (2005). Investigating school counselors’ perceived multicultural competence. Professional School Counseling, 8(5), 414-423. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42732483
• Holcomb McCoy, C., & Myers, J. E. (1999). Multicultural competence and counselor training: A national survey. Journal of Counseling & Development, 77(3), 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02452.x
• Ivey, A.E., D’Andrea, M., Ivey, M.B., & Simek-Morgan, L. (2006). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy :A multicultural perspective. (6th Ed.). Pearson Publising.
• Ivers, N.N., Johnson, D.A., Clarke, P.B., Newsome, D.W., & Berry, R.A. (2016). The relationship between mindfulness and multicultural counseling competence. Journal of Counseling & Development, (94), 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12063
• Johnson, A., & Williams, D. J. (2015). White racial identity, color-blind racial attitudes, and multicultural counseling competence. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, (21), 440-449. https:// doi.org/10.1037/a0037533
• Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1994). Psychology in Turkey. International Journal of Psychology, (26), 729- 738. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599408246562
• Kağnıcı, D. Y. (2011). Teaching multicultural counseling: An example from a Turkish counseling undergraduate program. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, (44), 118-128. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299048618_Teaching_Multicultural_Counseling_An_Example_from_a_Turkish_Counseling_Undergraduate_Program
• Kağnıcı, D.Y. (2013). Çok kültürlü psikolojik danışma eğitiminin rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık lisans programlarına yerleştirilmesi (Embedding multicultural counseling education in guidance and counseling undergraduate programs). Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 5(40), 222-231. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/21460/229903
• Kağnıcı, D.Y. (2015). Çok kültürlülük ve Türkiye’deki duruma ilişkin değerlendirmeler (Multiculturalism and evaluations on the situation in Türkiyey). Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Bulletin, (26), 44-46. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/42772/516469
• Kağnıcı, D.Y. (2021). Kültür ve psikolojik danışma (Culture and psychological counseling) (4th edition). Pegem Akademi.
• Karaırmak, Ö., & Aydın, G. (2007). Yapılandırmacı yaklaşım: Çağdaş psikolojik danışma anlayışını ve uygulamalarını biçimlendiren bir güç (Constructivist approach: A force shaping contemporary counseling understanding and practice). Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, (27), 91-108. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpdrd/issue/21447/229784
• Karaırmak, Ö. (2008). Çok kültürlülük, kültürel duyarlılık ve psikolojik danışma (Multiculturalism, cultural sensitivity and counseling). Turkish Journal of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, 3(29), 115-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.8041
• Karataş, Z., & Şahin Baltacı, H. (2013). Ortaöğretim kurumlarında yürütülen psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerine yönelik okul müdürü, sınıf rehber öğretmeni, öğrenci ve okul rehber öğretmeninin (psikolojik danışman) görüşlerinin incelenmesi (Examining the opinions of school principals, class guidance teachers, students and school guidance teachers (psychological counselors) on psychological counseling and guidance services carried out in secondary education institutions). Ahi Evran University Journal of Kırşehir Faculty of Education, 14(2), 427-460. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/kefad/issue/59471/854621
• Kılıç, C., Tonga, Z., & Feridun, K. (2022). Psikolojik danışmanların çokkültürlü psikolojik danışma yeterlikleri, sosyal adalet ve eşcinsellik tutumları (Psychological counselors' multicultural counseling competencies, social justice and homosexuality attitudes). Journal of Atatürk University Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education, (44), 66-76. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunikkefd/issue/69239/907485
• Kiriş, H. M. (2010). Kutuplaşan Türkiye (Polarizing Türkiye). Society and Democracy. 4(8-9-10), 203-204. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/toplumdd/issue/22721/242500
• Koç, Z. (2003). Kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma yaklaşımı: Kuramsal bir açıklama (Culturally sensitive counseling approach: A theoretical explanation). Gazi University Journal of Industrial Arts Education Faculty, (11), 1-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/296523
• Koçyiğit, M., & Meşe, G. (2020). Ruh sağlığı çalışanı adaylarının toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri ve çelişik duygulu cinsiyetçiliğe ilişkin tutumları (Mental health worker candidates' attitudes towards gender roles and contradictory affective sexism.). Ege Education Journal, 21(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/ 10.12984/egeefd.630339
• Koç-Başaran, Y. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde örnekleme kuramları (Sampling theories in social sciences). Academic Social Research Journals, 5(47), 480-495. https://doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.12368
• Korban, İ. (2018). Psikolojik danışmanların çokkültürlü psikolojik danışma yeterliklerinin psikolojik danışma becerilerini yordama düzeyi [Psychological counselors' multicultural psychological counseling competencies and psychological counseling skills] (Publication No. 661039) [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Sabahattin Zaim University.
• Korkut Owen, F. (2007). Psikolojik danışma alanında meslekleşme ve psikolojik danışman eğitimi: ABD, Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ve Türkiye’deki durum (Professionalization in counseling and counselor education: The Situation in the USA, European Union countries and Türkiye). D. Owen, F. Korkut Owen, & R. Özyürek (Eds.), Gelişen psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik: Meslekleşme sürecindeki ilerlemeler (Developing psychological counseling and guidance: Advances in the process of professionalization). Nobel Publishing.
• Launikari, M., & Puukari, S. (Eds.). (2005). Multicultural guidance and counselling: Theoretical Foundations and Best Practices in Europe. Instıtute For Educational Researce. https://jyx.jyu.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/44292/951-39-%202121-2.pdf?sequence=1
• Landes, S. J., Burton, J. R., King, K. M., & Sullivan, B. F. (2013). Women’s preference of therapist based on sex of therapist and presenting problem: An analog study. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(3-4), 330-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2013.819795
• Lüleci, S. (2014). Psikolojik danışmanlar için çokkültürlü tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve uygulanması [Development and application of multicultural attitude scale for psychological counselors] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Uludag University.
• Mattis, J.S., & Kurter, F. (2014). Psikolojik danışma ve Kültür Araştırması Bulgular ve Yorumlar (Psychological counseling and culture research findings and comments). Bahçeşehir University Publications.
• Mocan Aydın, G. (2000). Western models of counseling and psychotherapy within Türkiye: Crossing cultural boundaries. The Counseling Psychologist, (28), 281- 298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000084124013
• Ottavi, T. M., Pope-Davis, D. B., & Dings, J. G. (1994). Relationship between White racial identity attitudes and self-reported multicultural counseling competencies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, (41), 149–154. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022- 0167.41.2.149
• Önder, A. (2007). Türkiye'nin etnik yapısı. Halkımızın kökenleri ve gerçekler (Türkiye's ethnic structure. The origins of our people and the facts). Fark Publishing.
• Özel, D. (2018). Examing Needs And Issues Of Refugee Receivig Schools In Turkey From The Perspectives Of School Counselors (Publication No. 11511) [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Middle East Technical University.
• Özer, Ö. (2014). Çokkültürlü psikolojik danışma yeterlikleri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi [Development of multicultural psychological counseling competencies scale] (Publication No. 361655) [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Gaziosmanpasa University.
• Parmaksız, İ., & Gök, A. (2017). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerinin yürütülmesinde karşılaştıkları güçlükler (Difficulties encountered by school counselors in carrying out psychological counseling and guidance services). Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Faculty of Education, (47), 247-265. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.359595
• Patterson, C. H. (2004). Do we need multicultural counseling competencies? Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.26.1.j7x0nguc7hjh545u
• Pedersen, P. B. (1991). Multiculturalism as a generic approach to counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70(1), 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991.tb01555.x
• Pietrantoni, Z., & Glance, D. (2019). Multicultural competency training of school counselor trainees: Development of the social class and classism training questionnaire. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 47(1), 2-18. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/jmcd.12117
• Poyrazlı, Ş. (2003). Validity of Rogerian therapy in Turkish culture: A cross- cultural perspective. Journal of Counselling Education and Development, (42), 107-118. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490X.2003.tb00172.x
• Pumariega, A. J., Rothe, E., & Pumariega, J. B. (2005). Mental health of immigrants and refugees. Community Mental Health Journal, 41(5), 581-597. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10597-005-6363-1
• Ridley, C. R., Mendoza, D. W., Kanitz, B. E., Angermeier, L., & R. Zenk (1994). Cultural sensitivity in multicultural counseling: A perceptual schema model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.41.2.125
• Sağlam, Y. & Kanadlı, S. (2019). Nitel veri analizinde kodlama (Coding in qualitative data analysis). Pegem Publishing.
• Sarı, T. (2015) Pozitif psikoterapi: Gelişimi, temel ilke ve yöntemleri ve Türk kültürüne uygulanabilirliği (Positive psychotherapy: Development, basic principles and methods and applicability to Turkish culture). The Journal of Happiness Well-Being, (3), 182-203. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299379417
• Sezer, S. (2017). Çok kültürlü psikolojik danışma dersinin PDR öğrencilerinin çok kültürlü bakış açıları üzerindeki etkisi (The effect of multicultural counseling course on multicultural perspectives of counseling students). Education, Science and Society, 15(57), 9-30. https://search.trdizin.gov.tr/tr/yayin/detay/225538/
• Sinclair, S. L., & Monk, G. (2005). Discursive empathy: A new foundation for therapeutic practice. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling. 33(3), 333-349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880500179517
• Stampley, C., & Slaght, E. (2004). Cultural counter transference as a clinical obstacle. Smith College Studies in Social Work, (74), 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/00377310409517719
• Sue, D. W., Arrendondo, P., & McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to professionals. Journal of Counseling & Development, (70), 477-486. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb01642.x
• Sue, D. W. (2001). Multidimensional facets of cultural competence. The Counseling Psychologist. 2(6), 790-821. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100000129600
• Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (2016). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (7st ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
• Şahan, B., & Akbaş, T. (2019). Kültürel olarak farklı ailelerle psikolojik danışma ve Türk aile yapısında kültürün rolü (Psychological counseling with culturally different families and the role of culture in Turkish family structure). Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Buca Faculty of Education, (46), 217-239. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/610403
• Şenol-Durak, E., & Fışıloğlu, H. (2007). Film yöntemi ile Virginia Satir aile terbiyesine bir bakış açısıyla (With the film method, Virginia Satir offers a perspective on family upbringing). Turkish Psychology Writings, 10(20), 43-62. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3163.0482
• Şimşir, Z., & Dilmaç, B. (2019). Yabancı uyruklu öğrencilerin eğitim gördüğü okullarda öğretmenlerin karşılaştığı sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri (Problems faced by teachers in schools where foreign students are educated and suggestions for solutions). Primary Education Online, 17(3), 1116-1134. https://doi.org/ 10.17051/ilkonline.2018.419647
• Tagay, Ö., Voltan Acar, N., & Nalbant, A. (2016). Logoterapide kullanılan kavramların ve tekniklerin Türk kültürü’nde uygulanabilirliği (The applicability of concepts and techniques used in logotherapy in Turkish culture). Ege Education Journal, 17(1), 105-126. https://doi.org/: 10.12984/eed.53493
• Tanrıkulu, T. (2011). Türk atasözlerinde gerçeklik terapisi (Reality therapy in Turkish proverbs). National Folklore, 23(90). https://atif.sobiad.com/index.jsp?modul=makale-detay&Alan=sosyal&Id=auAiDXUBu-adCBSEMBiB
• Torres Rivera, E., Phan, L.T., Madduxi, C., Wilbur, M. P., & Garrett, M. T. (2001). Process Versus Content: Integrating Personal Awareness and Counseling Skills To Meet The Multicultural Challenge of The Twenty-First Century. Counselor Education and Supervision, 41(1), 28-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2001.tb01266.x
• Tourek, S.C. (2014). A case for mindfulness practice in fostering multicultural competence in counseling (Publication No. 167652) [Unpublished Doctoral Thesis]. Universisty of Minesota.
• Tuzgöl-Dost, M., & Keklik, İ. (2012). Alanda çalışanların gözünden psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik alanının sorunları (Problems of the field of psychological counseling and guidance from the perspective of those working in the field). Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Faculty of Education, (23), 389-407. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/maeuefd/issue/19396/206064
• Vocational Qualifications Authority of Türkiye (Vocational Qualification Authority). (2017). Psikolojik danışman seviye 6 (Psychological counselor level 6). https://portal.myk.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_meslek_std_taslak&view=taslak_revizyon&task=indir&id=4&standart_id=3092.
• Voltan Acar, N. (2004). Ne kadar farkındayım? Gestalt terapi (How aware am I? Gestalt therapy). Babil Publishing.
• Whaley, A.L. (2008) Cultural sensitivity and cultural competence: toward clarity of definitions in cross-cultural counselling and psychotherapy, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 21(3), 215-222, https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070802334781
• Wrenn, C. G. (1985). The culturally encapsulated counselor revisited. P. Pederson (Eds.), Handbook of Cross-cultural Counseling and Therapy. (p. 323-329). Greenwood Press
• Wynd, C. A., Schmidt, B., & Schaefer, M. A. (2003). Two quantitative approaches for estimating content validity. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 25(5), 508-518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945903252998
• Yıldırım, O. (2020). Kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma yeterliklerinin yordanmasında kültürel zekâ, çok kültürlü psikolojik danışma eğitimi ve mesleki deneyimin rolü (The role of cultural intelligence, multicultural counseling education and professional experience in predicting culturally sensitive counseling competencies). E-International Journal of Educational Research, 11(1), 41-52. https://doi.org/ 10.19160/ijer.676897
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (Qualitative research methods in social sciences). Seçkin Publishing.
• Yorgun, A., & Voltan Acar, N. (2014). Gerçeklik terapisinin Türk kültürüne uygulanabilirliği: Kültür açısından eleştirel bakış (Applicability of reality therapy to Turkish culture: A critical view in terms of culture). Education and Science, 39(175), 216-226. http://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2014.460
• Yüksel, B. (2011). Türkiye’de diller [Languages in Türkiye] (Publication no: 289546) [Master's Thesis]. Dicle University