Research Article
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Proactive Career Behaviors Scale: A Study of Validity and Reliability

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 76, 1 - 16, 31.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1424260

Abstract

This study aims to develop a valid and reliable tool to assess proactive career behaviours in university students. The participants of the study included three different groups of students enrolled at a public university in Turkey. A total of 999 students, 448 males and 551 females, participated in the study. The psychometric properties of the scale were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency coefficient, criterion-related validity, and test-retest methods. The exploratory factor analysis yielded a structure comprising 24 items across six factors. This six-factor structure explained 71.73% of the variance. The six-factor structure of the scale was validated through confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability analysis, measured using Cronbach's alpha, showed values ranging from .83 to .91 for the whole scale and its sub-scales. In conclusion, the Proactive Career Behaviour Scale has been proven to be a valid and reliable tool for administration among university students.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma Çukurova Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylandı ve tescil edildi (:E-95704281-604.02.02-443120).

Supporting Institution

Çukurova Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Projesi Birimi tarafından SDK-2022-15436 proje araştırma numarası ile desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

SDK-2022-15436

References

  • Agrawal, S., & Pradhan, S. (2023). Transformational leadership and career success: a moderated mediation model of proactive career behavior and role ambiguity. South Asian Journal of Business Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-12-2021-0432
  • Bauer, T. N., Perrot, S., Liden, R. C., & Erdogan, B. (2019). Understanding the consequences of newcomer proactive behaviors: The moderating contextual role of servant leadership. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.05.001
  • Brown, D. J., Cober, R. T., Kane, K., Levy, P. E., & Shalhoop, J. (2006). Proactive personality and the successful job search: A field investigation with college students. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 717–726. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.717
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (22. bs.). Pegem Akademi. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (25. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Claes, R., & Ruiz‐Quintanilla, S. A. (1998). Influences of early career experiences, occupational group, and national culture on proactive career behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1997.1626 Çivilidağ, A. (2019). A phenomenological approach to the unemployment problem: from the views of young unemployed undergraduates. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 9(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.13114/MJH.2019.485
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (4. bs.). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304
  • De Vos, A., De Clippeleer, I., & Dewilde, T. (2009). Proactive career behaviours and career success during the early career. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 761–777. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X471013
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Doğanülkü, H. A. (2024). Life goals and proactive career behaviors: The mediating role of visions about the future and the moderating role of intolerance of uncertainty. Current Psychology, 43, 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03236-2
  • Doğanülkü, H. A., & Korkmaz, O. (2023). The role of proactive personality and general self-efficacy in proactive career behavior: A mediation model. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-023-09597-9
  • Eby, L. T., Allen, T. D., Hoffman, B. J., Baranik, L. E., Sauer, J. B., Baldwin, S., Morrison, M. A., Kinkade, K. M., Maher, C. P., & Evans, S. C. (2013). An interdisciplinary meta- analysis of the potential antecedents, correlates, and consequences of protégé perceptions of mentoring. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 441–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029279
  • Erkuş, A. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma sarmalı. Seçkin Yayınları
  • Eryılmaz, A., & Kara, A. (2016). Investigation of psychometric properties of Career Adaptability Scale. The Online Journal of Counseling and Education, 5(1), 29–39.
  • Forret, M. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (2004). Networking behaviors and career outcomes: Differences for men and women?. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.253
  • Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00639.x
  • Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002
  • Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G. A., & Kaplan, E. (1995). The role of goal setting in career management. International Journal of Career Management, 7(5), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 09556219510093285
  • Hirschi, A., Freund, P. A., & Herrmann, A. (2014). The career engagement scale: Development and validation of a measure of proactive career behaviors. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713514813
  • Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., & Keller, A. C. (2015). Career adaptivity, adaptability, and adapting: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.008
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • King, Z. (2004). Career self-management: Its nature, causes and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 112–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00052-6
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principle and practice of structural equation modelling (4. ed.). The Guilford Press
  • Koen, J., Klehe, U. C., & Van Vianen, A. E. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003
  • Korkmaz, O. (2023). Lone wolf personality, career adapt-abilities, proactive career behaviors, and life satisfaction: A serial mediation analyses through the career construction model of adaptation. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 194-212. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.50
  • Korkmaz, O., Kırdök, O., Alkal, A., & Akça, M. Ş. (2020). Kariyer Adanmışlık Ölçeği: Proaktif kariyer davranışlarının ölçümünün geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 6(72), 4668- 4677. https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.2570
  • Lent, R. W., Brown, D. J., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. In D. J. Brown (Eds.), Career choice and development (pp. 255–311). Jossey-Bass.
  • Lent, R. W., Morris, T. R., Wang, R. J., Moturu, B. P., Cygrymus, E. R., & Yeung, J. G. (2022). Test of a social cognitive model of proactive career behavior. Journal of Career Assessment, 30(4), 756–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727221080948
  • Marcoulides, G., & Schumacher, R. (2001). New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Meydan, C. H., ve Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık. Niles, S. G. (2002). Adult career development: Concepts, issues and practices. National Career Development Association.
  • Okolie, U. C., Mlanga, S., Nwosu, H. E., Mezieobi, K., Okorie, C. O., & Abonyi, S. O. (2023). Work placement supervisor support and students’ proactive career behaviors: the moderating role of proactivity. Journal of Career Development, 50(1), 168–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453211073913
  • Raabe, B., Frese, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2007). Action regulation theory and career self- management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.10.005
  • Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 42-70). Wiley.
  • Seçer, İ. (2018). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Anı yayıncılık.
  • Seibert, S. E., Crant, J. M., & Kraimer, M. L. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.416
  • Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., Holtom, B. C., & Pierotti, A. J. (2013). Even the best laid plans sometimes go askew: Career self-management processes, career shocks, and the decision to pursue graduate education. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030882
  • Smale, A., Bagdadli, S., Cotton, R., Dello Russo, S., Dickmann, M., Dysvik, A., ... & Unite, J. (2019). Proactive career behaviors and subjective career success: The moderating role of national culture. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2316
  • Sonnentag, S. (2017). Career Proactivity. In K. Parker and U. K. Bindl (Eds.), Proactivity at work (pp. 49–76). Routledge.
  • Stevens, J. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
  • Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Future work selves: how salient hoped-for identities motivate proactive career behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 580–598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026423
  • Sultana, R. G. (2022). Four ‘dirty words’ in career guidance: From common sense to good sense. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-022-09550-2
  • Sylva, H., Mol, S. T., Den Hartog, D. N., & Dorenbosch, L. (2019). Person-job fit and proactive career behaviour: A dynamic approach. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(5), 631–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943 2X.2019.1580309
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
  • Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
  • Tagay, Ö., Voltan-Acar, N., & Nalbant, A. (2016). Practicality of logotherapy concepts and techniques in Turkish culture. Ege Journal of Education, 17(1), 105–126. https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.53493
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (4. bs.). Nobel Yayınları.
  • Valls, V., González-Romá, V., Hernandez, A., & Rocabert, E. (2020). Proactive personality and early employment outcomes: The mediating role of career planning and the moderator role of core self-evaluations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103424
  • Zhang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Xu, C., & Xu, Z. (2023). Protean career orientation and proactive career behaviors during school-to-work transition: Mechanism exploration and coaching intervention. Journal of Career Development, 50(3), 547-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453221113545
  • Zikic, J., & Hall, D. T. (2009). Toward a more complex view of career exploration. The Career Development Quarterly, 58(2), 181–191. https://doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2009.tb00055.x
Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 76, 1 - 16, 31.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1424260

Abstract

Project Number

SDK-2022-15436

References

  • Agrawal, S., & Pradhan, S. (2023). Transformational leadership and career success: a moderated mediation model of proactive career behavior and role ambiguity. South Asian Journal of Business Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-12-2021-0432
  • Bauer, T. N., Perrot, S., Liden, R. C., & Erdogan, B. (2019). Understanding the consequences of newcomer proactive behaviors: The moderating contextual role of servant leadership. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 112, 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.05.001
  • Brown, D. J., Cober, R. T., Kane, K., Levy, P. E., & Shalhoop, J. (2006). Proactive personality and the successful job search: A field investigation with college students. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 717–726. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.717
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (22. bs.). Pegem Akademi. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (25. Baskı). Pegem Akademi.
  • Claes, R., & Ruiz‐Quintanilla, S. A. (1998). Influences of early career experiences, occupational group, and national culture on proactive career behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 357–378. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1997.1626 Çivilidağ, A. (2019). A phenomenological approach to the unemployment problem: from the views of young unemployed undergraduates. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 9(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.13114/MJH.2019.485
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (4. bs.). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304
  • De Vos, A., De Clippeleer, I., & Dewilde, T. (2009). Proactive career behaviours and career success during the early career. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 761–777. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X471013
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Doğanülkü, H. A. (2024). Life goals and proactive career behaviors: The mediating role of visions about the future and the moderating role of intolerance of uncertainty. Current Psychology, 43, 72–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03236-2
  • Doğanülkü, H. A., & Korkmaz, O. (2023). The role of proactive personality and general self-efficacy in proactive career behavior: A mediation model. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-023-09597-9
  • Eby, L. T., Allen, T. D., Hoffman, B. J., Baranik, L. E., Sauer, J. B., Baldwin, S., Morrison, M. A., Kinkade, K. M., Maher, C. P., & Evans, S. C. (2013). An interdisciplinary meta- analysis of the potential antecedents, correlates, and consequences of protégé perceptions of mentoring. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 441–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029279
  • Erkuş, A. (2005). Bilimsel araştırma sarmalı. Seçkin Yayınları
  • Eryılmaz, A., & Kara, A. (2016). Investigation of psychometric properties of Career Adaptability Scale. The Online Journal of Counseling and Education, 5(1), 29–39.
  • Forret, M. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (2004). Networking behaviors and career outcomes: Differences for men and women?. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.253
  • Frese, M., Fay, D., Hilburger, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(2), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00639.x
  • Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002
  • Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G. A., & Kaplan, E. (1995). The role of goal setting in career management. International Journal of Career Management, 7(5), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1108/ 09556219510093285
  • Hirschi, A., Freund, P. A., & Herrmann, A. (2014). The career engagement scale: Development and validation of a measure of proactive career behaviors. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713514813
  • Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., & Keller, A. C. (2015). Career adaptivity, adaptability, and adapting: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.008
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • King, Z. (2004). Career self-management: Its nature, causes and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 112–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00052-6
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principle and practice of structural equation modelling (4. ed.). The Guilford Press
  • Koen, J., Klehe, U. C., & Van Vianen, A. E. (2012). Training career adaptability to facilitate a successful school-to-work transition. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.003
  • Korkmaz, O. (2023). Lone wolf personality, career adapt-abilities, proactive career behaviors, and life satisfaction: A serial mediation analyses through the career construction model of adaptation. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 194-212. https://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.50
  • Korkmaz, O., Kırdök, O., Alkal, A., & Akça, M. Ş. (2020). Kariyer Adanmışlık Ölçeği: Proaktif kariyer davranışlarının ölçümünün geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 6(72), 4668- 4677. https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.2570
  • Lent, R. W., Brown, D. J., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. In D. J. Brown (Eds.), Career choice and development (pp. 255–311). Jossey-Bass.
  • Lent, R. W., Morris, T. R., Wang, R. J., Moturu, B. P., Cygrymus, E. R., & Yeung, J. G. (2022). Test of a social cognitive model of proactive career behavior. Journal of Career Assessment, 30(4), 756–775. https://doi.org/10.1177/10690727221080948
  • Marcoulides, G., & Schumacher, R. (2001). New developments and techniques in structural equation modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Meydan, C. H., ve Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık. Niles, S. G. (2002). Adult career development: Concepts, issues and practices. National Career Development Association.
  • Okolie, U. C., Mlanga, S., Nwosu, H. E., Mezieobi, K., Okorie, C. O., & Abonyi, S. O. (2023). Work placement supervisor support and students’ proactive career behaviors: the moderating role of proactivity. Journal of Career Development, 50(1), 168–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453211073913
  • Raabe, B., Frese, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2007). Action regulation theory and career self- management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 297–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.10.005
  • Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 42-70). Wiley.
  • Seçer, İ. (2018). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Anı yayıncılık.
  • Seibert, S. E., Crant, J. M., & Kraimer, M. L. (1999). Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.416
  • Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., Holtom, B. C., & Pierotti, A. J. (2013). Even the best laid plans sometimes go askew: Career self-management processes, career shocks, and the decision to pursue graduate education. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030882
  • Smale, A., Bagdadli, S., Cotton, R., Dello Russo, S., Dickmann, M., Dysvik, A., ... & Unite, J. (2019). Proactive career behaviors and subjective career success: The moderating role of national culture. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(1), 105–122. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2316
  • Sonnentag, S. (2017). Career Proactivity. In K. Parker and U. K. Bindl (Eds.), Proactivity at work (pp. 49–76). Routledge.
  • Stevens, J. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
  • Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Future work selves: how salient hoped-for identities motivate proactive career behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 580–598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026423
  • Sultana, R. G. (2022). Four ‘dirty words’ in career guidance: From common sense to good sense. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-022-09550-2
  • Sylva, H., Mol, S. T., Den Hartog, D. N., & Dorenbosch, L. (2019). Person-job fit and proactive career behaviour: A dynamic approach. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(5), 631–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943 2X.2019.1580309
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
  • Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48, 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
  • Tagay, Ö., Voltan-Acar, N., & Nalbant, A. (2016). Practicality of logotherapy concepts and techniques in Turkish culture. Ege Journal of Education, 17(1), 105–126. https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.53493
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi (4. bs.). Nobel Yayınları.
  • Valls, V., González-Romá, V., Hernandez, A., & Rocabert, E. (2020). Proactive personality and early employment outcomes: The mediating role of career planning and the moderator role of core self-evaluations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103424
  • Zhang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Xu, C., & Xu, Z. (2023). Protean career orientation and proactive career behaviors during school-to-work transition: Mechanism exploration and coaching intervention. Journal of Career Development, 50(3), 547-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/08948453221113545
  • Zikic, J., & Hall, D. T. (2009). Toward a more complex view of career exploration. The Career Development Quarterly, 58(2), 181–191. https://doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2009.tb00055.x
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Career Counseling
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Hacı Arif Doğanülkü 0000-0003-2055-7511

Oğuzhan Kırdök 0000-0003-4076-2619

Project Number SDK-2022-15436
Publication Date March 31, 2025
Submission Date January 23, 2024
Acceptance Date February 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 76

Cite

APA Doğanülkü, H. A., & Kırdök, O. (2025). Proactive Career Behaviors Scale: A Study of Validity and Reliability. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 15(76), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1424260

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.