Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 1, 1 - 17, 17.09.2019

Öz

Migration and
technological pressure on the urban space of the biggest cities of the world of
19
th century, European capitals (London, Paris, Berlin, Istanbul,
St.-Petersburg) in the period of industrial revolution 19
th
beginning of 20
th century caused the strike of urban ecological
problems (water and air pollution, living space sanitation), putting
metropolitan authorities before necessity of the rapid changes and reforms at
this sphere. The unique features of each of these capitals depends upon the
rate of urbanization and industrialization process, development of municipal
government and civil society, science and technology in public life produces
the way of salvation of the environmental and ecological problems. The
situation insanity of London UK provided a balanced approach to the solution of
some of it, but the rate of urbanization and industrial revolution gives new
forms of ecological problems. Inconsistency of city government politics in
inconsistency of city government in Paris, France, made the solution of the
first urban ecological problems very expensive for the cities budget. The
development of science and technology in German lands and the attention of the
metropolitan authorities of Berlin made the solution the most effective. The
unique development of Istanbul, the Ottoman Empire, its urban and industrial
rates, gives its specific problems (water supply and it’s quality) and
contributed to the absence of threatening levels of pollution. As the opposite,
delaying the decision of the environmental and ecological problems in
St.-Petersburg, the Russian empire, contributed the biggest urban crisis, which
situated in the biggest city of Russia at the First World War and revolution.

Kaynakça

  • Central State Historical Archive of St.-Petersburg. F. 210. Op.1. D.192.
  • Russian State Historical Archive. F.1287. Op.28, 1902, D.637.
  • Russian State Historical Archive. F.20. Op.3. D.2175.
  • Russian State Historical Archive. F. 565. Op.5. D.20397.
  • Astrov N. Sudba russkih gorodov. Gorodskoe delo. No. 2 (1911): 141-148.
  • Baykan B.- G. Environmentalists in Turkey - Who are they? Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Perspectives. No.13 (April 2013): 8-9.
  • Boudriot P.-D. Lesé gouts de Paris aux XVI Ieet XVIII esiècles. Le shumeurs de la villepréindustrielle. Histoire, économie e tsociété. Vol. 9, no 2. (1990): 197-211.
  • Boyard E. and K. Fleet. Middle Eastern and North African Societies in Interwar period. Leiden-Boston: Brill Publ., 2018.
  • Çelik Z. The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century. Los-Angeles: University of California Press, 1986.
  • Danilov F.A. Munitsipalizatsiya promyshlennykh predpriyatiy, zemel'nykh ploshchadey, izgotovleniya i dostavki glavneyshikh predmetov potrebleniya (Munitsipal'nyy sotsializm). Moscow: Tip. F. Burche, 1907.
  • Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'F.A.Brokgauza i I.A.Yefrona. St-Petersburg: Terra, 1992.
  • Erisman F.F. Razlichnyye sposoby udaleniya nechistot iz naselennykh mest po otnosheniyu k ozdorovleniyu gorodov. St-Petersburg: Tip. M. Stasyulevicha, 1875.
  • Erisman F.F. Szhiganiye i obezvrezhivaniye musora (domovogo i ulichnogo sora). St-Petersburg: 1900.
  • Frenkel' Z.G. Zapiski i vospominaniya o proydennom zhiznennom puti. St-Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2009.
  • Frenkel' Z. G. Petrograd perioda voyny i revolyutsii: sanitarnyye usloviya i kommunal'noye blagoustroystvo. Petrograd: 1923.
  • Gorod Sankt-Peterburg s tochki zreniya meditsinskoy politsii. Pod red. star. vracha I. Yeremeyeva. St-Petersburg, Tip.MVD, 1897.
  • Halliday St. The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis. Stroud: History Press Limited. 2013.
  • Hardy A. Water and the Search for Public Health in London in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Journal of Medical History, vol. 28 (1984): 250-282.
  • Heggie V. Over 200 years of deadly London air: smogs, fogs, and pea soupers. The Guardian. 9 December 2016. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2016/dec/09/pollution-air-london-smogs-fogs-pea-soupers (29.07.2019 accessed data)
  • Inceoglu A. and I. Yurekli. “Urban Transformation in Istanbul: potential for better city”. Her Conference. 5-8 July 2011. Toulaise: 2011.
  • Demirakin N. Isik. A study of Ottoman modernization on the city: The Sixth municipal district of Istanbul (1858-1877). A Master’s Thesis, Bilkent University, 2006.
  • Klaut KH. Istoriya Londona. Moscow: Izd. Ves' mir, 2002.
  • Khlopin G.V. Zagryazneniye protochnykh vod khozyaystvennymi i fabrichnymi otbrosami i mery k yego ustraneniyu. Yur'yev: Tip. K. Mattisena, 1902.
  • Khlopin G.V. Materialy po ozdorovleniyu Rossii. Sanitarnoye opisaniye Astrakhani, Samary, Saratova, Tsaritsyna s ukazaniyem mer, neobkhodimykh dlya ikh ozdorovleniya. St-Petersburg: Tip. MVD, 1911.
  • Launay M. Les Champs d’epandage de la ville de Paris, Revue d’Higiene. Paris, 1897.
  • Miller Th. Picturesque Sketches of London, Past and Present. London, “Robson, Levey & Franklyn printed", 1852.
  • Mil'china V.A. Parizh 1814-1848 gg.: povsednevnaya zhizn'. Moscow: Novoye literaturnoye obozreniye, 2013.
  • Osobyye zhurnaly Soveta ministrov Rossiyskoy imperii, 1909 god. Otv. sost., avt. predisl. B.D. Gal'perina. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000.
  • Petrosyan YU.A. and A.R. Yusupov, Gorod na dvukh kontinentakh. Moscow: Nauka, Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury, 1977.
  • Pokrovskaya M. Sanitarnyy nadzor nad zhilishchami i sanitarnaya organizatsiya v razlichnykh gosudarstvakh. St-Petersburg: Tip. P.Soykina, 1897.
  • Quelques mots encore sur l'hygiene publique a’Constantinopole. Gazette médicale d'Orient. No. 6 (1862): 1-10.
  • Recueil des travaux du Comite consultative d’Higiene publique de France. Vol.28. Melon, Imprimerie administrative, 1894.
  • Sil'gi K. Istoriya musora. Ot Srednikh Vekov do nashikh dney. Kratkiy kurs. Moscow: Tekst, 2011.
  • Simanskiy V. Peterburgskiye dachnyye mesta v otnoshenii ikh zdorovosti. Vypusk I. St-Petersburg: Tip. V.V. Komarova, 1881.
  • Stanovleniye revolyutsionnykh traditsiy piterskogo proletariata. Sb. dokumentov pod red. A.N. Tsamutali. Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1987.
Yıl 2019, Sayı: 1, 1 - 17, 17.09.2019

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Central State Historical Archive of St.-Petersburg. F. 210. Op.1. D.192.
  • Russian State Historical Archive. F.1287. Op.28, 1902, D.637.
  • Russian State Historical Archive. F.20. Op.3. D.2175.
  • Russian State Historical Archive. F. 565. Op.5. D.20397.
  • Astrov N. Sudba russkih gorodov. Gorodskoe delo. No. 2 (1911): 141-148.
  • Baykan B.- G. Environmentalists in Turkey - Who are they? Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Perspectives. No.13 (April 2013): 8-9.
  • Boudriot P.-D. Lesé gouts de Paris aux XVI Ieet XVIII esiècles. Le shumeurs de la villepréindustrielle. Histoire, économie e tsociété. Vol. 9, no 2. (1990): 197-211.
  • Boyard E. and K. Fleet. Middle Eastern and North African Societies in Interwar period. Leiden-Boston: Brill Publ., 2018.
  • Çelik Z. The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century. Los-Angeles: University of California Press, 1986.
  • Danilov F.A. Munitsipalizatsiya promyshlennykh predpriyatiy, zemel'nykh ploshchadey, izgotovleniya i dostavki glavneyshikh predmetov potrebleniya (Munitsipal'nyy sotsializm). Moscow: Tip. F. Burche, 1907.
  • Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'F.A.Brokgauza i I.A.Yefrona. St-Petersburg: Terra, 1992.
  • Erisman F.F. Razlichnyye sposoby udaleniya nechistot iz naselennykh mest po otnosheniyu k ozdorovleniyu gorodov. St-Petersburg: Tip. M. Stasyulevicha, 1875.
  • Erisman F.F. Szhiganiye i obezvrezhivaniye musora (domovogo i ulichnogo sora). St-Petersburg: 1900.
  • Frenkel' Z.G. Zapiski i vospominaniya o proydennom zhiznennom puti. St-Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2009.
  • Frenkel' Z. G. Petrograd perioda voyny i revolyutsii: sanitarnyye usloviya i kommunal'noye blagoustroystvo. Petrograd: 1923.
  • Gorod Sankt-Peterburg s tochki zreniya meditsinskoy politsii. Pod red. star. vracha I. Yeremeyeva. St-Petersburg, Tip.MVD, 1897.
  • Halliday St. The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis. Stroud: History Press Limited. 2013.
  • Hardy A. Water and the Search for Public Health in London in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Journal of Medical History, vol. 28 (1984): 250-282.
  • Heggie V. Over 200 years of deadly London air: smogs, fogs, and pea soupers. The Guardian. 9 December 2016. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2016/dec/09/pollution-air-london-smogs-fogs-pea-soupers (29.07.2019 accessed data)
  • Inceoglu A. and I. Yurekli. “Urban Transformation in Istanbul: potential for better city”. Her Conference. 5-8 July 2011. Toulaise: 2011.
  • Demirakin N. Isik. A study of Ottoman modernization on the city: The Sixth municipal district of Istanbul (1858-1877). A Master’s Thesis, Bilkent University, 2006.
  • Klaut KH. Istoriya Londona. Moscow: Izd. Ves' mir, 2002.
  • Khlopin G.V. Zagryazneniye protochnykh vod khozyaystvennymi i fabrichnymi otbrosami i mery k yego ustraneniyu. Yur'yev: Tip. K. Mattisena, 1902.
  • Khlopin G.V. Materialy po ozdorovleniyu Rossii. Sanitarnoye opisaniye Astrakhani, Samary, Saratova, Tsaritsyna s ukazaniyem mer, neobkhodimykh dlya ikh ozdorovleniya. St-Petersburg: Tip. MVD, 1911.
  • Launay M. Les Champs d’epandage de la ville de Paris, Revue d’Higiene. Paris, 1897.
  • Miller Th. Picturesque Sketches of London, Past and Present. London, “Robson, Levey & Franklyn printed", 1852.
  • Mil'china V.A. Parizh 1814-1848 gg.: povsednevnaya zhizn'. Moscow: Novoye literaturnoye obozreniye, 2013.
  • Osobyye zhurnaly Soveta ministrov Rossiyskoy imperii, 1909 god. Otv. sost., avt. predisl. B.D. Gal'perina. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000.
  • Petrosyan YU.A. and A.R. Yusupov, Gorod na dvukh kontinentakh. Moscow: Nauka, Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury, 1977.
  • Pokrovskaya M. Sanitarnyy nadzor nad zhilishchami i sanitarnaya organizatsiya v razlichnykh gosudarstvakh. St-Petersburg: Tip. P.Soykina, 1897.
  • Quelques mots encore sur l'hygiene publique a’Constantinopole. Gazette médicale d'Orient. No. 6 (1862): 1-10.
  • Recueil des travaux du Comite consultative d’Higiene publique de France. Vol.28. Melon, Imprimerie administrative, 1894.
  • Sil'gi K. Istoriya musora. Ot Srednikh Vekov do nashikh dney. Kratkiy kurs. Moscow: Tekst, 2011.
  • Simanskiy V. Peterburgskiye dachnyye mesta v otnoshenii ikh zdorovosti. Vypusk I. St-Petersburg: Tip. V.V. Komarova, 1881.
  • Stanovleniye revolyutsionnykh traditsiy piterskogo proletariata. Sb. dokumentov pod red. A.N. Tsamutali. Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1987.

XIX. Yüzyılın İkinci Yarısı ve XX. Yüzyılın Başında Avrupa’nın Doğu ve Batı Başkentlerindeki Ekolojik ve Çevresel Problemler: Sorunların Kaynağı, Oluşumu ve Çözüm Yolları

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 1, 1 - 17, 17.09.2019

Öz

XIX. yüzyıl ve XX. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Sanayi Devrimi ve
endüstrileşme ile birlikte dünyanın büyük şehirlerinin kentsel alanları
üzerinde ortaya çıkan göç ve teknoloji baskısı, Avrupa’nın başkentlerinde
(Londra, Paris, Berlin, İstanbul, St. Petersburg) adeta kentsel ekolojik
sorunları (su ve hava kirliliği, atık toplama vb.) alevlendiren bir rüzgar etkisi
yarattı. Bu ise büyükşehir yönetimlerini ekolojik sorunlar alanındaki
belediyecilik politikalarını değiştirmek zorunda bıraktı. Söz konusu
başkentlerin her birinin kendisine has özellikleri; kentleşme ve endüstrileşme
süreçlerindeki hız, belediye yönetimi ve sivil toplum gelişimi, insan
hayatındaki bilim ve teknoloji çevresel ve ekolojik sorunların çözüme
kavuşturulmasında yöntemler üretmektedir. Büyük Britanya’ya baktığımızda Londra
çevre temizliğiyle ilgili sorunların çözümünde dengeli bir yaklaşım sergilediği
görülmektedir. Lakin sanayileşme ve kentleşme hızı ekolojik problemlere yeni
biçimler kazandırmıştır. Paris’in yaşanabilir bir şehir haline getirilmesi
hususundaki kent yönetiminin tutarsız politikaları, öncelikli kentsel ekolojik
problemlerin çözümü hususunda Fransa’ya şehir bütçesi açısından oldukça
maliyetli kararlar aldırmıştır. Alman topraklarındaki bilim ve teknolojinin
gelişimi ve Berlin şehir yönetiminin dikkatli tutumu, benzer sorunların
çözümünde daha etkin kararların alınmasını sağlamıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
İstanbul’unun coğrafi konumu ve benzersiz gelişimi, şehrin kentsel ve
endüstriyel göstergeleri, onun kendine özgü sorunlarını (su teminin/kaynakları
ve kalitesi) beraberinde getirirken kirliliğin de tehdit düzeyinde olmamasını
sağlamıştır. Bunların aksine Rusya İmparatorluğu’nun başkent St.
Petersburg’daki ekolojik problemleri göz ardı etmesi, I. Dünya Savaşı ve Devrim
sırasında Rusya’yı büyük şehirlerde baş gösteren çaplı kentsel krizlerle
yüzleşmek zorunda bırakmıştır. 

Kaynakça

  • Central State Historical Archive of St.-Petersburg. F. 210. Op.1. D.192.
  • Russian State Historical Archive. F.1287. Op.28, 1902, D.637.
  • Russian State Historical Archive. F.20. Op.3. D.2175.
  • Russian State Historical Archive. F. 565. Op.5. D.20397.
  • Astrov N. Sudba russkih gorodov. Gorodskoe delo. No. 2 (1911): 141-148.
  • Baykan B.- G. Environmentalists in Turkey - Who are they? Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Perspectives. No.13 (April 2013): 8-9.
  • Boudriot P.-D. Lesé gouts de Paris aux XVI Ieet XVIII esiècles. Le shumeurs de la villepréindustrielle. Histoire, économie e tsociété. Vol. 9, no 2. (1990): 197-211.
  • Boyard E. and K. Fleet. Middle Eastern and North African Societies in Interwar period. Leiden-Boston: Brill Publ., 2018.
  • Çelik Z. The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century. Los-Angeles: University of California Press, 1986.
  • Danilov F.A. Munitsipalizatsiya promyshlennykh predpriyatiy, zemel'nykh ploshchadey, izgotovleniya i dostavki glavneyshikh predmetov potrebleniya (Munitsipal'nyy sotsializm). Moscow: Tip. F. Burche, 1907.
  • Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar'F.A.Brokgauza i I.A.Yefrona. St-Petersburg: Terra, 1992.
  • Erisman F.F. Razlichnyye sposoby udaleniya nechistot iz naselennykh mest po otnosheniyu k ozdorovleniyu gorodov. St-Petersburg: Tip. M. Stasyulevicha, 1875.
  • Erisman F.F. Szhiganiye i obezvrezhivaniye musora (domovogo i ulichnogo sora). St-Petersburg: 1900.
  • Frenkel' Z.G. Zapiski i vospominaniya o proydennom zhiznennom puti. St-Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, 2009.
  • Frenkel' Z. G. Petrograd perioda voyny i revolyutsii: sanitarnyye usloviya i kommunal'noye blagoustroystvo. Petrograd: 1923.
  • Gorod Sankt-Peterburg s tochki zreniya meditsinskoy politsii. Pod red. star. vracha I. Yeremeyeva. St-Petersburg, Tip.MVD, 1897.
  • Halliday St. The Great Stink of London: Sir Joseph Bazalgette and the Cleansing of the Victorian Metropolis. Stroud: History Press Limited. 2013.
  • Hardy A. Water and the Search for Public Health in London in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Journal of Medical History, vol. 28 (1984): 250-282.
  • Heggie V. Over 200 years of deadly London air: smogs, fogs, and pea soupers. The Guardian. 9 December 2016. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2016/dec/09/pollution-air-london-smogs-fogs-pea-soupers (29.07.2019 accessed data)
  • Inceoglu A. and I. Yurekli. “Urban Transformation in Istanbul: potential for better city”. Her Conference. 5-8 July 2011. Toulaise: 2011.
  • Demirakin N. Isik. A study of Ottoman modernization on the city: The Sixth municipal district of Istanbul (1858-1877). A Master’s Thesis, Bilkent University, 2006.
  • Klaut KH. Istoriya Londona. Moscow: Izd. Ves' mir, 2002.
  • Khlopin G.V. Zagryazneniye protochnykh vod khozyaystvennymi i fabrichnymi otbrosami i mery k yego ustraneniyu. Yur'yev: Tip. K. Mattisena, 1902.
  • Khlopin G.V. Materialy po ozdorovleniyu Rossii. Sanitarnoye opisaniye Astrakhani, Samary, Saratova, Tsaritsyna s ukazaniyem mer, neobkhodimykh dlya ikh ozdorovleniya. St-Petersburg: Tip. MVD, 1911.
  • Launay M. Les Champs d’epandage de la ville de Paris, Revue d’Higiene. Paris, 1897.
  • Miller Th. Picturesque Sketches of London, Past and Present. London, “Robson, Levey & Franklyn printed", 1852.
  • Mil'china V.A. Parizh 1814-1848 gg.: povsednevnaya zhizn'. Moscow: Novoye literaturnoye obozreniye, 2013.
  • Osobyye zhurnaly Soveta ministrov Rossiyskoy imperii, 1909 god. Otv. sost., avt. predisl. B.D. Gal'perina. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000.
  • Petrosyan YU.A. and A.R. Yusupov, Gorod na dvukh kontinentakh. Moscow: Nauka, Glavnaya redaktsiya vostochnoy literatury, 1977.
  • Pokrovskaya M. Sanitarnyy nadzor nad zhilishchami i sanitarnaya organizatsiya v razlichnykh gosudarstvakh. St-Petersburg: Tip. P.Soykina, 1897.
  • Quelques mots encore sur l'hygiene publique a’Constantinopole. Gazette médicale d'Orient. No. 6 (1862): 1-10.
  • Recueil des travaux du Comite consultative d’Higiene publique de France. Vol.28. Melon, Imprimerie administrative, 1894.
  • Sil'gi K. Istoriya musora. Ot Srednikh Vekov do nashikh dney. Kratkiy kurs. Moscow: Tekst, 2011.
  • Simanskiy V. Peterburgskiye dachnyye mesta v otnoshenii ikh zdorovosti. Vypusk I. St-Petersburg: Tip. V.V. Komarova, 1881.
  • Stanovleniye revolyutsionnykh traditsiy piterskogo proletariata. Sb. dokumentov pod red. A.N. Tsamutali. Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1987.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gregory Afanasiev 0000-0002-6482-5912

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Afanasiev, Gregory. “East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation”. Türkiye Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 1 (Eylül 2019): 1-17.


Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.

16719  *  16720 *  16721 *  16722  *  16723 * 16736 16724  * 16768  * 17409 


18281