ÖRGÜTSEL DIŞLANMA ÖLÇEĞİNİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ: GEÇERLİLİK VE GÜVENİRLİLİK ÇALIŞMASI
Yıl 2019,
, 265 - 282, 30.06.2019
Könül Abaslı
,
Murat Özdemir
Öz
Bu çalışmada
Türkiye′de iş görenlerin örgütsel dışlanma algılarını saptamaya yönelik geçerli
ve güvenilir bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla örgütsel
dışlanma literatürü esas alınarak madde havuzu hazırlanmış ve taslak form
kapsam geçerliliği, dil ve ifade açısından incelenmek ve değerlendirilmek üzere
eğitim yönetimi ile ölçme ve değerlendirme alanlarından toplamda dokuz uzman
görüşüne sunulmuştur. Uzmanlardan gelen önerilere dayalı olarak son hali
verilen 16 maddeden ibaret taslak ölçek pilot uygulama aşamasında Ankara ili
merkez ilçelerindeki 131 öğretmene uygulanmıştır. Ölçme aracının yapı
geçerliliği açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile sınanmıştır.
Açımlayıcı faktör analizi, Örgütsel Dışlanma Ölçeği′nin “hiçleştirme”
“yalnızlaştırma” olmak üzere iyi boyutlu olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ölçeği
temsil eden iki faktör birlikte toplam varyansın %70′ni açıklamıştır. Ana
uygulama aşamasında ise ölçeğin belirlenen faktör yapısı 465 öğretmenden oluşan
farklı bir çalışma grubu üzerinden doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile test
edilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda elde edilen bulgular iki
faktörlü modele yönelik uyum iyiliği değerlerinin “mükemmel” düzeyinde olduğu göstermiştir. Bununla
beraber Örgütsel Dışlanma Ölçeği′ni temsil eden madde ve faktörlerin ayırt
edicilik özelliklerinin de yüksek düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır. Ölçme aracının
Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık katsayısı .97 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu ise Örgütsel
Dışlanma Ölçeği′nin güvenirliği yüksek bir ölçek olduğunu göstermiştir. Tüm bu
bulgular, Örgütsel Dışlanma Ölçeği′nin Türkiye′deki örgütlerde iş görenlerin
örgütsel dışlanma algılarını tespit etmede kullanılmaya elverişli, geçerli ve güvenilir
bir ölçme aracı olduğuna ilişkin kantılar sunmuştur.
Kaynakça
- Akın, A., Uysal, R. ve Akın, Ü. (2016). Ergenler için ostrasizm (sosyal dışlanma) ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(2), 895-904.
- Banki, S. (2012). How much or how many? Partial ostracism and its consequences. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Toronto Rotman School of Management, Canada.
- Bastian, B. ve Haslam, N. (2010). Excluded from humanity: The dehumanizing effects of social ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 107–113.
- Baumeister, R. F. ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.
- Blackhart, G. G., Nelson, B. C., Knowles, M. L. ve Baumeister, R. F. (2009). Rejection elicits emotional reaction but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: A Meta-analytic review of 192 studies on social exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 269-309.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (7. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem A.
- Chen, Z., ve Williams, K. D. (2007). Partial ostracism as a means of discovering moderators. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
- Chung, Y.W. (2017). The role of person–organization fit and perceived organizational support in the relationship between workplace ostracism and behavioral outcomes. Australian Journal of Management, 42(2), 328-349.
- Çelik, C. ve Koşar, A. (2015). Örgüt kültürü ve işyerinde dışlanma arasındaki ilişki. Mersin çalışanları üzerine bir uygulama. Çanakkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(2), 47-62.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem
- Dewall, C.N. (2006). Alone but feeling no pain: Effects of social exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and interpersonal empathy. Unpublished thesis for the degree of Master of Science. The Florida State University College of Arts and Sciences, Florida, USA.
- Ferris, D.L, Brown, D.J., Berry, J.W. ve Lian, H. (2008). The Development and validation of the workplace ostracism scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1348-1366.
- Fox, S. ve Stallworth, L. E. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the U.S. workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 438–456.
- Gardner, W.L., Pickett, C.L. ve Brewer, M.B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong influences memory for social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 486–496.
- Gruter, M. ve Masters, R.D. (1986). Ostracism as a social and biological phenomenon: An introduction. Evolution and Human Behavior, 7(3-4), 149-158.
- Halis, M. ve Demirel, Y. (2016). Sosyal desteğin örgütsel soyutlanma (dışlanma) üzerine etkisi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 318-335.
- Hitlan, R. T., Kelly, K. M., Schepman, S., Schneider, K. T. ve Zarate, M. A. (2006). Language exclusion and the consequences of perceived ostracism in the workplace. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10, 56–70.
- Hitlan, R. T., Cliffton, R.J., ve DeSoto, M. C. (2006). Perceived exclusion in the workplace: The moderating effects of dender on work-related attitudes and psychological health. North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 217-236.
- Kandemir, K. B. (2011). Psikolojik Dışlanma, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Sosyal Reddedilmenin Tehdit Edilen İhtiyaçlar ve Dışlanma Tepkileri Üzerindeki Etkileri. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Kaya, A. G. (2012). Sosyal Dışlanmaya Verilen Tepkilerin Sosyal Karşılaştırma Süreçleri Açısından İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Keklik, B., Saygın, T. ve Kara, N. O. (2013). Akademik camianin çirkin ördek yavruları ÖYP′lilerde örgütsel dışlanma (ostracism) kavramının incelenmesi. 1.Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi, 15-16 Kasım 2013, Sakarya.
- Jones, E.E., Carter-Sowell, A.R., Kelly, J. R. ve Williams, K. D. (2009). ‘I’m out of the loop’: Ostracism through information exclusion. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 12, 157-174.
- Leary, M. R., Koch, E. J. ve Hechenbleikner, N. R. (2001). Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection. In M. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 145–166). New York: Oxford Press.
- Leary, M. R. (2005). Varieties of interpersonal rejection. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. V. Hippel (Eds.), The social outcast (pp. 35–51). New York: Psychology Press.
- Leary, M.R., Twenge, J.M. ve Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 111-132.
- Leung, A.S.M., Wu, L.Z., Chen, Y.Y. ve Young, M.N. (2011). The impact of workplace ostracism in service organizations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, 836-844.
- Li, C., ve Tian, Y. (2016). Influence of workplace ostracism on employee voice behavior. American Journal of Mathematical and Management Sciences, 35(4), 281-296.
- MacDonald, G., ve Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 202–223.
- Molden, D. C., Lucas, G. M., Gardner, W. L., Dean, K. ve Knowles, M. L. (2009). Motivations for prevention or promotion following social exclusion: Being rejected versus being ignored. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 425-431.
- Oaten, M., Williams, K. D., Jones, A. ve Zadro, L. (2008). The Effects of ostracism on self-regulation in the socially anxious. Journal of Science and Clinical Psychology, 27, 471-504.
- O’Reilly, J. ve Robinson, S. L. (2009). The negative impact of ostracism on thwarted belongingness and workplace contributions. In Academy of Management Proceeding, 1-7.
- Rehbinder, B. (1986). Refusal of social cooperation as a legal problem: On the legal institutions of ostracism and boycott. Ethology and Sociobiology, 7(3-4), 321-327.
- Robinson S. L., O’Reilly J. ve Wang W. (2013). “Invisible at work: An integrated model of workplace ostracism”. Journal of Management, 39(1), 203-231.
- Soylu, B. (2010). Bağışlayıcı Kişilik ve Negatif Duygunun Psikolojik Dışlanma, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Sosyal Reddedilme Karşısında Verilen Saldırganlık Tepkilerini Düzenlemedeki Rolü. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi,.
- Sulea, C., Filipescu, R.,Horga, A., Ortan, C. ve Fichmann, G. (2012). Interpersonal mistreatment at work and burnout among teachers. Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal, 16(4), 553-570.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Türkmen, E. (2016). The Impact of ostracism on work effort. A comparison between Turkish and Azerbaijani Employees. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(4), 110-128.
- Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M. ve Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1058–1069.
- Velicer, W. F. & Fava, J. L. (1998). Effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods, 3(2), 231-251.
- Wesselmann, E.D., Bagg, D. ve Williams, K.D. (2009). ‘‘I feel your pain”: The effects of observing ostracism on the ostracism detection system. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1308–1311.
- Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425–452.
- Williams, K. D. ve Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 693–706.
- Williams, K. D. (1997). Social ostracism. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors, (pp. 133–170). New York: Plenum.
- Wittenbaum, G. M., Shulman, H.C. ve Braz, M. E. (2010). Social ostracism in task groups: The effects of group composition. Small Group Research, 41, 330–353.
- Wu, L., Wei, L. ve Hui, C. (2001). Dispositional antecedents and consequences of workplace ostracism: An empirical examination. Higher Education Press, 5(1), 23-44.
- Wu, L., Yim, F. H., Kwan, H. K. ve Zhang, X. (2011). Coping with workplace ostracism: The Roles of ingratiation and political skill in employee psychological distress. Journal of Management Studies, 49(1), 178-199.
- Xiaoyu, L., Jun, L.,Chun, H. ve Rongrong, W.U. (2015). The Effect of workplace ostracism on proactive behavior: The self-verification theory perspective. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 47(6), 826-836.
- Xu, H. (2012). How am I Supposed to Live Without You: An Investigation of Antecedent and Consequences of Workplace Ostracism? Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Management and Marketing, Hong-Kong.
- Yan, Y., Zhou, E., Long, L. ve Yang, J. (2014). The Influence of workplace ostracism on counterproductive work behavior: The mediating effect of state self-control. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 42(6), 881-890.
- Zhao, H., Peng, Z. ve Sheard, G. (2013). Workplace ostracism and hospitality employees’ counterproductive work behaviors: The joint moderating effects of proactive personality and political skill. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 219-227.
DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL OSTRACISM SCALE: THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY
Yıl 2019,
, 265 - 282, 30.06.2019
Könül Abaslı
,
Murat Özdemir
Öz
The purpose of present study is to
develop a valid and reliable data collection tool for measuring the
organizational ostracism perception of employees. Due to this reason, an item
pool was designed based on organizational ostracism literature and it was investigated
by experts. In a pilot scheme phase, a draft form with 16 items was filled by
131 teachers who work in the central districts of Ankara city. The exploratory
factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were tested to
study the structure validity of the data collection tool. EFA results showed
that Organizational Ostracism Scale (OOS) consist of two factors named as
“slight” and “isolate”. OOS reported 70% of variance. In the main application
phase, the factor structure of the scale was tested with confirmatory factor
analysis on a different study group consisting of 465 teachers. CFA revealed
that the two factors structure of the OOS has high level of goodness of fit
indexes. The item and factor discrimination level of the OOS was also
determined as high level. Cronbach Alpha internal consist coefficients for the
whole of data collection tool has been calculated as .97. This pointed out that
the OOS is highly reliable. According to the results achieved, it is concluded
that OOC is a proper as well as valid and reliable data collection tool to
measure organizational ostracism perceptions of employees in organizations.
Kaynakça
- Akın, A., Uysal, R. ve Akın, Ü. (2016). Ergenler için ostrasizm (sosyal dışlanma) ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(2), 895-904.
- Banki, S. (2012). How much or how many? Partial ostracism and its consequences. Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of Toronto Rotman School of Management, Canada.
- Bastian, B. ve Haslam, N. (2010). Excluded from humanity: The dehumanizing effects of social ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46, 107–113.
- Baumeister, R. F. ve Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529.
- Blackhart, G. G., Nelson, B. C., Knowles, M. L. ve Baumeister, R. F. (2009). Rejection elicits emotional reaction but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: A Meta-analytic review of 192 studies on social exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 269-309.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. (7. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem A.
- Chen, Z., ve Williams, K. D. (2007). Partial ostracism as a means of discovering moderators. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
- Chung, Y.W. (2017). The role of person–organization fit and perceived organizational support in the relationship between workplace ostracism and behavioral outcomes. Australian Journal of Management, 42(2), 328-349.
- Çelik, C. ve Koşar, A. (2015). Örgüt kültürü ve işyerinde dışlanma arasındaki ilişki. Mersin çalışanları üzerine bir uygulama. Çanakkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(2), 47-62.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. Ankara: Pegem
- Dewall, C.N. (2006). Alone but feeling no pain: Effects of social exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and interpersonal empathy. Unpublished thesis for the degree of Master of Science. The Florida State University College of Arts and Sciences, Florida, USA.
- Ferris, D.L, Brown, D.J., Berry, J.W. ve Lian, H. (2008). The Development and validation of the workplace ostracism scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1348-1366.
- Fox, S. ve Stallworth, L. E. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the U.S. workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 438–456.
- Gardner, W.L., Pickett, C.L. ve Brewer, M.B. (2000). Social exclusion and selective memory: How the need to belong influences memory for social events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 486–496.
- Gruter, M. ve Masters, R.D. (1986). Ostracism as a social and biological phenomenon: An introduction. Evolution and Human Behavior, 7(3-4), 149-158.
- Halis, M. ve Demirel, Y. (2016). Sosyal desteğin örgütsel soyutlanma (dışlanma) üzerine etkisi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 318-335.
- Hitlan, R. T., Kelly, K. M., Schepman, S., Schneider, K. T. ve Zarate, M. A. (2006). Language exclusion and the consequences of perceived ostracism in the workplace. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10, 56–70.
- Hitlan, R. T., Cliffton, R.J., ve DeSoto, M. C. (2006). Perceived exclusion in the workplace: The moderating effects of dender on work-related attitudes and psychological health. North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 217-236.
- Kandemir, K. B. (2011). Psikolojik Dışlanma, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Sosyal Reddedilmenin Tehdit Edilen İhtiyaçlar ve Dışlanma Tepkileri Üzerindeki Etkileri. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Kaya, A. G. (2012). Sosyal Dışlanmaya Verilen Tepkilerin Sosyal Karşılaştırma Süreçleri Açısından İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Keklik, B., Saygın, T. ve Kara, N. O. (2013). Akademik camianin çirkin ördek yavruları ÖYP′lilerde örgütsel dışlanma (ostracism) kavramının incelenmesi. 1.Örgütsel Davranış Kongresi, 15-16 Kasım 2013, Sakarya.
- Jones, E.E., Carter-Sowell, A.R., Kelly, J. R. ve Williams, K. D. (2009). ‘I’m out of the loop’: Ostracism through information exclusion. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 12, 157-174.
- Leary, M. R., Koch, E. J. ve Hechenbleikner, N. R. (2001). Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection. In M. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 145–166). New York: Oxford Press.
- Leary, M. R. (2005). Varieties of interpersonal rejection. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. V. Hippel (Eds.), The social outcast (pp. 35–51). New York: Psychology Press.
- Leary, M.R., Twenge, J.M. ve Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 111-132.
- Leung, A.S.M., Wu, L.Z., Chen, Y.Y. ve Young, M.N. (2011). The impact of workplace ostracism in service organizations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, 836-844.
- Li, C., ve Tian, Y. (2016). Influence of workplace ostracism on employee voice behavior. American Journal of Mathematical and Management Sciences, 35(4), 281-296.
- MacDonald, G., ve Leary, M. R. (2005). Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 202–223.
- Molden, D. C., Lucas, G. M., Gardner, W. L., Dean, K. ve Knowles, M. L. (2009). Motivations for prevention or promotion following social exclusion: Being rejected versus being ignored. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 425-431.
- Oaten, M., Williams, K. D., Jones, A. ve Zadro, L. (2008). The Effects of ostracism on self-regulation in the socially anxious. Journal of Science and Clinical Psychology, 27, 471-504.
- O’Reilly, J. ve Robinson, S. L. (2009). The negative impact of ostracism on thwarted belongingness and workplace contributions. In Academy of Management Proceeding, 1-7.
- Rehbinder, B. (1986). Refusal of social cooperation as a legal problem: On the legal institutions of ostracism and boycott. Ethology and Sociobiology, 7(3-4), 321-327.
- Robinson S. L., O’Reilly J. ve Wang W. (2013). “Invisible at work: An integrated model of workplace ostracism”. Journal of Management, 39(1), 203-231.
- Soylu, B. (2010). Bağışlayıcı Kişilik ve Negatif Duygunun Psikolojik Dışlanma, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Sosyal Reddedilme Karşısında Verilen Saldırganlık Tepkilerini Düzenlemedeki Rolü. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi,.
- Sulea, C., Filipescu, R.,Horga, A., Ortan, C. ve Fichmann, G. (2012). Interpersonal mistreatment at work and burnout among teachers. Cognition, Brain, Behavior. An Interdisciplinary Journal, 16(4), 553-570.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2005). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
- Türkmen, E. (2016). The Impact of ostracism on work effort. A comparison between Turkish and Azerbaijani Employees. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 6(4), 110-128.
- Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M. ve Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1058–1069.
- Velicer, W. F. & Fava, J. L. (1998). Effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods, 3(2), 231-251.
- Wesselmann, E.D., Bagg, D. ve Williams, K.D. (2009). ‘‘I feel your pain”: The effects of observing ostracism on the ostracism detection system. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1308–1311.
- Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425–452.
- Williams, K. D. ve Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 693–706.
- Williams, K. D. (1997). Social ostracism. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors, (pp. 133–170). New York: Plenum.
- Wittenbaum, G. M., Shulman, H.C. ve Braz, M. E. (2010). Social ostracism in task groups: The effects of group composition. Small Group Research, 41, 330–353.
- Wu, L., Wei, L. ve Hui, C. (2001). Dispositional antecedents and consequences of workplace ostracism: An empirical examination. Higher Education Press, 5(1), 23-44.
- Wu, L., Yim, F. H., Kwan, H. K. ve Zhang, X. (2011). Coping with workplace ostracism: The Roles of ingratiation and political skill in employee psychological distress. Journal of Management Studies, 49(1), 178-199.
- Xiaoyu, L., Jun, L.,Chun, H. ve Rongrong, W.U. (2015). The Effect of workplace ostracism on proactive behavior: The self-verification theory perspective. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 47(6), 826-836.
- Xu, H. (2012). How am I Supposed to Live Without You: An Investigation of Antecedent and Consequences of Workplace Ostracism? Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Management and Marketing, Hong-Kong.
- Yan, Y., Zhou, E., Long, L. ve Yang, J. (2014). The Influence of workplace ostracism on counterproductive work behavior: The mediating effect of state self-control. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 42(6), 881-890.
- Zhao, H., Peng, Z. ve Sheard, G. (2013). Workplace ostracism and hospitality employees’ counterproductive work behaviors: The joint moderating effects of proactive personality and political skill. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 33, 219-227.