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THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION SOURCES ON THE FEAR OF COVID-19

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 76 - 89, 30.06.2022

Gül Karahan , Veli Duyan , Merve Deniz Pak Güre

https://doi.org/10.54467/trjasw.1099685

Öz

This study aims to examine what sources of coronavirus information are and their impact on the fear of COVID-19. This research reached 1851 people through Google Forms. The sociodemographic questionnaire and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale were used and the data were analyzed by SPSS. The study shows that news sources on COVID-19 consist mostly of TV, social media, and online sources. The differences were found in terms of news sources according to gender. As age increases, the use of news sources decreases; as the educational level increases, the use of news sources increases. There is a significant difference in the fear of COVID-19 among those who use television, social media, online resources, friends, and family members as news sources. The most remarkable finding of the research is that the fear of COVID-19 increases as the number of news sources reached increases. This result reveals the effects of more information obtained from more news sources on the fear of COVID-19, pointing to a different dimension of the issue that should be addressed at the individual and societal levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19 News The fear of COVID-19 Sources of Information The News of COVID-19

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, M.A., Jouhar, R., Ahmed, N., Adnan, S., Aftab, M., Zafar, M.S. & Khurshid, Z. (2020). Fear and practice modifications among dentists to combat novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8): 2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082821
  • Ahorsu, D.K., Lin, C.Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M.D., & Pakpour, A.H. (2020). The Fear of COVID19 Scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
  • Ali, S.H., Foreman, J., Tozan, Y., Capasso, A., Jones, A.M. & DiClemente, R.J. (2020). Trends and predictors of COVID-19 information sources and their relationship with knowledge and beliefs related to the pandemic: nationwide cross-sectional study. JMIR public health and surveillance, 6(4), e21071.https://doi.org/10.2196/21071.
  • Altheide, D.L. (2013). Media Logic, Social Control, and Fear. Communication Theory, 23 (3), 223–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12017.
  • Arpacıoğlu, S., Baltalı, Z., & Ünübol, B. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik, Covid korkusu, depresyon, mesleki doyum düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46(1), 88-100. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.785609
  • Banerjee, D. & Rao, T.S. (2020). Psychology of misinformation and the media: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 36(5), 131. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_112_20.
  • Beck, A.T., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of anxiety and phobic disorders. Center for Cognitive therapy. New York.
  • Bendau, A., Petzold, M.B., Pyrkosch, L., Maricic, L.M., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J. & Plag, J. (2020). Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01171-6.
  • Bento, A.I., Nguyen, T., Wing, C., Lozano-Rojas, F., Ahn, Y.Y. & Simon, K. (2020). Information seeking responses to news of local covid-19 cases: Evidence from internet search data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04591.
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  • Chen, E., Lerman, K. & Ferrara, E. (2020). Tracking social media discourse about the covid-19 pandemic: Development of a public coronavirus twitter data set. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e19273. https://doi.org/10.2196/19273.
  • Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L. & Wang, J. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 15-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X.
  • Chong, Y.Y., Cheng, H.Y., Chan, H.Y.L., Chien, W.T. & Wong, S.Y.S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, infodemic and the role of eHealth literacy. International journal of nursing studies, 108, 103644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103644.
  • Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C.M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A.L. & Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5.
  • Cullen, W., Gulati, G. & Kelly, B.D. (2020). Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(5), 311-312. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa110.
  • D’Souza, R.S., D’Souza, S., Strand, N., Anderson, A., Vogt, M.N. & Olatoye, O. (2020). YouTube as a source of medical information on the novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Global public health, 15(7), 935-942. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1761426.
  • Dawson, D.L. & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2020). COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. Journal of contextual behavioral science, 17, 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.010.
  • D´Agostino, M., Felipe, M., Ian, B., Myrna, M., David, N., & Gerardo, C. (2017). Fear on the Networks: Analyzing the 2014 Ebola Outbreak. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2017.134.
  • Destiny, A.O. & Bahiyah, O. (2020). Fake News and COVID-19: Modelling the Predictors of Fake News Sharing among Social Media Users. Telematics and Informatics, 56, 101475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101475.
  • Dong, L. & Bouey, J. (2020). Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China. Emerging infectious diseases 26(7), 1616. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200407.
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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 76 - 89, 30.06.2022

Gül Karahan , Veli Duyan , Merve Deniz Pak Güre

https://doi.org/10.54467/trjasw.1099685

Öz

Bu çalışma, koronavirüs ile ilgili bilgi kaynaklarının neler olduğunu ve bunların COVID-19 korkusu üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada Google Formlar aracılığıyla 1851 kişiye ulaşılmış; Sosyodemografik soru formu ve COVID-19 Korkusu Ölçeği kullanılmış ve veriler SPSS ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma COVID-19 ile ilgili haber kaynaklarının çoğunlukla TV, sosyal medya ve çevrimiçi kaynaklardan oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Cinsiyetlere göre haber kaynaklarının kullanımı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Yaş arttıkça haber kaynaklarının kullanımı azalmakta; eğitim seviyesi yükseldikçe haber kaynaklarının kullanımı artmaktadır. Haber kaynağı olarak TV, sosyal medya, çevrimiçi kaynaklar, arkadaş ve aile üyelerini kullananlar arasında COVID-19 korkusunda anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmuştur. Araştırmanın en çarpıcı bulgusu, ulaşılan haber kaynaklarının sayısı arttıkça COVID-19 korkusunun artmasıdır. Bu sonuç, daha fazla haber kaynağından edinilen daha fazla bilginin COVID-19 korkusu üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymakta, konunun bireysel ve toplumsal düzeyde ele alınması gereken farklı bir boyutuna işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19 Haber COVID-19 Korkusu Bilgi Kaynakları COVID-19 Haberleri

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, M.A., Jouhar, R., Ahmed, N., Adnan, S., Aftab, M., Zafar, M.S. & Khurshid, Z. (2020). Fear and practice modifications among dentists to combat novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(8): 2821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082821
  • Ahorsu, D.K., Lin, C.Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M.D., & Pakpour, A.H. (2020). The Fear of COVID19 Scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
  • Ali, S.H., Foreman, J., Tozan, Y., Capasso, A., Jones, A.M. & DiClemente, R.J. (2020). Trends and predictors of COVID-19 information sources and their relationship with knowledge and beliefs related to the pandemic: nationwide cross-sectional study. JMIR public health and surveillance, 6(4), e21071.https://doi.org/10.2196/21071.
  • Altheide, D.L. (2013). Media Logic, Social Control, and Fear. Communication Theory, 23 (3), 223–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12017.
  • Arpacıoğlu, S., Baltalı, Z., & Ünübol, B. (2020). COVID-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarında tükenmişlik, Covid korkusu, depresyon, mesleki doyum düzeyleri ve ilişkili faktörler. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46(1), 88-100. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.785609
  • Banerjee, D. & Rao, T.S. (2020). Psychology of misinformation and the media: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 36(5), 131. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_112_20.
  • Beck, A.T., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of anxiety and phobic disorders. Center for Cognitive therapy. New York.
  • Bendau, A., Petzold, M.B., Pyrkosch, L., Maricic, L.M., Betzler, F., Rogoll, J. & Plag, J. (2020). Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01171-6.
  • Bento, A.I., Nguyen, T., Wing, C., Lozano-Rojas, F., Ahn, Y.Y. & Simon, K. (2020). Information seeking responses to news of local covid-19 cases: Evidence from internet search data. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04591.
  • Brennen, J.S., Simon, F., Howard, P.N. & Nielsen, RçK. (2020). Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation. Reuters Institute 7, 3-1. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-04/Brennen%20-%20COVID%2019%20Misinformation%20FINAL%20(3).pdf.
  • Chen, E., Lerman, K. & Ferrara, E. (2020). Tracking social media discourse about the covid-19 pandemic: Development of a public coronavirus twitter data set. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e19273. https://doi.org/10.2196/19273.
  • Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L. & Wang, J. (2020). Mental health care for medical staff in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 15-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X.
  • Chong, Y.Y., Cheng, H.Y., Chan, H.Y.L., Chien, W.T. & Wong, S.Y.S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic, infodemic and the role of eHealth literacy. International journal of nursing studies, 108, 103644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103644.
  • Cinelli, M., Quattrociocchi, W., Galeazzi, A., Valensise, C.M., Brugnoli, E., Schmidt, A.L. & Scala, A. (2020). The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73510-5.
  • Cullen, W., Gulati, G. & Kelly, B.D. (2020). Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(5), 311-312. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa110.
  • D’Souza, R.S., D’Souza, S., Strand, N., Anderson, A., Vogt, M.N. & Olatoye, O. (2020). YouTube as a source of medical information on the novel coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Global public health, 15(7), 935-942. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1761426.
  • Dawson, D.L. & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2020). COVID-19: Psychological flexibility, coping, mental health, and wellbeing in the UK during the pandemic. Journal of contextual behavioral science, 17, 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.010.
  • D´Agostino, M., Felipe, M., Ian, B., Myrna, M., David, N., & Gerardo, C. (2017). Fear on the Networks: Analyzing the 2014 Ebola Outbreak. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2017.134.
  • Destiny, A.O. & Bahiyah, O. (2020). Fake News and COVID-19: Modelling the Predictors of Fake News Sharing among Social Media Users. Telematics and Informatics, 56, 101475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101475.
  • Dong, L. & Bouey, J. (2020). Public mental health crisis during COVID-19 pandemic, China. Emerging infectious diseases 26(7), 1616. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200407.
  • Du, J., Dong, L., Wang, T., Yuan, C., Fu, R., Zhang, L. & Li, X. (2020). Psychological symptoms among frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan. General hospital psychiatry, 64, 144-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.03.011.
  • Dubey, S., Biswas, P., Ghosh, R., Chatterjee, S., Dubey, M.J., Chatterjee, S. & Lavie, C.J. (2020). Psychosocial impact of COVID-19. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 14(5), 779-788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035.
  • Duplaga, M. & Grysztar, M. (2021). The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 9(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010043.
  • Gallotti, R., Valle, F., Castaldo, N., Sacco, P. & De Domenico, M. (2020). Assessing the risks of ‘infodemics’ in response to COVID-19 epidemics. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(12), 1285-1293.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00994-6.
  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S. & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. Plos one, 15(4), e0231924. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924.
  • García-Reyna, B., Castillo-García, G.D., Barbosa-Camacho, F.J., Cervantes-Cardona, G.A., Cervantes-Pérez, E., Torres-Mendoza, B.M. & González-Ojeda, A. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 Scale for Hospital Staff in Regional Hospitals in Mexico: a Brief Report. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00413-x.
  • Garfin, D.R., Silver, R.C. & Holman, E.A. (2020). The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 3(5), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875.
  • Hashemi-Shahri, S.M., Khammarnia, M., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Setoodehzadeh, F., Okati-Aliabad, H. & Peyvand, M. (2020). Sources of news as a necessity for improving community health literacy about COVID-19. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 34, 63-67.https://doi.org/10.47176/mjiri.34.63.
  • Hathaway, R.S, Ana-Elisa, M.B., Megan, M., Prerna, V., Sunil, L., & Vidya, A. (2017). From Fear to Understanding: Changes in Media Representations of Leopard Incidences after Media Awareness Workshops in Mumbai, India. Journal of Urban Ecology, 3 (1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/jue/jux009.
  • Ho, H.Y., Chen, Y.L. & Yen, C.F. (2020). Different impacts of COVID-19-related information sources on public worry: An online survey through social media. Internet Intervention, 22, 100350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2020.100350.
  • Holman, E.A., Garfin, D.R. & Silver, R.C. (2014). Media’s role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316265110.
  • Hu, D., Kong, Y., Li, W., Han, Q., Zhang, X., Zhu, L.X. & Zhu, J. (2020). Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses and their associated factors during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China: A large-scale cross-sectional study. EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424.
  • Hua, J. & Shaw, R. (2020). Corona virus (Covid-19) infodemic” and emerging issues through a data lens: The case of china. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(7), 2309. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072309.
  • Hussain, W. (2020). Role of social media in COVID-19 pandemic. The International Journal of Frontier Sciences, 4(2), 59-60. https://doi.org/10.37978/tijfs.v4i2.144.
  • Hyland-Wood, B., Gardner, J., Leask, J. & Ecker, U.K. (2021). Toward effective government communication strategies in the era of COVID-19. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1-11.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00701-w.
  • Ladikli, N., Bahadır, E., Yumuşak, F.N., Akkuzu, H., Karaman, G. & Türkkan, Z. (2020). Kovid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Güvenirlik Ve Geçerlik Çalışması. International Journal of Social Science, 3(2), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.20.2.09.
  • Lăzăroiu, G. & Adams, C. (2020). Viral panic and contagious fear in scary times: The proliferation of COVID-19 misinformation and fake news. Analysis and Metaphysics, 19, 80-86.https://doi.org/10.22381/am1920209.
  • Li, H.O.Y., Bailey, A., Huynh, D. & Chan, J. (2020). YouTube as a source of information on COVID-19: a pandemic of misinformation?. BMJ global health, 5(5), e002604. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002604.
  • Liu, P.L. (2020). COVID-19 information seeking on digital media and preventive behaviors: the mediation role of worry. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(10), 677-682. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0250.
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E. & Engelhard, I.M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258.
  • Moreno, Á., Fuentes, L. & Navarro, C. (2020). COVID-19 communication management in Spain: Exploring the effect of information-seeking behavior and message reception in public’s evaluation. El profesional de la información, 29(4), e290402. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2020.jul.02.
  • Naeem, S.B. & Bhatti, R. (2020). The Covid‐19 ‘infodemic’: a new front for information professionals. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 37(3), 233-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102226.
  • Olaimat, A.N., Aolymat, I., Shahbaz, H.M. & Holley, R.A. (2020). Knowledge and information sources about COVID-19 among university students in Jordan: a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in public health , 8, 254. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00254.
  • Pakpour, A.H. & Griffiths, M.D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.54127/wcic8036.
  • Powell, J., Nadia, I., Jennifer, R. & Shirley, L. (2011). The Characteristics and Motivations of Online Health Information Seekers: Cross-Sectional Survey and Qualitative Interview Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13 (1), e20. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1600.
  • Sharma, M., Kapil, Y., Nitika, Y., & Keith, C.F. (2017). Zika Virus Pandemic-Analysis of Facebook as a Social Media Health Information Platform. American Journal of Infection Control, 45 (3), 301–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2016.08.022.
  • Starcevic, V., Schimmenti, A, Billieux, J & Berle D. (2021). Cyberchondria in the time of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.233.
  • Ting, D.S.J., Krause, S., Said, D.G. & Dua, H.S. (2020). Psychosocial impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on people living with eye diseases in the UK. Eye, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-01130-4.
  • Tran, B.X., Dang, A.K., Thai, P.K., Le, H.T., Le, X.T.T., Do, T.T.T. & Ho, C.S. (2020). Coverage of health information by different sources in communities: implication for COVID-19 epidemic response. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(10), 3577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103577.
  • Urooj, U., Ansari, A., Siraj, A., Khan, S. & Tariq, H. (2020). Expectations, fears and perceptions of doctors during COVİD-19 pandemic. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 36(4), S37. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.covid19-s4.2643.
  • Van den Bulck, J. & Custers, K. (2009). Television exposure is related to fear of avian flu, an Ecological Study across 23 member states of the European Union. The European Journal of Public Health, 19(4), 370–374.https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckp061.
  • Wang, P.W., Lu, W.H., Ko, N.Y., Chen, Y.L., Li, D.J., Chang, Y.P. & Yen, C.F. (2020). COVID-19-related information sources and the relationship with confidence in people coping with COVID-19: Facebook survey study in Taiwan. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(6), e20021.https://doi.org/10.2196/20021.
  • Weiss, J.A. & Tschirhart, M. (1994). Public information campaigns as policy instruments. Journal of policy analysis and management, 13(1), 82-119. https://doi.org/10.2307/3325092
  • Wheaton, M.G., Prikhidko, A. & Messner, G. (2020). Is fear of COVID-19 contagious? The effects of emotion contagion and social media use on anxiety in response to the coronavirus pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 3594. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567379.
  • Wittenberg, E., Goldsmith, J.V., Chen, C., Prince-Paul, M. & Johnson, R.R. (2021). Opportunities to improve COVID-19 provider communication resources: A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(3), 438-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2020.12.031.
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. Available at: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 (accessed 11 March 2021)
  • Yakut, E., Kuru, Ö. & Güngör, Y. (2020) Sağlık Personelinin Covid-19 Korkusu İle Tükenmişliği Arasındaki İlişkide Aşırı İş Yükü Ve Algılanan Sosyal Desteğin Etkisinin Yapısal Eşitlik Modeliyle Belirlenmesi. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 24(83), 241-262.
  • Yang, H., Wang, C. & Poon, L.C. (2020). Novel coronavirus infection and pregnancy. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 55, 435-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12973.
  • Zhang, X. & Shuhua, Z. (2020). Sharing Health Risk Messages on Social Media: Effects of Fear Appeal Message and Image Promotion. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 14 (2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5817/cp2020-4.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Gül Karahan 0000-0002-0323-3876

Veli Duyan 0000-0003-4316-5756

Merve Deniz Pak Güre 0000-0001-7060-3729

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Kabul Tarihi 10 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karahan, G., Duyan, V., & Pak Güre, M. D. (2022). THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION SOURCES ON THE FEAR OF COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Applied Social Work, 5(1), 76-89. https://doi.org/10.54467/trjasw.1099685
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