Prevalence and Comorbidity of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder Among Teacher Candidate University Students

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 0 - 0, 20.01.2017

Emine Ahmetoğlu , Vahdet Görmez Murat Coşkun Mücahit Öztürk Muhlise Coşkun Ögeyik

Öz

Abstract: To investigate prevalence and comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) in a Turkish community sample of young adult population. University students aged 21-24 years completed a socio-demographic form developed by the study team; Adult ADD/ ADHD DSM IV- Based Diagnostic Screening and Rating Scale and Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Subjects, who scored above the cut off points in each scales, were invited for a diagnostic interview conducted by experienced psychiatrists using DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and SAD. 30 percent (152/494) of all participants had a score above of the cutoff point in screening scales and 60 percent of them attended clinical interview. 38 percent (35/92) of those who had clinical interview received diagnoses of ADHD and/or SAD. Prevalence of ADHD and SAD among the whole sample was 3.23% for ADHD (16/494) and 4.45% for SAD (22/494), whilst 0.6 % (3/494) had comorbid ADHD and SAD. Findings presented here support the existing literature that SAD and ADHD are relatively common comorbidities. Rejection of professional help offered to the teacher candidates with Social Anxiety Disorder need further analysis. Their fear of stigmatization and concerns about the impact of a formal diagnosis and having treatment on their professional career needs to be addressed in a culture-specific approach.

Key Words: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Social Phobia, Comorbidity, Prevalence

Kaynakça

• References
• Faraone SV, Sergeant J, Gillberg C, Biederman J. 2003. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry. 2:104–113
• Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Demyttenaere K, et al.2007. Cross–national prevalence and correlates of adult attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 190:402-9.
• Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, Demler O, et al. 2006 The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 163(4):716-23.
• Greydanus DE, Pratt HD, Patel DR. 2007. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan: the child, adolescent, and adult. Dis Mon. 53(2):70-131
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007. Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 46(7):894-921
• Pliszka SR. 1998. Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: an overview. J Clin Psychiatry. 59 (Suppl 7):50–58
• Wilens TE, Biederman J, Brown S, Tanguay S, Monuteaux MC, Blake C., et al. 2002. Psychiatric Comorbidity and Functioning in Clinically Referred Preschool Children and School-Age Youths With ADHD. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 41:262–268
• Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. 1991. Comorbidity of ADHD with conduct, depressive, anxiety and other disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry. 148:564-577
• Biederman J., Faraone SV., Spencer T., Wilens T., Norman D., Lapey K., et al. 1993. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 150:1792-1798.
• McGough JJ, Smalley SL, McCracken JT, Yang M, Del'Homme M, Lynn DE., et al. 2005. Psychiatric Comorbidity in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Findings From Multiplex Families. Am J Psychiatry. 162(9):1621-7.
• Sobanski E. 2006. Psychiatric comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 256 [Suppl 1]:I/26–I/31
• MTA Cooperative Group. 1999. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 56:1073–1086
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Washington DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
• Furmark T. 2002. Social phobia: overview of community surveys. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 105: 84-93
• Ruscio AM, Brown TA, Chiu WT, Sareen J, Stein MB, Kessler RC. 2008. Social Fears and Social Phobia in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychol Med. Jan;38(1):15-28.
• Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. 2007. Kaplan & Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry. Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 10th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
• Turgay A., 1995. DSM IV'e Dayalı Erişkin Hiperaktivite Degerlendirme Ölçegi (unpublished scale) Integrative Therapy Institute Toronto, Canada.
• Günay, Ş., Savran, C., Aksoy, U.M., Maner, F. Turgay, A., Yargıç, İ. 2006. The Norm Study, Transliteral Equivalence, Validity ,Reliability of Adult Hyperactivity Scale in Turkish Adult Population (In Turkish). Psychiatry in Turkey. 8: 98-107
• Güclü O, Erkıran M. 2004. Psychiatric Loading in Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Clinical Psychiatry (in turkish). 7:32-41
• Duran S. 2006. Prevalance and Comorbidty of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Clinically Referred Patients. Unpublished master thesis, Istanbul
• Liebowitz MR., 1987.Social phobia. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry. 22: 141-173.
• Fresco DM, Coles ME, Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hami S, Stein MB., et al. 2001. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: a comparison of the psychometric properties of self-report and clinician-administered formats. Psychological Medicine. 31, 1025-1035
• Rytwinski NK, Fresco DM, Heimberg RG, Coles ME, Liebowitz MR, Cissell S, et al. 2009. Screening for social anxiety disorder with the self-report version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(1):34-8.
• Baker SL, Heinrichs N, Kim HJ, Hofmann SG. 2002. The Liebowitz social anxiety scale as a self-report instrument: a preliminary psychometric analysis. Behav Res Ther. 40(6):701-15.
• Gençöz T, Soykan Ç, Özgüven HD., 2003. Liebowitz social anxiety scala: The Turkish version. Psychol Rep, 93:1059-1069
• Safren SA, Lanka GD, Otto MW, Pollack MH., 2001. Prevalence of childhood ADHD among patients with generalized anxiety disorder and a comparison condition, social phobia. Depress Anxiety 13:190-191.
• Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Simpson W, Patterson B., 2011. Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an anxiety disorders population. CNS Neurosci Ther 17:221-226.
• Mancini C, Van Ameringen M, Oakman JM, Figueiredo D., 1999. Childhood attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder in adults with anxiety disorders. Psychol Med. 29:515-525
• Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, Demler O et al. 2006. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry. 163:716-723.
• Edel MA, Rudel A, Hubert C, Scheele D, Brüne M, Juckel G et al. 2010. Alexithymia, emotion processing and social anxiety in adults with ADHD. Eur J Med Res. 15:403-409.
• Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Wilens T, Norman D, Lapey KA et al. 1993. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 150:1792–1798.
• Koyuncu A, Tutkunkardaş D, Binbay Z, Özyıldırım I, Ertekin E, Tükel R., 2012. The prevalence and clinical features of adult attention deficit hiperactivity disorder in social anxiety disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 27(suppl 1): P-119.
• Adler LA, Liebowitz M, Kronenberger W, Qiao M, Rubin R, Hollandbeck M et al. 2009. Atomoxetine treatment in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 26:212–221.
• Geller D, Donnelly C, Lopez F, Rubin R, Newcorn J, Sutton V, et al. 2007. Atomoxetine treatment for pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 46:1119–1127.
• Rösler M, Casas M, Konofal E, Buitelaar J. 2010. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. World J Biol Psychiatry. 11(5):684–698.
• Das D, Cherbuin N, Butterworth P, Anstey KJ, Easteal S. 20102. A population based study of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and associated impairment in middle-aged adults. PLoS One. 7(2):e31500.
• Wilens TE, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Martelon M, Westerberg D, Spencer TJ. 2009. Presenting ADHD symptoms, subtypes, and comorbid disorders in clinically referred adults with ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry. 70(11):1557–1562.
• Asherson P, Akehurst R, Kooij JJ, Huss M, Beusterien K, Sasané R, et al. 2012. Under diagnosis of adult ADHD: cultural influences and societal burden. J Atten Disord. 16(Suppl 5):20S–38S.
• Able S L, Haynes V, Hong J. 2014. Diagnosis, treatment, and burden of illness among adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in Europe. Pragmatic and Observational Research. 2014:5
• Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, Carpentier PJ, et al. 2010. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry. 10:67.
• Biederman J, Faraonea S V, Monuteauxa M C, Boberb M, Cadogenb E., 2004. Gender effects on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder in adults, revisited. Biological Psychiatry. 55: pp. 692–700
• Park S, Cho M J, Chang S M, Jeon H J, Cho S, Kim B, et al. 2011. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidities of adult ADHD symptoms in Korea: Results of the Korean epidemiologic catchment area study. Clinical Key. Volume 186, Issue 2-3, Pages 378-383.
• Sobanski E., Bruggemann D., Alm B., Kern S., Deschner M., Schubert T. et al. 2007. Psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment in a clinically referred sample of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 257: pp. 371-377