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THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 43 - 48, 15.04.2021

Hasan Hüseyin Doğan , Rüstem Duman

https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.805545
Cited By: 1

Öz

The trend towards natural products in the world is increasing due to the increased drug resistance of infectious diseases, the high prices for drugs and the difficulty of access. Also, bacterial or viral diseases that are difficult to treat and need a long time for proper treatment cause important infections in people. Since effective drugs could not be developed for most viral infections, it is very important to find natural products against viruses to introduce them to the world of science. The antiviral activities of the aqueous and methanol extract from Ferula halophila Peşmen, an endemic species to Turkey, has been investigated against human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV, ATCC-VR-26). The cytotoxic and antiviral properties of plant extracts were investigated in HRSV / HEp-2 cell systems, respectively by the colorimetric MTT assay.
In the study, the titer of RSV was used as 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose). While MNTC (Maximum non-toxic concentration) of methanol extract was 195.313 µg/mL and CC50 (50% cytotoxic concentration) was 4366.22 µg/mL, it was determined as MNTC = 390.625 µg/mL and CC50 = 4366.22 for aqueous extract. According to the results, methanol extract showed more toxicity than the aqueous extract. The MNTC of Ribavirin used as a positive control was determined as 0.98 µg/mL and CC50 was 110.40 µg/mL.
As a result of the study, it was determined that the methanol extract was not effective, whereas the aqueous extract had a significant anti-HRSV activity with the values of 50.69 µg/mL EC50 (50% Effective Concentration) and 97.54 Selectivity Index (SI). The EC50 and SI values of Ribavirin were 2.39 µg/mL and 46.19, respectively.
According to the results, we can explain the presence of antiviral activity only in the aqueous extract and the absence in the methanol extract by the high toxicity of it and the insolubility of the antiviral compounds in the methanol extract.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ferula halophila methanol and aqueous extract cytotoxicity antiviral activity human respiratory syncytial virus

Destekleyen Kurum

Selcuk University, Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office

Proje Numarası

BAP/17401079

Teşekkür

This study was supported by Selcuk University, Scientific Research Projects Coordinating Office (BAP/17401079).

Kaynakça

  • 1. Ahmed, A.A. 1999. Sesquiterpene coumarins and sesquiterpenes from Ferula sinaica. Phytochemistry, 50: 109-112.
  • 2. Ahmed, A.A., Abd El-Razek, M.H., Nassar, M.I., Izuma, S., Ohta, S. & Hirata, T. 2001. Sesquiterpene coumarins from the roots of Ferula assa-foetida. Phytochemistry, 58: 1289-1295.
  • 3. Andrighetti-Fröhmer, C.R., Antonio, R.V., Greczynski-Pasa, T.B., Barardi, C.R.M. & Simões, C.M.O. 2003. Cytotoxicity and potential antiviral evaluation of violacein produced by Chromobacterium violaceum. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98: 843-848.
  • 4. Baytop, T. 1984. Türkiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları No: 3255, İstanbul, 371 pp.
  • 5. Chattopadhyay, D., Chawla-Sarkar, M., Chatterjee, T., Dey, R.S., Bag, P., Chakraborti, S. & Khan, M.T.H. 2009. Recent advancements for the evaluation of antiviral activities of natural products. New Biotechnol, 25: 347-368.
  • 6. Collins, P.L. & Crowe, J.E. 2007. Respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus. pp: 1601-1646. In: Knipe D.M., Howley P.M., Griffin D.E., Martin M.A., Lamb R.A., Roizman B., Straus S.E. (eds.). Fields Virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2501 pp.
  • 7. Collins, P.L. & Melero, J.A. 2011. Progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: still crazy after all these years. Virus Research, 162: 80-99.
  • 8. Davis, P.H. 1972. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Vol: 4. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 657 pp.
  • 9. Downie, S.R., Watson, M.F., Spalik, K. & Katz-Downie D.S. 2000. Molecular systematics of old World 2. Apioideae (Apiaceae): relationships among some members of tribe Peucedaneae sensu lato, the placement of several island-endemic species, and resolution within the apioid superclade. Canadian Journal of Botany, 78: 506-528.
  • 10. Drude, O. 1898. Ferula L. In A. Engler (Ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, Vol. 3(8): 228-232.
  • 11. Dudas, R.A. & Karron R.A. 1998. Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 11(3): 430-439.
  • 12. Duman, R. 2016. Antiviral activity of Ferula halophila Peşmen against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 2(4): 1-9.
  • 13. Durbin, A.P & Karron, R.A. 2003. Progress in the development of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus vaccines. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37(12): 1668-1677.
  • 14. Falsey, A.R. & Walsh, E.E. 2000. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13(3): 371-384.
  • 15. Ghannadi, A., Fattahian, K., Shokoohinia, Y., Behbahani, M. & Shahnoush, A. 2014. Anti-viral evaluation of sesquiterpene coumarins from Ferula assa-foetida against HSV-1. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(2): 523-530.
  • 16. Gliszczyńska, A. & Brodelius, P.E. 2012. Sesquiterpene coumarins. Phytochemistry, 11(1): 77-96.
  • 17. Gonzalez, A.G. & Barrera, J.B. 1995. Chemistry and the sources of mono- and bicyclic sesquiterpenes from Ferula species. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, 64: 1-92.
  • 18. Hall, C.B., Weinberg, G.A., Iwane, M.K., Blumkin, A.K., Edwards, K.M., Staat, M.A., Auinger, P., Griffin, M.R., Poehling, K.A., Erdman, D., Grijalva, C.G., Zhu, Y. & Szilagyi, P. 2009. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus in young children. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360(6): 588-598.
  • 19. Ho, W.S., Xue, J.Y., Sun, S.S., Ooi, V.E. & Li, Y.L. 2010. Antiviral activity of daphnoretin isolated from Wikstroemia indica. Phytotherapy Research, 24(5): 657-661.
  • 20. Iranshahi, M., Amin, G. & Shafiee, A. 2004. A new coumarin from Ferula persica. Pharmaceutical Biology, 42: 440-442.
  • 21. Iranshahy, M. & Iranshahi, M. 2011. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin)-A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(1): 1-10.
  • 22. Kaerber, G. 1964. Diagnostic procedures for virus and rickettsial disease. Public Health Association, 3: 48-50.
  • 23. Kajimoto, T., Yahiro, K. & Nohara, T. 1998. Sesquiterpenoid and disulphide derivatives from Ferula assa-foetida. Phytochemistry, 28: 1761-1763.
  • 24. Kapoor, L.D. 1990. Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 424 pp.
  • 25. Kneyber, M.C.J., Mou, H.A. & Groot, R.D. 2000. Treatment and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection. European Journal of Paediatrics, 159: 339-411.
  • 26. Lambert, L., Sagfors, A.M., Openshaw, P.J. & Culley, F.J. 2014. Immunity to RSV in early-life. Frontiers in Immunology, 5: 466.
  • 27. Lee, C.L., Chiang, L.C., Cheng, L.H., Liaw, C.C., El-Razek, M.H.A., Chang, F.R. & Wu, Y.C. 2009. Influenza A (H1N1) antiviral and cytotoxic agents from Ferula assa-foetida. Journal of Natural Products, 72: 1568-1572.
  • 28. Li, Y., Ooi, L.S., Wang, H., But, P.P. & Ooi, V.E. 2004. Antiviral activities of medicinal herbs traditionally used in southern mainland China. Phytotherapy Research, 18: 718-722.
  • 29. Lindsay, B., Helen, G., Michael, D. & Ultan, F.P. 2015. Respiratory syncytial virus, an ongoing medical dilemma: an expert commentary on respiratory syncytial virus prophylactic and therapeutic pharmaceuticals currently in clinical trials. Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, 9(4): 169-178.
  • 30. Mohamed, S.M., Ibrahim, N.A., Ali, M.A. & Faraid, M.A. 2006. Chemical composition, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Ferula hormonis, Plectranthus coleoides and Magnolia grandiflora. Planta Medica, 72: 113.
  • 31. Mozaffarian, V. 1996. A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Farhang Moaser Publications, Tahran, 70 pp.
  • 32. Nair, H., Nokes, D.J., Gessner, B.D., Dherani, M., Madhi, S.A., Singleton, R.J., O'Brien, K.L., Roca, A., Wright, P.F., Bruce, N., Chandran, A., Theodoratou, E., Sutanto, A., Sedyaningsih, E.R., Ngama, M., Munywoki, P.K., Kartasasmita, C., Simões, E.A., Rudan, I., Weber, M.W. & Campbell, H. 2010. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 375 (9725): 1545-1555.
  • 33. Naithani, R., Huma, L.C., Holland, L.E., Shukla, D., Mccormick, D.L., Mehta, R.G. & Moriarty, R.M. 2008. Antiviral activity of phytochemicals: A comprehensive review. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 8: 1106-1133.
  • 34. Nazari, Z.E. & Iranshahi, M. 2011. Biologically active sesquiterpene coumarins from Ferula species. Phytotherapy Research, 25: 315-323.
  • 35. Pelaez, A., Lyon, G.M., Force, S.D., Ramirez, A.M., Neujahr, D.C., Foster, M., Naik, P.M., Gal, A.A., Mitchell, P.O. & Lawrence E.C. 2009. Efficacy of oral ribavirin in lung transplant patients with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 28(1): 67-71.
  • 36. Samsam Shariat, S.H. & Moattar F. 1990. Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, Mashal Publications, Isfahan. p. 431-433.
  • 37. Schinazi, R.F., Coats, S.J., Bassit, L.C., Lennerstrand, J., Nettles, J.H. & Hurwitz S.J. 2009. Approaches for the development of antiviral compounds: the case of hepatitis C virus. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 189: 25-51.
  • 38. Shoemaker, M., Cohen, I. & Campbell M. 2004. Reduction of MTT by aqueous herbal extracts in the absence of cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93(2-3): 381-384.
  • 39. Tamemoto, K., Takaishi, Y., Chen, B., Kawazoe, K., Shibata, H., Higuti, T., Honda, G., Ito, M., Takeda, Y., Kodzhimatov, O.K. & Ashurmetov, O. 2001. Sesquiterpenoids from the fruits of Ferula kuhistanica and antibacterial activity of the constituents of F. kuhistanica. Phytochemistry, 58: 763-767.
  • 40. Varga, S.M. & Braciale, T.J. 2013. The adaptive immune response to respiratory syncytial virus. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 372: 155-171.
  • 41. Zengin, G., Uysal, A., Diuzheva, A., Gunes, E., Jekő, J., Cziáky, Z., Picot-Allain, C.M.N. & Mahomoodally, M.F. 2018. Characterization of phytochemical components of Ferula halophila extracts using HPLC-MS/MS and their pharmacological potentials: a multi-functional insight. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 160: 374-382.
  • 42. Zhai, L.L., Liu, T., Xie, H.Q., Xie, Y.H. & Mu, Q. 2012. Inhibition effects on Hepatitis B virus replication by hydrophobic extracts from Ferula ferulaeoides (Steud.) Korov. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(8): 1486-1488.
  • 43. Zhou, Y., Xin, F., Zhang, G., Qu, H., Yang, D. & Han, X. 2017. Recent advances on bioactive constituents in Ferula. Drug Development Research 78(7): 321-331.

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 43 - 48, 15.04.2021

Hasan Hüseyin Doğan , Rüstem Duman

https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.805545
Cited By: 1

Öz

Dünyada doğal ürünlere yönelik eğilim, enfeksiyöz hastalıkların ilaç direncindeki artış, yüksek ilaç fiyatları ve erişim zorluğu nedeniyle artmaktadır. Ayrıca, tedavisi zor ve uzun süren bakteriyal veya viral hastalıklar insanlar üzerinde önemli enfeksiyonlara neden olur. Çoğu viral enfeksiyon için etkili bir ilaç geliştirilemediğinden, virüslere karşı doğal ürünlerin bulunması ve bilim dünyasına tanıtılması çok önemlidir. Bu amaçla, Türkiye'ye endemik bir tür olan Ferula halophila Peşmen'den elde edilen su ve metanol ekstrelerinin antiviral aktiviteleri, insan solunum sinsityal virüsüne (HRSV, ATCC-VR-26) karşı araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, bitki ekstrelerinin sitotoksik ve antiviral özellikleri sırasıyla, HRSV/HEp-2 hücre sistemlerinde kolorimetrik MTT deneyi ile araştırılmıştır. RSV’nin titresi 100 DKID50 (%50 Doku kültürü infektif doz) olarak kullanılmıştır.
Metanol ekstresinin MNTC’u (Maksimum non toksik konsantrasyon) 195,313 µg/mL ve CC50’u (%50 sitotoksik konsantrasyon) 4366,22 µg/mL, su ekstresinin ise MNTC’u 390,625 µg/mL ve CC50 4366,22 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre metanol ekstresi su ekstresinden daha toksik özellik göstermiştir. Kontrol olarak kulllanılan Ribavirinin MNTC 0,98 µg/mL ve CC50 ise 110,40 µg/mL olarak belirlenmiştir. Antiviral çalışma sonucunda metanol ekstresinin etkili olmadığı, buna karşın su ektresinin 50,69 µg/mL EC50 (%50 etkili konsantrasyon) ve 97,54 SI (Seçicilik indeksi) değerleri ile önemli bir anti-HRSV aktivitesi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ribavirinin EC50 ve SI değerleri ise sırasıyla 2,39 ve 46,19 µg/mL dir.
Elde edilen sonuçlara göre sadece su ekstresinde antiviral aktivitenin görülmesi ve metanol ekstresinde antiviral aktivitenin olmayışını, methanol ekstresinin toksitesinin yüksek olması ve antiviral özellikte olan bileşiklerin metanol ekstresinde çözünmemesiyle açıklayabiliriz.

Proje Numarası

BAP/17401079

Kaynakça

  • 1. Ahmed, A.A. 1999. Sesquiterpene coumarins and sesquiterpenes from Ferula sinaica. Phytochemistry, 50: 109-112.
  • 2. Ahmed, A.A., Abd El-Razek, M.H., Nassar, M.I., Izuma, S., Ohta, S. & Hirata, T. 2001. Sesquiterpene coumarins from the roots of Ferula assa-foetida. Phytochemistry, 58: 1289-1295.
  • 3. Andrighetti-Fröhmer, C.R., Antonio, R.V., Greczynski-Pasa, T.B., Barardi, C.R.M. & Simões, C.M.O. 2003. Cytotoxicity and potential antiviral evaluation of violacein produced by Chromobacterium violaceum. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98: 843-848.
  • 4. Baytop, T. 1984. Türkiye’de Bitkilerle Tedavi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Yayınları No: 3255, İstanbul, 371 pp.
  • 5. Chattopadhyay, D., Chawla-Sarkar, M., Chatterjee, T., Dey, R.S., Bag, P., Chakraborti, S. & Khan, M.T.H. 2009. Recent advancements for the evaluation of antiviral activities of natural products. New Biotechnol, 25: 347-368.
  • 6. Collins, P.L. & Crowe, J.E. 2007. Respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus. pp: 1601-1646. In: Knipe D.M., Howley P.M., Griffin D.E., Martin M.A., Lamb R.A., Roizman B., Straus S.E. (eds.). Fields Virology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2501 pp.
  • 7. Collins, P.L. & Melero, J.A. 2011. Progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: still crazy after all these years. Virus Research, 162: 80-99.
  • 8. Davis, P.H. 1972. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands Vol: 4. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 657 pp.
  • 9. Downie, S.R., Watson, M.F., Spalik, K. & Katz-Downie D.S. 2000. Molecular systematics of old World 2. Apioideae (Apiaceae): relationships among some members of tribe Peucedaneae sensu lato, the placement of several island-endemic species, and resolution within the apioid superclade. Canadian Journal of Botany, 78: 506-528.
  • 10. Drude, O. 1898. Ferula L. In A. Engler (Ed.), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, Vol. 3(8): 228-232.
  • 11. Dudas, R.A. & Karron R.A. 1998. Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 11(3): 430-439.
  • 12. Duman, R. 2016. Antiviral activity of Ferula halophila Peşmen against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 2(4): 1-9.
  • 13. Durbin, A.P & Karron, R.A. 2003. Progress in the development of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus vaccines. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37(12): 1668-1677.
  • 14. Falsey, A.R. & Walsh, E.E. 2000. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 13(3): 371-384.
  • 15. Ghannadi, A., Fattahian, K., Shokoohinia, Y., Behbahani, M. & Shahnoush, A. 2014. Anti-viral evaluation of sesquiterpene coumarins from Ferula assa-foetida against HSV-1. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(2): 523-530.
  • 16. Gliszczyńska, A. & Brodelius, P.E. 2012. Sesquiterpene coumarins. Phytochemistry, 11(1): 77-96.
  • 17. Gonzalez, A.G. & Barrera, J.B. 1995. Chemistry and the sources of mono- and bicyclic sesquiterpenes from Ferula species. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, 64: 1-92.
  • 18. Hall, C.B., Weinberg, G.A., Iwane, M.K., Blumkin, A.K., Edwards, K.M., Staat, M.A., Auinger, P., Griffin, M.R., Poehling, K.A., Erdman, D., Grijalva, C.G., Zhu, Y. & Szilagyi, P. 2009. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus in young children. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360(6): 588-598.
  • 19. Ho, W.S., Xue, J.Y., Sun, S.S., Ooi, V.E. & Li, Y.L. 2010. Antiviral activity of daphnoretin isolated from Wikstroemia indica. Phytotherapy Research, 24(5): 657-661.
  • 20. Iranshahi, M., Amin, G. & Shafiee, A. 2004. A new coumarin from Ferula persica. Pharmaceutical Biology, 42: 440-442.
  • 21. Iranshahy, M. & Iranshahi, M. 2011. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin)-A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 134(1): 1-10.
  • 22. Kaerber, G. 1964. Diagnostic procedures for virus and rickettsial disease. Public Health Association, 3: 48-50.
  • 23. Kajimoto, T., Yahiro, K. & Nohara, T. 1998. Sesquiterpenoid and disulphide derivatives from Ferula assa-foetida. Phytochemistry, 28: 1761-1763.
  • 24. Kapoor, L.D. 1990. Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 424 pp.
  • 25. Kneyber, M.C.J., Mou, H.A. & Groot, R.D. 2000. Treatment and prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection. European Journal of Paediatrics, 159: 339-411.
  • 26. Lambert, L., Sagfors, A.M., Openshaw, P.J. & Culley, F.J. 2014. Immunity to RSV in early-life. Frontiers in Immunology, 5: 466.
  • 27. Lee, C.L., Chiang, L.C., Cheng, L.H., Liaw, C.C., El-Razek, M.H.A., Chang, F.R. & Wu, Y.C. 2009. Influenza A (H1N1) antiviral and cytotoxic agents from Ferula assa-foetida. Journal of Natural Products, 72: 1568-1572.
  • 28. Li, Y., Ooi, L.S., Wang, H., But, P.P. & Ooi, V.E. 2004. Antiviral activities of medicinal herbs traditionally used in southern mainland China. Phytotherapy Research, 18: 718-722.
  • 29. Lindsay, B., Helen, G., Michael, D. & Ultan, F.P. 2015. Respiratory syncytial virus, an ongoing medical dilemma: an expert commentary on respiratory syncytial virus prophylactic and therapeutic pharmaceuticals currently in clinical trials. Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, 9(4): 169-178.
  • 30. Mohamed, S.M., Ibrahim, N.A., Ali, M.A. & Faraid, M.A. 2006. Chemical composition, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Ferula hormonis, Plectranthus coleoides and Magnolia grandiflora. Planta Medica, 72: 113.
  • 31. Mozaffarian, V. 1996. A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Farhang Moaser Publications, Tahran, 70 pp.
  • 32. Nair, H., Nokes, D.J., Gessner, B.D., Dherani, M., Madhi, S.A., Singleton, R.J., O'Brien, K.L., Roca, A., Wright, P.F., Bruce, N., Chandran, A., Theodoratou, E., Sutanto, A., Sedyaningsih, E.R., Ngama, M., Munywoki, P.K., Kartasasmita, C., Simões, E.A., Rudan, I., Weber, M.W. & Campbell, H. 2010. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 375 (9725): 1545-1555.
  • 33. Naithani, R., Huma, L.C., Holland, L.E., Shukla, D., Mccormick, D.L., Mehta, R.G. & Moriarty, R.M. 2008. Antiviral activity of phytochemicals: A comprehensive review. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 8: 1106-1133.
  • 34. Nazari, Z.E. & Iranshahi, M. 2011. Biologically active sesquiterpene coumarins from Ferula species. Phytotherapy Research, 25: 315-323.
  • 35. Pelaez, A., Lyon, G.M., Force, S.D., Ramirez, A.M., Neujahr, D.C., Foster, M., Naik, P.M., Gal, A.A., Mitchell, P.O. & Lawrence E.C. 2009. Efficacy of oral ribavirin in lung transplant patients with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 28(1): 67-71.
  • 36. Samsam Shariat, S.H. & Moattar F. 1990. Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, Mashal Publications, Isfahan. p. 431-433.
  • 37. Schinazi, R.F., Coats, S.J., Bassit, L.C., Lennerstrand, J., Nettles, J.H. & Hurwitz S.J. 2009. Approaches for the development of antiviral compounds: the case of hepatitis C virus. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 189: 25-51.
  • 38. Shoemaker, M., Cohen, I. & Campbell M. 2004. Reduction of MTT by aqueous herbal extracts in the absence of cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 93(2-3): 381-384.
  • 39. Tamemoto, K., Takaishi, Y., Chen, B., Kawazoe, K., Shibata, H., Higuti, T., Honda, G., Ito, M., Takeda, Y., Kodzhimatov, O.K. & Ashurmetov, O. 2001. Sesquiterpenoids from the fruits of Ferula kuhistanica and antibacterial activity of the constituents of F. kuhistanica. Phytochemistry, 58: 763-767.
  • 40. Varga, S.M. & Braciale, T.J. 2013. The adaptive immune response to respiratory syncytial virus. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 372: 155-171.
  • 41. Zengin, G., Uysal, A., Diuzheva, A., Gunes, E., Jekő, J., Cziáky, Z., Picot-Allain, C.M.N. & Mahomoodally, M.F. 2018. Characterization of phytochemical components of Ferula halophila extracts using HPLC-MS/MS and their pharmacological potentials: a multi-functional insight. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 160: 374-382.
  • 42. Zhai, L.L., Liu, T., Xie, H.Q., Xie, Y.H. & Mu, Q. 2012. Inhibition effects on Hepatitis B virus replication by hydrophobic extracts from Ferula ferulaeoides (Steud.) Korov. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(8): 1486-1488.
  • 43. Zhou, Y., Xin, F., Zhang, G., Qu, H., Yang, D. & Han, X. 2017. Recent advances on bioactive constituents in Ferula. Drug Development Research 78(7): 321-331.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article
Yazarlar

Hasan Hüseyin Doğan 0000-0001-8859-0188

Rüstem Duman 0000-0002-2320-7448

Proje Numarası BAP/17401079
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ekim 2020
Kabul Tarihi 5 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan, H. H., & Duman, R. (2021). THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 22(1), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.805545
AMA Doğan HH, Duman R. THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci. Nisan 2021;22(1):43-48. doi:10.23902/trkjnat.805545
Chicago Doğan, Hasan Hüseyin, ve Rüstem Duman. “THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula Halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY”. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences 22, sy. 1 (Nisan 2021): 43-48. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.805545.
EndNote Doğan HH, Duman R (01 Nisan 2021) THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences 22 1 43–48.
IEEE H. H. Doğan ve R. Duman, “THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY”, Trakya Univ J Nat Sci, c. 22, sy. 1, ss. 43–48, 2021, doi: 10.23902/trkjnat.805545.
ISNAD Doğan, Hasan Hüseyin - Duman, Rüstem. “THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula Halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY”. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences 22/1 (Nisan 2021), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.23902/trkjnat.805545.
JAMA Doğan HH, Duman R. THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci. 2021;22:43–48.
MLA Doğan, Hasan Hüseyin ve Rüstem Duman. “THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula Halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY”. Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, c. 22, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 43-48, doi:10.23902/trkjnat.805545.
Vancouver Doğan HH, Duman R. THE ANTI HRSV ACTIVITY OF Ferula halophila Peşmen AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACT BY MTT ASSAY. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci. 2021;22(1):43-8.

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