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The Reflection of the Censorship Applied on Radio Broadcasts in Propaganda Posters in the Second World War

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 250 - 269, 23.01.2020

Öz

Radio has been one of the most effective mass media used by Allied and Axis Powers in World  War II. The transboundary effect of the radio led to the exposure of the countries to the radio broadcasts of the enemy countries during the war. In this process, some countries started to apply censorship in order to prevent the radio broadcasts coming from the hostile countries from being heard by their own people. In this study, propaganda posters about the radio censorship of the countries during the Second World War were examined by using semiotic analysis method and it was aimed to shed light on the censorship practices for radio broadcasting in the war in the light of the findings obtained. As a result of this study, it was found that the people who listened to the radio broadcasts of hostile countries were presented as traitors, while the people who unconsciously broadcasted on the radio were presented as facilitators. On the other hand, it was revealed that the main purpose of the radio broadcasters from the hostile countries was the evil of the people and so it was aimed to discredit the enemy radio broadcasts through posters.

Kaynakça

  • Adena, M., Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., Santarosa, V., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2015). Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(4), 1885-1939.
  • Akarcalı, S. (2003). İkinci Dünya Savaşında İletişim ve Propaganda. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • All World Wars (2019). "Sırbistan İşgal Bölgesi'nin Propaganda Posteri", http://www. allworldwars. com/ Nazi- Collaboration- Posters- 1939- 1945. html, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • AWM (2019). "Avustralya'nın Propaganda Posteri", https:// www. awm. gov. au/ collection /ARTV00045/, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • Blue, H. (2002). Words at War: World War II Era Radio Drama and the Postwar Broadcasting Industry Blacklist. The United States: Scarecrow Press.
  • Calvin College (2019). "Nazi Almanyası'nın Propaganda Posteri", https:// www. bytwerk. com /gpa/ posters3. htm, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • Canuel, A. (2006). The Influence of the British Empire through the Development of Communications in Canada: French Radio Broadcasting during the Second World War. In Media and the British Empire (pp. 219-232). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cozma, R. (2010). From Murrow To Mediocrity? Radio Foreign News from World War II to the Iraq War. Journalism Studies, 11(5), 667-682.
  • Cull, N. J. (1993). Radio Propaganda and the Art of Understatement: British Broadcasting and American Neutrality, 1939–1941. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 13(4), 403-431.
  • Daniels, G. (1982). Japanese Domestic Radio and Cinema Propaganda, 1937–1945: An Overview. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 2(2), 115-132.
  • Delporte, C. (2001). Humour as a Strategy in Propaganda Film: the Case of a French Cartoon From 1944. Journal of European Studies, 31(123), 367-377.
  • Dinsman, M. (2015). Modernism at the Microphone: Radio, Propaganda, and Literary Aesthetics During World War II. The United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Doherty, M. (1994). Black Propaganda by Radio: the German Concordia Broadcasts to Britain 1940–1941. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 14(2), 167-197.
  • Dow, J. B. (1946). Navy Radio and Electronics during World War II. Proceedings of the IRE, 34(5), 284-287.
  • Eberle, H. & Uhl, M. (2017). Hitler Kitabı. Çev., M. Tüzel. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev., Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Ganor, S. (2018). Forbidden Words, Banished Voices: Jewish Refugees at the Service of BBC Propaganda to Wartime Germany. Journal of Contemporary History, 1–23.
  • Garay, R. (1995). Guarding the Airwaves: Government Regulation of World War II American Radio. Journal of Radio Studies, 3(1), 130-148.
  • Graves Jr, H. N. (1940). Lord Haw-Haw of Hamburg: 1. The Campaign Against Britain. Public Opinion Quarterly, 4(3), 429-442.
  • Catalog Archives (2019). "ABD'nin Propaganda Posteri", https:/ /catalog. archives. gov/ id/ 535385, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Gülada, M. O. & Çakı, C. (2019). İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Sovyet Partizanlara Yönelik Hazırlanan Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 123-143.
  • Gülada, M. O., Gazi, M. A. & Çakı, C. (2019). Nazi Propagandasının Ulusal Seferberlikte İdealize Ettiği Alman Genç Kızları “Das Deutsche Mädel” Dergisi Üzerine İnceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(2), 1079-1100.
  • Hadlow, M. (2004). The Mosquito Network: American Military Radio in the Solomon Islands during World War II. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1), 73-86.
  • Hart, B. L. (2015). İkinci Dünya Savaşı Tarihi. Çev., Kerim Bağrıaçık. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Hodge, E. (1995). Radio Wars: Truth, Propaganda and the Struggle for Radio Australia. The United Kingdom: CUP Archive.
  • Holmes, C. (1994). ‘Germany Calling’: Lord Haw–Haw’s Treason. Twentieth Century British History, 5(1), 118-121.
  • Horten, G. (1996). “Propaganda must be Painless”: Radio Entertainment and Government Propaganda during World War II. Prospects, 21, 373-395.
  • Horten, G. (2003). Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda during World War II. The United States: Univ of California Press.
  • Karaburun Doğan, D. & Çakı, C. (2019). Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı’nda Müziğin Milliyetçilik İnşasında Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanılması: Girne'den Yol Bağladık Anadolu'ya Şarkısı Üzerine İnceleme. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, (14), 214-229.
  • Keene, J. (2008). Treason on the Airwaves: Three Allied Broadcasters on Axis Radio during World War II, The United States: ABC-CLIO.
  • Larew, K. G. (2005). From Pigeons to Crystals: The Development of Radio Communication in US Army Tanks in World War II. The Historian, 67(4), 664-677.
  • Loviglio, J. (2004). Radio in Wartime: The Politics of Propaganda, Race, and the American Way in the Second World War, American Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 4, 1079-1087.
  • Macksey, K. J. (2012). İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Askeri Hatalar. Çev., M. Tanju Akad. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Masaharu, S. (1999). 'Negro Propaganda Operations': Japan's Short-Wave Radio Broadcasts for World War II Black Americans. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 19(1), 5-26.
  • Meckiffe, D., & Murray, M. (1998). Radio and the Black Soldier during World War II. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 15(4), 337-356.
  • Meo, L. D. (1968). Japan's Radio War on Australia, 1941-1945, Australia: Melbourne University.
  • Mizuno, T. (2013). A Disturbing and Ominous Voice from a Different Shore: Japanese Radio Propaganda and Its Impact on the US Government’s Treatment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, 24, 105-124.
  • Paris Musees Collections (2019). "Vichy Fransası'nın Propaganda Posteri", http:// parismuseescollections. paris.fr /fr/musee- carnavalet/ oeuvres/le- vrai- visage -de-la -france-libre- le- general- micro- fourrier- des-juifs #infos -principales, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • Pound, E. (1978). "Ezra Pound Speaking": Radio Speeches of World War II (No. 37). Greenwood Press.
  • Powley, A. E. (1975). Broadcast from the Front: Canadian Radio Overseas in the Second World War (No. 11). Toronto: Hakkert.
  • Reinhartz, D. (1999). Unmarked Graves: the Destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945. Journal of Genocide Research, 1(1), 81-89.
  • Ribeiro, N. (2012). A New Medium at War: The Importance of Foreign Radio Reports in Portugal during World War II. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 5(2), 219-231.
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Savage, B. D. (1999). Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race, 1938-1948. The United States: UNC Press Books.
  • Siegel, S. N. (1939). Radio and Propaganda. Air L. Rev., 10, 127-145.
  • Socolow, M. J. (2007). “News is a Weapon”: Domestic Radio Propaganda and Broadcast Journalism in America, 1939–1944. American Journalism, 24(3), 109-131.
  • Spiller, J. (2004). This is War! Network Radio and World War II Propaganda in America. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1), 55-72.
  • Sterling, C. H. (2004). CBQ REVIEW ESSAY (Part Two): International Radio Propaganda in World War II. Communication Booknotes Quarterly, 35(3), 166-175.
  • Sweeney, M. S. (2001). Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II. The United States: Univ of North Carolina Press.
  • Tanyeri Mazıcı, E., & Çakı, C. (2018). Adolf Hitler’in Korku Çekiciliği Bağlamında Kamu Spotu Reklamlarında Kullanımı. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(3), 290-306.
  • Webster, W. (2011). ‘The Whim of Foreigners’: Language, Speech, and Sound in Second World War British Film and Radio. Twentieth Century British History, 23(3), 359-382.
  • Welch, D. (2004). Nazi Propaganda and the Volksgemeinschaft: Constructing a People’s Community. Journal of Contemporary History, 39(2), 213-238.
  • Wiederroth, N. (2012). Radio Broadcasting for Blacks during the Second World War:" It Could be Dangerous..". Historia, 57(2), 104-149.
  • Zorlu, Y., Çakı, C., & Karaca, M. (2017). Nazism Ideology in Turkish Cinema: “Kırımlı” Film and Semiotics Analysis. Sosyoloji Konferansları, (56), 67-95.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Radyo Yayınlarında Uygulanan Sansürün Propaganda Posterlerine Yansıması

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 250 - 269, 23.01.2020

Öz

Radyo, gerek Müttefik
gerekse Mihver Devletleri tarafından İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda en etkili 
kullanılan kitle iletişim
araçlarından biri olmuştur. Savaş döneminde radyonun sınırları aşan 
etkisi, ülkelerin, düşman
ülkelerin radyo yayınlarına maruz kalmasına yol açmaktaydı. Bu 
süreçte bazı ülkeler, düşman
ülkelerden gelen radyo yayınlarının kendi halkları tarafından 
dinlenmesini önlemek için
sansür uygulamaya başlamıştı. Diğer yandan bazı ülkelerde radyoda 
uygulanan sansüre karşın
düşman ülkelerin halklarının kendi radyo yayınlarını dinlemesini teşvik 
etmeye çalışmaktaydı. Bu
çalışmada İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında ülkelerin radyo sansürünü 
konu alan propaganda
posterleri göstergebilimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiş ve 
elde edilen bulgular
kapsamında savaş döneminde radyo yayıncılığına yönelik gerçekleştirilen 
sansür uygulamalarına ışık
tutulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda düşman ülkelerin 
radyo yayınlarını dinleyenler
vatan haini, radyoda bilinçsizce yayın yapanlar ise düşmanların 
işlerini kolaylaştıran kişiler
olarak sunulmuştur. Diğer yandan düşman ülkelerden radyo yayını 
yapanların asıl amacının
halkın kötülüğü olduğu mesajları verilerek, düşman radyo yayınlarının 
posterler üzerinden
itibarsızlaştırılmasının amaçlandığı ortaya çıkarılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adena, M., Enikolopov, R., Petrova, M., Santarosa, V., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2015). Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(4), 1885-1939.
  • Akarcalı, S. (2003). İkinci Dünya Savaşında İletişim ve Propaganda. Ankara: İmaj Yayınevi.
  • All World Wars (2019). "Sırbistan İşgal Bölgesi'nin Propaganda Posteri", http://www. allworldwars. com/ Nazi- Collaboration- Posters- 1939- 1945. html, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • AWM (2019). "Avustralya'nın Propaganda Posteri", https:// www. awm. gov. au/ collection /ARTV00045/, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • Blue, H. (2002). Words at War: World War II Era Radio Drama and the Postwar Broadcasting Industry Blacklist. The United States: Scarecrow Press.
  • Calvin College (2019). "Nazi Almanyası'nın Propaganda Posteri", https:// www. bytwerk. com /gpa/ posters3. htm, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • Canuel, A. (2006). The Influence of the British Empire through the Development of Communications in Canada: French Radio Broadcasting during the Second World War. In Media and the British Empire (pp. 219-232). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Cozma, R. (2010). From Murrow To Mediocrity? Radio Foreign News from World War II to the Iraq War. Journalism Studies, 11(5), 667-682.
  • Cull, N. J. (1993). Radio Propaganda and the Art of Understatement: British Broadcasting and American Neutrality, 1939–1941. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 13(4), 403-431.
  • Daniels, G. (1982). Japanese Domestic Radio and Cinema Propaganda, 1937–1945: An Overview. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 2(2), 115-132.
  • Delporte, C. (2001). Humour as a Strategy in Propaganda Film: the Case of a French Cartoon From 1944. Journal of European Studies, 31(123), 367-377.
  • Dinsman, M. (2015). Modernism at the Microphone: Radio, Propaganda, and Literary Aesthetics During World War II. The United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Doherty, M. (1994). Black Propaganda by Radio: the German Concordia Broadcasts to Britain 1940–1941. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 14(2), 167-197.
  • Dow, J. B. (1946). Navy Radio and Electronics during World War II. Proceedings of the IRE, 34(5), 284-287.
  • Eberle, H. & Uhl, M. (2017). Hitler Kitabı. Çev., M. Tüzel. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları.
  • Fiske, J. (2017). İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş. Çev., Süleyman İrvan. 5. Basım. Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Ganor, S. (2018). Forbidden Words, Banished Voices: Jewish Refugees at the Service of BBC Propaganda to Wartime Germany. Journal of Contemporary History, 1–23.
  • Garay, R. (1995). Guarding the Airwaves: Government Regulation of World War II American Radio. Journal of Radio Studies, 3(1), 130-148.
  • Graves Jr, H. N. (1940). Lord Haw-Haw of Hamburg: 1. The Campaign Against Britain. Public Opinion Quarterly, 4(3), 429-442.
  • Catalog Archives (2019). "ABD'nin Propaganda Posteri", https:/ /catalog. archives. gov/ id/ 535385, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • Guiraud, P. (2016). Göstergebilim. Çev., Mehmet Yalçın. 3. Baskı. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Gülada, M. O. & Çakı, C. (2019). İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Sovyet Partizanlara Yönelik Hazırlanan Propaganda Posterleri Üzerine İnceleme. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 123-143.
  • Gülada, M. O., Gazi, M. A. & Çakı, C. (2019). Nazi Propagandasının Ulusal Seferberlikte İdealize Ettiği Alman Genç Kızları “Das Deutsche Mädel” Dergisi Üzerine İnceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 6(2), 1079-1100.
  • Hadlow, M. (2004). The Mosquito Network: American Military Radio in the Solomon Islands during World War II. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1), 73-86.
  • Hart, B. L. (2015). İkinci Dünya Savaşı Tarihi. Çev., Kerim Bağrıaçık. İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları.
  • Hodge, E. (1995). Radio Wars: Truth, Propaganda and the Struggle for Radio Australia. The United Kingdom: CUP Archive.
  • Holmes, C. (1994). ‘Germany Calling’: Lord Haw–Haw’s Treason. Twentieth Century British History, 5(1), 118-121.
  • Horten, G. (1996). “Propaganda must be Painless”: Radio Entertainment and Government Propaganda during World War II. Prospects, 21, 373-395.
  • Horten, G. (2003). Radio Goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda during World War II. The United States: Univ of California Press.
  • Karaburun Doğan, D. & Çakı, C. (2019). Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı’nda Müziğin Milliyetçilik İnşasında Propaganda Amaçlı Kullanılması: Girne'den Yol Bağladık Anadolu'ya Şarkısı Üzerine İnceleme. Eurasian Journal of Music and Dance, (14), 214-229.
  • Keene, J. (2008). Treason on the Airwaves: Three Allied Broadcasters on Axis Radio during World War II, The United States: ABC-CLIO.
  • Larew, K. G. (2005). From Pigeons to Crystals: The Development of Radio Communication in US Army Tanks in World War II. The Historian, 67(4), 664-677.
  • Loviglio, J. (2004). Radio in Wartime: The Politics of Propaganda, Race, and the American Way in the Second World War, American Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 4, 1079-1087.
  • Macksey, K. J. (2012). İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Askeri Hatalar. Çev., M. Tanju Akad. İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Masaharu, S. (1999). 'Negro Propaganda Operations': Japan's Short-Wave Radio Broadcasts for World War II Black Americans. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 19(1), 5-26.
  • Meckiffe, D., & Murray, M. (1998). Radio and the Black Soldier during World War II. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 15(4), 337-356.
  • Meo, L. D. (1968). Japan's Radio War on Australia, 1941-1945, Australia: Melbourne University.
  • Mizuno, T. (2013). A Disturbing and Ominous Voice from a Different Shore: Japanese Radio Propaganda and Its Impact on the US Government’s Treatment of Japanese Americans during World War II. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, 24, 105-124.
  • Paris Musees Collections (2019). "Vichy Fransası'nın Propaganda Posteri", http:// parismuseescollections. paris.fr /fr/musee- carnavalet/ oeuvres/le- vrai- visage -de-la -france-libre- le- general- micro- fourrier- des-juifs #infos -principales, Erişim Tarihi: 22.07.2019.
  • Pound, E. (1978). "Ezra Pound Speaking": Radio Speeches of World War II (No. 37). Greenwood Press.
  • Powley, A. E. (1975). Broadcast from the Front: Canadian Radio Overseas in the Second World War (No. 11). Toronto: Hakkert.
  • Reinhartz, D. (1999). Unmarked Graves: the Destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945. Journal of Genocide Research, 1(1), 81-89.
  • Ribeiro, N. (2012). A New Medium at War: The Importance of Foreign Radio Reports in Portugal during World War II. Journal of War & Culture Studies, 5(2), 219-231.
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Savage, B. D. (1999). Broadcasting Freedom: Radio, War, and the Politics of Race, 1938-1948. The United States: UNC Press Books.
  • Siegel, S. N. (1939). Radio and Propaganda. Air L. Rev., 10, 127-145.
  • Socolow, M. J. (2007). “News is a Weapon”: Domestic Radio Propaganda and Broadcast Journalism in America, 1939–1944. American Journalism, 24(3), 109-131.
  • Spiller, J. (2004). This is War! Network Radio and World War II Propaganda in America. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1), 55-72.
  • Sterling, C. H. (2004). CBQ REVIEW ESSAY (Part Two): International Radio Propaganda in World War II. Communication Booknotes Quarterly, 35(3), 166-175.
  • Sweeney, M. S. (2001). Secrets of Victory: The Office of Censorship and the American Press and Radio in World War II. The United States: Univ of North Carolina Press.
  • Tanyeri Mazıcı, E., & Çakı, C. (2018). Adolf Hitler’in Korku Çekiciliği Bağlamında Kamu Spotu Reklamlarında Kullanımı. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(3), 290-306.
  • Webster, W. (2011). ‘The Whim of Foreigners’: Language, Speech, and Sound in Second World War British Film and Radio. Twentieth Century British History, 23(3), 359-382.
  • Welch, D. (2004). Nazi Propaganda and the Volksgemeinschaft: Constructing a People’s Community. Journal of Contemporary History, 39(2), 213-238.
  • Wiederroth, N. (2012). Radio Broadcasting for Blacks during the Second World War:" It Could be Dangerous..". Historia, 57(2), 104-149.
  • Zorlu, Y., Çakı, C., & Karaca, M. (2017). Nazism Ideology in Turkish Cinema: “Kırımlı” Film and Semiotics Analysis. Sosyoloji Konferansları, (56), 67-95.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Gül Çakı 0000-0001-5501-0191

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Ocak 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2019
Kabul Tarihi 26 Kasım 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakı, G. (2020). İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Radyo Yayınlarında Uygulanan Sansürün Propaganda Posterlerine Yansıması. TRT Akademi, 5(9), 250-269.