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The USA Counter Propaganda Against Japanese Radio Propaganda in the Second World War: The Examination on Cartoon "Tokyo Woes"

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 182 - 203, 23.01.2020

Öz

The radio broadcasting of Japan in the Axis Powers aimed directly at the USA during the Second World War. In Japan's radio broadcasts, it was aimed to raise suspicion about the information provided by US radio broadcasts in the US public opinion. At this stage, the US administration turned to discrediting Japanese radio broadcasting in order to prevent the negative effects of Japanese radio broadcasts on the US public. One of them was the "Tokyo Woes", which was produced directly by the United States Navy against Japanese radio broadcasting. The messages which were given to discredit Japanese radio broadcasts were examined by using semiotic analysis method in qualitative research methods in "Tokyo Woes" cartoon prepared by the USA. The study is original research article in the field of radio and propaganda. The aim of this study is to reveal how USA used cartoons against Japanese radio propaganda in the Second World War as counter propaganda. The question "How did USA use cartoons in the Second World War to reduce the negative influence of Japan on US radio broadcasts?" was tried to answer in the study. According to the findings, it was revealed that it was the US military didn't rely on Japanese radio broadcasting and on the contrary, the US military continued to fight decisively. At the same time, it was put forth that the US people were encouraged to purchase war bonds through cartoon to support the US army.

Kaynakça

  • Boyd, D. A. (1983). Radio Free America: The U.S. Government's Reaction to Pirate Radio, Central States Speech Journal, 34:3, 203-209.
  • Brown, R. J. (2004). Manipulating the Ether: The Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America. The United States: McFarland.
  • Castaneda Paredes, M. (2003). The Transformation of Spanish-Language Radio in the US. Journal of Radio Studies, 10(1), 5-16.
  • Craig, D. B. (2000). Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920-1940. The United States: JHU Press.
  • Craig, S. (2001). "The Farmer's Friend": Radio Comes to Rural America, 1920–1927. Journal of Radio Studies, 8(2), 330-346.
  • Craig, S. (2006). "The More They Listen, the More They Buy" Radio and the Modernizing of Rural America, 1930-1939. Agricultural history, 1-16.
  • Crawford-Franklin, C., & Robinson, L. (2013). “Even in an Age of Wonders”: Radio as an Information Resource in 1920s America. Journal of Documentation, 69(3), 417-434.
  • Culbert, D. H. (1976). News for Everyman: Radio and Foreign Affairs in Thirties America. ABC-CLIO.
  • Daniels, G. (1982). Japanese Domestic Radio and Cinema Propaganda, 1937–1945: an Overview. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 2(2), 115-132.
  • Delporte, C. (2001). Humour as a Strategy in Propaganda Film: the Case of a French Cartoon from 1944. Journal of European Studies, 31(123), 367-377.
  • Dinsman, M. (2015). Modernism at the Microphone: Radio, Propaganda, and Literary Aesthetics During World War II. The United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Doherty, M. (1994). Black Propaganda by Radio: the German Concordia broadcasts to Britain 1940–1941. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 14(2), 167-197.
  • Doherty, M. A. (2000). Nazi Wireless Propaganda: Lord Haw-Haw and British Public Opinion in the Second World War. The United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press..
  • Douglas, S. J. (2013). Listening in: Radio and the American Imagination. The United States: U of Minnesota Press.
  • Engelman, R. (1996). Public Radio and Television in America. The United States: Sage.
  • Fandom (2019). "Tokyo Woes Çizgi Filmi", https:// looneytunes. fandom. com/ wiki/ Tokyo _Woes, Erişim Tarhi: 01.11.2019.
  • Funk, C. (1998). The Art in America Radio Programs, 1934–1935. Studies in Art Education, 40(1), 31-45.
  • Garay, R. (1995). Guarding the Airwaves: Government Regulation of World War II American Radio. Journal of Radio Studies, 3(1), 130-148.
  • Grubbs, J. (2004). Women Broadcasters of World War II. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1), 40-54.
  • Hand, R. J. (2012). Terror on the Air!: Horror Radio in America, 1931-1952. The United States: McFarland.
  • Hilmes, M. (1997). Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922-1952. The United States: U of Minnesota Press.
  • Horten, G. (2003). Radio goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda during World War II, The United States: University of California Press.
  • Houswitschka, C. (2003). Nazi Wireless Propaganda. Lord Haw-Haw and British Public Opinion in the Second World War.(International Communications), Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte, 253-255.
  • IMDB (2019a). “AxisSally”, https:// www. imdb. com/ title /tt7050946/, Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2019.
  • IMDB (2019b). "Nimbus Libéré Çizgi Filmi", https:// www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0228643/, Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2019.
  • IMDB (2019c). "Tokyo Woes Çizgi Filmi", https:// www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0293957/, Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2019.
  • Jones, C. C. (1988). Class Tax to Mass Tax: The Role of Propaganda in the Expansion of the Income Tax during World War II. Buffalo Law Review, 37(3), 685-738.
  • Kalkan Kocabay, H. (2008). Tiyatroda Göstergebilim. İstanbul: E Yayınları.
  • Keegan, J. (2016). İkinci Dünya Savaşı, Çev. Samet Öksüz, İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Looneytunes (2019). "Tokio Jokio Çizgi Fimi", https:/ /looneytunes. fandom. com/ wiki/ Tokio_ Jokio?file =LOONEY _TUNES _Tokio _Jokio _(WW2_Racist) _(1943) _(Remastered) _(HD_1080p), Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2019.
  • Masaharu, S. (1999). 'Negro Propaganda Operations': Japan's Short-Wave Radio Broadcasts for World War II Black Americans. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 19(1), 5-26.
  • Mizuno, T. (2013). An Enemy's Talk of “Justice” Japanese Radio Propaganda against Japanese American Mass Incarceration during World War II. Journalism History, 39(2), 94-103.
  • Phipps, S. P. (1991). The Commercial Development of Short Wave Radio in the United States, 1920–1926. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 11(3), 215-227.
  • Raiti, C. G. (2007). The Disappearance of Disney Animated Propaganda: A Globalization Perspective. Animation, 2(2), 153-169.
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Schiffer, M. B. (1991). The Portable Radio in American Life. The United States: University of Arizona Press.
  • Sharon Wang, S., & Hong, J. (2011). Voice of America in the Post-Cold War Era: Opportunities and Challenges to External Media Services via New Information and Communication Technology. International Communication Gazette, 73(4), 343-358.
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016). Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Smith, B. L., & Brigham, J. C. (1992). Benchmark: Native Radio Broadcasting in North America: An Overview of Systems in the United States and Canada. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 36(2), 183-194.
  • Smulyan, S. (1993). Radio Advertising to Women in Twenties America: “A Latchkey to Every Home”. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 13(3), 299-314.

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Japon Radyo Propagandasına Yönelik ABD Karşı Propagandası: "Tokyo Woes" Çizgi Filmi Üzerine İnceleme

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9, 182 - 203, 23.01.2020

Öz

İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Mihver Devletleri içerisinde yer alan
Japonya'nın radyo yayınlarında 
doğrudan ABD hedef alınmaktaydı. Japonya radyo yayınlarında,
ABD kamuoyunda ABD radyo 
yayınlarının verdiği bilgilere yönelik kuşku oluşturulması
amaçlanmaktaydı. Bu aşamada ABD 
yönetimi, Japon radyo yayınlarının ABD halkı üzerinde olumsuz
etki oluşturmasını engellemek 
için Japon radyo yayınlarını itibarsızlaştırmaya yönelik
çalışmalara yönelmiştir. Bunlardan biri 
de Japon radyo yayınlarına karşı doğrudan Birleşik Devletler
Donanması tarafından hazırlatılan 
"Tokyo Woes" adlı çizgi film olmuştur. Çalışma kapsamında
ABD tarafından hazırlatılan "Tokyo 
Woes" adlı çizgi filmde Japon radyo yayınlarının
itibarsızlaştırılmasına yönelik hangi mesajların 
verildiği, nitel araştırma
yöntemleri içerisinde yer alan göstergebilimsel analiz yöntemi 
kullanılarak incelenmiştir.
Çalışma alanında özgün araştırma makalesidir. Çalışmada İkinci 
Dünya Savaşı'nda Japon radyo
propagandasına yönelik ABD'nin çizgi filmleri karşı propaganda 
amaçlı ne şekilde
kullandığının ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, "İkinci 
Dünya Savaşı'nda Japonya'nın
ABD'nin radyo yayınları üzerindeki olumsuz etkisini kırmak 
amacıyla çizgi filmleri ne
şekilde kullanmıştır?" sorusuna cevap verilmesi hedeflenmiştir. 
Elde edilen bulgularda, ABD
ordusunun Japon radyo yayınlarına itibar etmediği ve aksine 
ABD ordusunun kararlı bir
şekilde savaşa devam ettiği aktarılmıştır. Aynı zamanda çizgi film 
üzerinden ABD halkının ABD
ordusunu desteklemek için savaş bonosu satın almasının teşvik 
edildiği de ortaya konulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Boyd, D. A. (1983). Radio Free America: The U.S. Government's Reaction to Pirate Radio, Central States Speech Journal, 34:3, 203-209.
  • Brown, R. J. (2004). Manipulating the Ether: The Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America. The United States: McFarland.
  • Castaneda Paredes, M. (2003). The Transformation of Spanish-Language Radio in the US. Journal of Radio Studies, 10(1), 5-16.
  • Craig, D. B. (2000). Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920-1940. The United States: JHU Press.
  • Craig, S. (2001). "The Farmer's Friend": Radio Comes to Rural America, 1920–1927. Journal of Radio Studies, 8(2), 330-346.
  • Craig, S. (2006). "The More They Listen, the More They Buy" Radio and the Modernizing of Rural America, 1930-1939. Agricultural history, 1-16.
  • Crawford-Franklin, C., & Robinson, L. (2013). “Even in an Age of Wonders”: Radio as an Information Resource in 1920s America. Journal of Documentation, 69(3), 417-434.
  • Culbert, D. H. (1976). News for Everyman: Radio and Foreign Affairs in Thirties America. ABC-CLIO.
  • Daniels, G. (1982). Japanese Domestic Radio and Cinema Propaganda, 1937–1945: an Overview. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 2(2), 115-132.
  • Delporte, C. (2001). Humour as a Strategy in Propaganda Film: the Case of a French Cartoon from 1944. Journal of European Studies, 31(123), 367-377.
  • Dinsman, M. (2015). Modernism at the Microphone: Radio, Propaganda, and Literary Aesthetics During World War II. The United Kingdom: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Doherty, M. (1994). Black Propaganda by Radio: the German Concordia broadcasts to Britain 1940–1941. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 14(2), 167-197.
  • Doherty, M. A. (2000). Nazi Wireless Propaganda: Lord Haw-Haw and British Public Opinion in the Second World War. The United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press..
  • Douglas, S. J. (2013). Listening in: Radio and the American Imagination. The United States: U of Minnesota Press.
  • Engelman, R. (1996). Public Radio and Television in America. The United States: Sage.
  • Fandom (2019). "Tokyo Woes Çizgi Filmi", https:// looneytunes. fandom. com/ wiki/ Tokyo _Woes, Erişim Tarhi: 01.11.2019.
  • Funk, C. (1998). The Art in America Radio Programs, 1934–1935. Studies in Art Education, 40(1), 31-45.
  • Garay, R. (1995). Guarding the Airwaves: Government Regulation of World War II American Radio. Journal of Radio Studies, 3(1), 130-148.
  • Grubbs, J. (2004). Women Broadcasters of World War II. Journal of Radio Studies, 11(1), 40-54.
  • Hand, R. J. (2012). Terror on the Air!: Horror Radio in America, 1931-1952. The United States: McFarland.
  • Hilmes, M. (1997). Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922-1952. The United States: U of Minnesota Press.
  • Horten, G. (2003). Radio goes to War: The Cultural Politics of Propaganda during World War II, The United States: University of California Press.
  • Houswitschka, C. (2003). Nazi Wireless Propaganda. Lord Haw-Haw and British Public Opinion in the Second World War.(International Communications), Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte, 253-255.
  • IMDB (2019a). “AxisSally”, https:// www. imdb. com/ title /tt7050946/, Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2019.
  • IMDB (2019b). "Nimbus Libéré Çizgi Filmi", https:// www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0228643/, Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2019.
  • IMDB (2019c). "Tokyo Woes Çizgi Filmi", https:// www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0293957/, Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2019.
  • Jones, C. C. (1988). Class Tax to Mass Tax: The Role of Propaganda in the Expansion of the Income Tax during World War II. Buffalo Law Review, 37(3), 685-738.
  • Kalkan Kocabay, H. (2008). Tiyatroda Göstergebilim. İstanbul: E Yayınları.
  • Keegan, J. (2016). İkinci Dünya Savaşı, Çev. Samet Öksüz, İstanbul: Say Yayınları.
  • Looneytunes (2019). "Tokio Jokio Çizgi Fimi", https:/ /looneytunes. fandom. com/ wiki/ Tokio_ Jokio?file =LOONEY _TUNES _Tokio _Jokio _(WW2_Racist) _(1943) _(Remastered) _(HD_1080p), Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2019.
  • Masaharu, S. (1999). 'Negro Propaganda Operations': Japan's Short-Wave Radio Broadcasts for World War II Black Americans. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 19(1), 5-26.
  • Mizuno, T. (2013). An Enemy's Talk of “Justice” Japanese Radio Propaganda against Japanese American Mass Incarceration during World War II. Journalism History, 39(2), 94-103.
  • Phipps, S. P. (1991). The Commercial Development of Short Wave Radio in the United States, 1920–1926. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 11(3), 215-227.
  • Raiti, C. G. (2007). The Disappearance of Disney Animated Propaganda: A Globalization Perspective. Animation, 2(2), 153-169.
  • Rifat, M. (2013). Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Schiffer, M. B. (1991). The Portable Radio in American Life. The United States: University of Arizona Press.
  • Sharon Wang, S., & Hong, J. (2011). Voice of America in the Post-Cold War Era: Opportunities and Challenges to External Media Services via New Information and Communication Technology. International Communication Gazette, 73(4), 343-358.
  • Sığırcı, İ. (2016). Göstergebilim Uygulamaları, Metinleri, Görselleri ve Olayları Okuma. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Smith, B. L., & Brigham, J. C. (1992). Benchmark: Native Radio Broadcasting in North America: An Overview of Systems in the United States and Canada. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 36(2), 183-194.
  • Smulyan, S. (1993). Radio Advertising to Women in Twenties America: “A Latchkey to Every Home”. Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 13(3), 299-314.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İletişim ve Medya Çalışmaları
Bölüm Makale
Yazarlar

Sadık Çalışkan 0000-0001-6899-0424

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Ocak 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Kasım 2019
Kabul Tarihi 9 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 9

Kaynak Göster

APA Çalışkan, S. (2020). İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Japon Radyo Propagandasına Yönelik ABD Karşı Propagandası: "Tokyo Woes" Çizgi Filmi Üzerine İnceleme. TRT Akademi, 5(9), 182-203.