ERGEN BİREYLERİN EMPATİ VE SALDIRGANLIK DÜZEYLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 646 - 667, 29.12.2019
Leyla Ulus
,
Elif Yalçıntaş Sezgin
Öz
Ergenlik,
boy, ağırlık, vücut oranları ve hormonlar gibi bireysel, sosyal ve bağlamsal
geçişlerle birlikte fizyolojik ve psikolojik değişikliklerle karakterize bir
geçiş dönemidir. Bazı araştırmalar bireylerin ergenliğe doğru ilerledikçe daha
empatik, sempatik ve yardım edici davranışlar sergilendiğini göstermekteyken
bazıları da bu davranışlarda durma hatta azalma olduğunu iddia etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada Bursa’da Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı
okullarda ve Meslek Yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören 12-21 yaş grubu ergenlerin
reaktif ve proaktif saldırganlıkları ile bilişsel ve duyuşsal empati düzeyleri
incelenmiştir. Böylece ergenlerin reaktif ve proaktif saldırganlık düzeylerinin
onların bilişsel ve duyuşsal empatileriyle olan ilişkileri onların yaş,
cinsiyet, anne-babalarının eğitim durumu gibi demografik özellikleriyle
yordamak amaçlanmıştır.
Ergenlerin reaktif-proaktif saldırganlık düzeylerini belirlemek için Raine ve
arkadaşları (2006) tarafından geliştirilen Reaktif-Proaktif Saldırganlık Ölçeği
kullanılmıştır. Ergen bireylerin empati düzeyleri Jolliffe ve Farrington (2006)
tarafından geliştirilen Temel Empati Ölçeği (BES) ile belirlenmiştir.
Araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin çözümlenmesi ve yorumlanması aşamasında,
Korelasyon Analizi ve t-Testi kullanılmış, 0,01 ve 0,05 anlamlılık düzeyi
aranmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda ergenlerin hem empati hem de saldırganlık
düzeyleri cinsiyet, yaş, anne-baba eğitim düzeyi ile birlikte yordanmıştır. Ergenlik
sürecinde saldırganlık ve empati arasında ilişki irdelenmiştir demografik
saldırganlık ölçeği ile empati ölçeği arasında yaş, cinsiyet anne baba eğitim
durumunun istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark ortaya çıkarmadığı bulunmuştur
(p>0,05). Ayrıca
arştırma sonucunda Duyuşsal
empati alt boyut ölçek puanları ile reaktif alt boyut ölçek puanları arasında
pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki ortaya çıkmıştır (p<0,05). Eğitimci ve
araştırmacılara ergenlik döneminde saldırganlıkla ilgili yapılacak çalışmalarla
ilgili öneriler sunulmuştur.
Kaynakça
- Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27–51.Albiero, P., Matricardi, G., Speltri, D., & Toso, D. (2009). The assessment of empathy in adolescence: A contribution to the Italian validation of the “Basic Empathy Scale”. Journal of adolescence, 32(2), 393-408.Arifoğlu B, Sala-Razı G. (2011). Birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin empati ve iletişim becerileriyle iletişim yönetimi dersi akademik başarı puanı arasındaki ilişki. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 4, 7-11. Aydin, A.,Akgun, S. (2014). The relationships between anger, narcissism and reactive and proactive aggression in adolescence. Turk Psıkolojı Dergısı, 29(73), 44-59. Berkowitz, L. (1988). Frustrations, appraisals, and aversively stimulated aggression. Aggressive behavior, 14(1), 3-11. Barry, C. T., Lui, J. H., & Anderson, A. C. (2017). Adolescent narcissism, aggression, and prosocial behavior: The relevance of socially desirable responding. Journal of personality assessment, 99(1), 46-55.Blakemore, S.J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 187–207.Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological review, 108(1), 273.Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 466–480.Çekin, A. (2013). İmam Hatip Lisesi Öğrencilerinin Prososyal Davraniş Eğilimleri Üzerine Nicel Bir İnceleme. Journal of International Social Research, 6(28).D’Ambrosio, F., Olivier, M., Didon, D., & Besche, C. (2009). The basic empathy scale: a french validation of a measure of empathy in youth. Personality and Individual Differences, 46 (2), 160–165.Devine, J., Gilligan, J., Miczek, K., Shaikh, R., & Pfaff, D. (2004). Scientific approaches to the prevention of youth violence. Annals, New York Academy of Sciences, 1036. Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview.deKemp, R.A.T., Overbeek, G., de Wied, M., Engels, R.C.M.E., & Scholte, R.H.J. (2007). Early adolescent empathy, parental support, and antisocial behavior. The Journal of Genetic PSychology, 168 (1); 5-18.Dodge, K. A., & Crick, N. R. (1990). Social information-processing bases of aggressive behavior in children. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 16(1), 8-22.Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 37–51.Doğan, T., Karaman, N. G., Çoban, A. E., & Çok, F. (2012). Ergenlerde arkadaşlık ilişkilerinin yordayıcısı olarak cinsiyet ve aileye ilişkin değişkenler. İlköğretim Online, 11(4).Efilti, E. (2008). Orta Öğretim Kurumlarinda Okuyan Öğrencilerin Saldırganlık ve Denetim Odaği’nin Karşilaştirmali Olarak İncelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (19), 213-230.Eraslan, M. (2016). Gençlerde Duygusal Zekâ ve Empatik Eğilim Düzeylerinin Yaş, Cinsiyet ve Spor Yapma Değişkenlerine Göre İncelenmesi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(4), 1839-1852.Ergişi, A., Akyol, A. K. (2009). Yedi-On İki Yaş Çocuklarinda Davranış ve Uyum Sorunlarinin İncelenmesi. Çagdas Egitim Dergisi, (368).Euler, F., Steinlin, C., & Stadler, C. (2017). Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 11(1), 1.Freedman, J. L., Sears, D. O., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1993). Sosyal Psikoloji,(çev. Ali Dönmez), İmge Yayınları., 2. Baskı, Ankara.Frick, P. J., Cornell, A. H., Barry, C. T., Bodin, S. D., & Dane, H. E. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 457–470.Fonseca, C. (1986). Orphanages, foundlings, and foster mothers: The system of child circulation in a Brazilian squatter settlement. Anthropological Quarterly, 59, 15–27.Fung, A. L. C., Raine, A., & Gao, Y. (2009). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RAQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 473–479.Fung, A. L., Gerstein, L. H., Chan, Y., & Engebretson, J. (2015). Relationship of aggression to anxiety, depression, anger, and empathy in Hong Kong. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 821-831.Genç, S. Z., & Kalafat, T. (2010). Öğretmen adaylarının empatik becerileri ile problem çözme becerileri. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 3(2), 135-147.Gençoğlu, C., Kumcağız, H., & Ersanlı, K. (2014). Ergenlerin Şiddet Eğilimine Etki Eden Ailevi Faktörler. Electronic Turkish Studies, 9(2), 639-652. Goldstein, A. P., Glick, B., & Gibbs, J. C. (1998). Aggression Replacement Training (Revised Edition). Illinois: Research Press.Guttman, H. A., LaPorte, L. (2000). Empathy in families of women with borderline personality disorder, anorexia nervosa, and a control group, Family Process, 39(3), 345–358.Güler, N., Uzun, S., Boztaş, Z., & Aydoğan, S. (2002). Anneleri tarafından çocuklara uygulanan duygusal ve fiziksel istismar/ihmal davranışı ve bunu etkileyen faktörler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 128-134.Hill, J. P., & Lynch, M. E. (1983). The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. In Girls at puberty (pp. 201-228). Springer, Boston, MA.Hoffman, M. L. (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. N. Eisenberg, & J. Strayer (Ed.), Empathy and its development içinde (s. 47-80). Cambridge: Cambridge University.Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY: Cambridge University PressIzard C.E, Schultz D, Ackerman B.P (1999) Independent emotions and consciousness: self-consciousness and dependent emotions. In: Singer JA, Salovey P (eds) At play in the fields of consciousness: essays in honor of Jerome L. Singer. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp 83–102Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of adolescence, 29(4), 589-611.Leiberg, S., Klimecki, O., & Singer, T. (2011). Short-term compassion training increases prosocial behavior in a newly developed prosocial game. PloS one, 6(3), e17798.Lemerise, E. A., Gregory, D. S., & Fredstrom, B. K. (2005). The influence of provocateurs’ emotion displays on the social information processing of children varying in social adjustment and age. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 90(4), 344-366.Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., White, H. R. & Beyers, J. M. (2003). The development of male offending: Key findings from 15 years of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. T. P. Thornberry, & M. D. Krohn (Eds.), Taking stock of delinquency: An overview of findings from contemporary longitudinal studies içinde (s. 93-136). New York: Kluwer/Academic/Plenum.Losoya, S. H., & Eisenberg, N. (2001). Affective empathy. In J. A. Hall & F. J. Bernieri (Eds.), The LEA series in personality and clinical psychology. Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measurement (pp. 21-43). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.Marsee, M. A., Weems, C. F., & Taylor, L. K. (2008). 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Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 23 Sayı: 3, 646 - 667, 29.12.2019
Leyla Ulus
,
Elif Yalçıntaş Sezgin
Kaynakça
- Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 27–51.Albiero, P., Matricardi, G., Speltri, D., & Toso, D. (2009). The assessment of empathy in adolescence: A contribution to the Italian validation of the “Basic Empathy Scale”. Journal of adolescence, 32(2), 393-408.Arifoğlu B, Sala-Razı G. (2011). Birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin empati ve iletişim becerileriyle iletişim yönetimi dersi akademik başarı puanı arasındaki ilişki. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 4, 7-11. Aydin, A.,Akgun, S. (2014). The relationships between anger, narcissism and reactive and proactive aggression in adolescence. Turk Psıkolojı Dergısı, 29(73), 44-59. Berkowitz, L. (1988). Frustrations, appraisals, and aversively stimulated aggression. Aggressive behavior, 14(1), 3-11. Barry, C. T., Lui, J. H., & Anderson, A. C. (2017). Adolescent narcissism, aggression, and prosocial behavior: The relevance of socially desirable responding. Journal of personality assessment, 99(1), 46-55.Blakemore, S.J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 187–207.Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychological review, 108(1), 273.Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 466–480.Çekin, A. (2013). İmam Hatip Lisesi Öğrencilerinin Prososyal Davraniş Eğilimleri Üzerine Nicel Bir İnceleme. Journal of International Social Research, 6(28).D’Ambrosio, F., Olivier, M., Didon, D., & Besche, C. (2009). The basic empathy scale: a french validation of a measure of empathy in youth. Personality and Individual Differences, 46 (2), 160–165.Devine, J., Gilligan, J., Miczek, K., Shaikh, R., & Pfaff, D. (2004). Scientific approaches to the prevention of youth violence. Annals, New York Academy of Sciences, 1036. Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview.deKemp, R.A.T., Overbeek, G., de Wied, M., Engels, R.C.M.E., & Scholte, R.H.J. (2007). Early adolescent empathy, parental support, and antisocial behavior. The Journal of Genetic PSychology, 168 (1); 5-18.Dodge, K. A., & Crick, N. R. (1990). Social information-processing bases of aggressive behavior in children. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 16(1), 8-22.Dodge, K. A., Lochman, J. E., Harnish, J. D., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1997). Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 37–51.Doğan, T., Karaman, N. G., Çoban, A. E., & Çok, F. (2012). Ergenlerde arkadaşlık ilişkilerinin yordayıcısı olarak cinsiyet ve aileye ilişkin değişkenler. İlköğretim Online, 11(4).Efilti, E. (2008). Orta Öğretim Kurumlarinda Okuyan Öğrencilerin Saldırganlık ve Denetim Odaği’nin Karşilaştirmali Olarak İncelenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (19), 213-230.Eraslan, M. (2016). Gençlerde Duygusal Zekâ ve Empatik Eğilim Düzeylerinin Yaş, Cinsiyet ve Spor Yapma Değişkenlerine Göre İncelenmesi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(4), 1839-1852.Ergişi, A., Akyol, A. K. (2009). Yedi-On İki Yaş Çocuklarinda Davranış ve Uyum Sorunlarinin İncelenmesi. Çagdas Egitim Dergisi, (368).Euler, F., Steinlin, C., & Stadler, C. (2017). Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 11(1), 1.Freedman, J. L., Sears, D. O., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1993). Sosyal Psikoloji,(çev. Ali Dönmez), İmge Yayınları., 2. Baskı, Ankara.Frick, P. J., Cornell, A. H., Barry, C. T., Bodin, S. D., & Dane, H. E. (2003). Callous-unemotional traits and conduct problems in the prediction of conduct problem severity, aggression, and self-report of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 457–470.Fonseca, C. (1986). Orphanages, foundlings, and foster mothers: The system of child circulation in a Brazilian squatter settlement. Anthropological Quarterly, 59, 15–27.Fung, A. L. C., Raine, A., & Gao, Y. (2009). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RAQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 473–479.Fung, A. L., Gerstein, L. H., Chan, Y., & Engebretson, J. (2015). Relationship of aggression to anxiety, depression, anger, and empathy in Hong Kong. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(3), 821-831.Genç, S. Z., & Kalafat, T. (2010). Öğretmen adaylarının empatik becerileri ile problem çözme becerileri. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 3(2), 135-147.Gençoğlu, C., Kumcağız, H., & Ersanlı, K. (2014). Ergenlerin Şiddet Eğilimine Etki Eden Ailevi Faktörler. Electronic Turkish Studies, 9(2), 639-652. Goldstein, A. P., Glick, B., & Gibbs, J. C. (1998). Aggression Replacement Training (Revised Edition). Illinois: Research Press.Guttman, H. A., LaPorte, L. (2000). Empathy in families of women with borderline personality disorder, anorexia nervosa, and a control group, Family Process, 39(3), 345–358.Güler, N., Uzun, S., Boztaş, Z., & Aydoğan, S. (2002). Anneleri tarafından çocuklara uygulanan duygusal ve fiziksel istismar/ihmal davranışı ve bunu etkileyen faktörler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(3), 128-134.Hill, J. P., & Lynch, M. E. (1983). The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence. In Girls at puberty (pp. 201-228). Springer, Boston, MA.Hoffman, M. L. (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. N. Eisenberg, & J. Strayer (Ed.), Empathy and its development içinde (s. 47-80). Cambridge: Cambridge University.Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York, NY: Cambridge University PressIzard C.E, Schultz D, Ackerman B.P (1999) Independent emotions and consciousness: self-consciousness and dependent emotions. In: Singer JA, Salovey P (eds) At play in the fields of consciousness: essays in honor of Jerome L. Singer. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp 83–102Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of adolescence, 29(4), 589-611.Leiberg, S., Klimecki, O., & Singer, T. (2011). Short-term compassion training increases prosocial behavior in a newly developed prosocial game. PloS one, 6(3), e17798.Lemerise, E. A., Gregory, D. S., & Fredstrom, B. K. (2005). 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