Mental Skill Usage of Athletes with Physical Disabilities

Yıl 2018, , 27 - 37, 30.04.2018

Ferhat Esatbeyoğlu , Mark Campbell

https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.368137

Cited By: 2

Öz

Mental skills training strategies should be
beneficial for a variety of different skills, age groups and special
populations. The purpose of the present research were twofold; initially to
examine performance strategies in various sport situations used by volleyball,
sitting volleyball and amputee soccer players, and comparing it among the
sports; and secondly, whether the current performance level of athletes and the
years participating in sport would show a significant difference in their
application o f psychological skills during practice and competition. The
refined version of Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) was administrated to
athletes (N=309) competing across a range of performance standards in
volleyball, sitting volleyball and amputee soccer sports. Results revealed
that, relative to competition strategies, participants scored highest on
activation and lowest on relaxation (4.10±0.52; 3.03±0=1.04, respectively) and
in practice environment they scored highest on self-talk and lowest on relaxation
(3.84±0=.91; 2.80±0.98, respectively). Examination of the results showed
moderately strong correlations among many of the strategies in both competition
and practice environments (P<0.01). Additionally, comparison of mental
skills and strategies usage according to sports, discovered significant sport
specific variations both in competition and practice settings (P<0.01).
Investigation of current performance level differences in psychological skills
and strategies explored differences among international, national and club
level athletes (P<0.01). Exploration of years participating in sport
comparison has also discovered differences among groups (P<0.01). These
findings provide a unique insight into the mental skill usage of athletes with
physical disabilities and their application to practise and environment
settings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ParaVolley, amputee soccer, disability sports, psychological strategies, performance

Kaynakça

• Reference 1 Banack HR , Sabiston CM, Bloom GA. Coach autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation of Paralympic athletes. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(4):722-730, 2011. Reference 2 Blumenstein B, Orbach I. Psychological preparation for Paralympic athletes: A preliminary study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 32(3):241-255, 2015. Reference 3 Burton D, Naylor S, Holliday B. Goal-setting in sport: Investigating the goal effectiveness paradox. In:Singer R, Hausenblas HA and Janelle CM (eds.), Handbook of research on sport psychology. New York: Wiley, 2001. Reference 4 Burton D, Pickering M, Weinberg R, Yukelson D, Weigand D. The competitive goal effectiveness paradox revisited: Examining the goal practices of prospective Olympic athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(1):72–86, 2010. Reference 5 Calmels C, Berthoumieux C, d’Arripe LF. Effects of an imagery training program on selective attention of national softball players. Sport Psychology, 18(3):272–296, 2004. Reference 6 Calmels C, Holmes P, Berthoumieux C, Singer RN. The development of movement imagery vividness through a structured intervention in softball. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27(4):307-322, 2004. Reference 7 Cronbach LJ. Test validation. In RL Thorndike (ed.), Educational measurement. Washington, DC: American Council on Education,1971. Reference 8 Eddy KAT, Mellalieu SD. Mental imagery in athletes with visual impairments. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 20(4):347-368, 2003. Reference 9 Gregg MJ, Hrycaiko D, Mactavish JB, Martin GL. A mental skills package for special Olympic athletes: A preliminary study. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 21(1);4-18, 2004. Reference 10 Hanrahan SJ, Grove JG, Lockwood RJ. Psychological skills training for the blind athlete: a pilot program. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 7(2):143-155, 1990. Reference 11 Hanrahan SJ. (2004). Sport psychology and athletes with disabilities. In: Morris T and Summers J (eds). Sport Psychology: theory, applications and issues. John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd; 2004. Reference 12 Hanrahan SJ. Psychological skills training for athletes with disabilities. Australian Psychologist, 50(2):102-105, 2015. Reference 13 Hardy L, Roberst R, Thomas PR, Murphy SM. Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS): Instrument refinement using confirmatory factor analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(1):27-35, 2010. Reference 14 Harwood C, Cumming J, Fletcher D. Motivational profiles and psychological skills use within elite youth sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 16(4); 318–332, 2004. Reference 15 Horn CM, Gilbert JN, Gilbert W, Lewis DK. Psychological skills training with community college athletes: The UNIFORM approach. Sport Psychologist, 25(3):321-340, 2011. Reference 16 Johnson JJM, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. Sport Psychologist, 18(1):44-59, 2004. Reference 17 Jordet G. When superstars flop: Public status and choking under pressure in international soccer penalty shootouts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(2):125-130, 2009. Reference 18 Lane MA, Harwood C, Terry PC, Karageorghis. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) among adolescent athletes. Journal of Sports Science, 22(9):803-812, 2004. Reference 19 Larsen CH. Preparing for the European Championships: A six-step mental skills training program in disability sports. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 5(4):186-197, 2014 Reference 20 Loewenthal, KM. An introduction to psychological tests and scales. London: UCL Press, 2001. Reference 21 Lowther J, Lane A and Lane H. Self-efficacy and psychological skills during the Amputee Soccer World Cup. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 4(2): 23-34, 2002. Reference 22 Martin JJ, Malone L. Elite wheelchair rugby players’ mental skills and sport engagement. Journal of Clinic Sports Psychology, 7(4):253–263, 2013. Reference 23 Martin JJ. Determinants of elite disability sport performance. Kinesiology Review, 4(1): 91-98, 2015. Reference 24 Mellalieu SD, Hanton S, Fletcher D. A competitive anxiety review: recent directions in sport psychology research. In: Hanton S and Mellalieu SD (eds.). Literature reviews in sport psychology New York: Nova Science, 2006. Reference 25 Mesagno C, Marchant D, Morris T. Alleviating choking: The sounds of distraction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(2):131–147, 2009. Reference 26 Neil R, Mellalieu SD, Hanton S. Psychological skills usage and the competitive anxiety response as a function of skill level in rugby union. Journal of Sports Sciencer and Medicine, 5(3):415-423, 2006. Reference 27 Nisbett RE, Wilson TD. Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychology Review, 84(3): 231–259, 1997. Reference 28 Pallant J. SPSS, Survival Manual. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2007. Reference 29 Stamou E, Theodorakis Y, Kokaridas D, Perkos S, Kessanopoulou M. The effect of self-talk on the penalty execution in goalball. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 25(3):233–247, 2007. Reference 30 Taylor MK, Gould D, Rolo C. Performance strategies of US Olympians in practice and competition. High Ability Studies, 19(1); 19-36, 2008. Reference 31 Thomas PR, Murphy MS, Hardy L. Test of performance strategies: Development and preliminary validation of a comprehensive measure of athletes’ psychological skills. Journal of Sports Science, 17(9):697-711,1999. Reference 32 Wanlin CM, Hrycaiko DW, Martin GL, Mahon, M. The effects of a goal-setting package on the performance of speed skaters. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(2):212-228, 1997. Reference 33 Weinberg RS, Williams JM. Integrating and implementing a psychological skills training program. In: Williams JM (ed). Applied Sport Psychology. New York, The McGraw-Hill Companies; 2010. Reference 34 Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign ,IL: Human Kinetics; 2011. Reference 35 Williams JM. Relaxation and energizing techniques for regulation of arousal. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth for peak performance. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2010.