Effect of the Pes Planus on Vertical Jump Height and Lower Extremity Muscle Activation in Gymnasts

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 81 - 89, 30.04.2022

Nurcan Contarlı , Tamer Çankaya

Öz

Gymnastics is an aesthetic olympic branch where systematic and rhythmic movements are performed at high levels in harmony with the body (19). It is a popular sport requires a combination of physical fitness components such as speed, agility, strength, balance and flexibility. Especially, lower extremity alignment can affect successful performance in gymnasts (6).
Pes planus is generally defined as a postural disorder caused by lowering or absence of the medial longitudinal arch height of the foot (17). Although there are many studies that try to explain the cause of pes planus; a clear etiological cause, which is accepted and agreed upon today cannot be presented (9,11,23,27). For the diagnosis of pes planus; clinical measurement and examination, radiological and ultrasonographic methods are used. In addition, it was evaluated with methods such as ink footprint methods, digital pressure measurements and podoscope (22,24). Calculations such as Clark angle, Chippaux-Smirak Index and Shateli Index are used in the evaluation of pes planus (22).
The muscle function of the lower extremity is affected by the structure of the foot. In a foot with pes planus, the load on the foot cannot be evenly distributed. Therefore, muscles and other structures provide compensation to meet this irregularity. In the studies on pes planus, EMG method was used to investigate the structural deformity of the foot and the changes in the activities of the lower extremity muscles during walking or jumping (10,12,15,16). Electromyography (EMG) is the science of recording and interpreting the electrical activity of muscles. In recent years, EMG studies have provided an important perspective in understanding muscle functions and have been accepted as the golden key in recording muscle activity (25). Surface electromyography (sEMG) is used to examine the neuromuscular activation of the muscles that function in functional movement, balance-related situations and in the training of athletes (4,13).
Jumping is a movement that an individual has made against his or her own body weight. Jumping performance depends on features such as muscle strength, explosive speed, flexibility, body anthropometry and motor coordination (8,18). Jumping is an important motor skill in all gymnastics disciplines and has a decisive role in performance (18).
This study aims to determine the effect of the presence of pes planus on vertical jump height and muscle activation in gymnasts.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gymnasts, Pes Planus, Vertical Jump, Muscle Activation

Kaynakça

• 1. Aleksandrovic M, Kottaras S. Does pes planus precondition diminish explosive leg strength: A pilot study. Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education and Sport, 2015;13(2):303-309.
• 2. Aouadi R, Jlid MC, Khalifa R, Hermassi S, Chelly MS, Van Den Tillaar R, et al. Association of anthropometric qualities with vertical jump performance in elite male volleyball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2012;52(1):11-17.
• 3. Blache Y, Monteil K. Influence of lumbar spine extension on vertical jump height during maximal squat jumping. J Sports Sci, 2014;32(7):642-651.
• 4. Cerrah AO, Bayram I, Yildizer G, Ugurlu O, Simsek D, Ertan H. Effects of Functional Balance Training on Static and Dynamic Balance Performance of Adolescent Soccer Players. Int J Sports Exerc & Train Sci, 2016;2(2);73-81.
• 5. Chang JS, Kwon YH, Kim CS, Ahn SH, Park SH. Differences of ground reaction forces and kinematics of lower extremity according to landing height between flat and normal feet. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil., 2012;25(1):21-26.
• 6. Daly RM, Bass SL, Finch CF. Balancing the risk of injury to gymnasts: how effective are the counter measures? Br. J. Sports Med., 2001;35(1):8-19.
• 7. David E, Joseph B, Mohammad H, Joseph M, Elina S. Correlation of Navicular Drop to Vertical and Broad Jump Measurements in Young Adults. J Rehab Therapy 2020;2(1):1- 5.
• 8. Di Cagno A, Baldari C, Battaglia C, Monteiro MD, Pappalardo A, Piazza M et al. Factors influencing performance of competitive and amateur rhythmic gymnastics gender differences. J Sci Med Sport, 2009;12(3):411-416.
• 9. Ferciot CF. The etiology of developmental flatfoot. Clin Orthop Relat Res., 1972;85:7-10.
• 10. Ferris L, Sharkey NA, Smith TS, Matthews DK. Influence of extrinsic plantar flexors on forefoot loading during heel rise. FAI, 1995;16(8):464-473.
• 11. Giza E, Cush G, Schon LC. The flexible flatfoot in the adult. Foot Ankle Clin., 2007;12(2):251-271.
• 12. Gray EG, Basmajian JV. Electromyography and cinematography of leg and foot (“normal” and flat) during walking. Anat, 1968;161(1):1-15.
• 13. Harput G, Soylu AR, Ertan H, Ergun N. Activation of Selected Ankle Muscles During Exercises Performed on Rigid and Compliant Balance Platforms. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2013;43(8):555-559.
• 14. Hu Y. The Relationship Between Foot Arch Height and Two-legged Standing Vertical Jump Height in Male College-age Students. SIUC, 2016.
• 15. Kaye RA, Jahss MH. Foot fellows review: tibialis posterior: a review of anatomy and biomechanics in relation to support of the medial longitudinal arch. FAI, 1991;11(4):244-247.
• 16. Kim MK, Lee CR. Muscle activation analysis of flatfoot according to the slope of a treadmill. J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 2013;25(3):225-227.
• 17. Lee MS, Vanore JV, Thomas JL, Catanzariti AR, Kogler G, Kravitz SR et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adult flatfoot. J Foot Ankle Surg., 2005;44(2):78-113.
• 18. Markovic G, Dizdar D, Jukic I, Cardinale M. Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. J. Strength Cond. Res.. 2014;18(3):551-555.
• 19. Massidda M, Calo CM. Performance scores and standings during the 43rd Artistic Gymnastics World Championships, 2011. J. Sports Sci., 2012;30(13):1415-1420.
• 20. Mihajlovic I, Petrovic M, Solaja M. Differences in manifestation of explosive power of legs regarding to longitudinal foot arch in young athletes. Sport Mont, 2012;(34-36):47-52.
• 21. Niu W, Wang L, Jiang C, Zhang M. Effect of dropping height on the forces of lower extremity joints and muscles during landing: a musculoskeletal modeling. J. Healthc. Eng., 2018;1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2632603.
• 22. Pita- Fernandez S, Gonzalez-Martin C, Seoane-Pillado T, Lopez- Calvino B, Pertega-Diaz S, Gil-Guillen V. Validity of footprint analysis to determine flatfoot using clinical diagnosis as the gold standard in a random sample aged 40 years and older. J Epidemiol, 2015;25(2):148-154.
• 23. Rao UB, Joseph B. The influence of footwear on the prevalence of flat foot. A survey of 2300 children. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 1992;74(4):525-527.
• 24. Stavlas P, Grivas TB, Michas C, Vasiliadis E, Polyzois V. The evolution of foot morphology in children between 6 and 17 years of age: a crosssectional study based on footprints in a Mediterranean population. The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 2005;44(6):424-428.
• 25. Tarata MT. Mechanomyography versus electromyography in monitoring the muscular fatigue. Biomed. Eng. Online, 2003;2(1):1-10.
• 26. Um GM, Wang JS, Park SE. An analysis on muscle tone of lower limb muscles on flexible flat foot. J. Phys. Ther. Sci., 2015;27(10);3089-3092.
• 27. Vanderwilde R, Staheli LT, Chew DE, Malagon V. Measurements on radiographs of the foot in normal infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Am., 1988;70(3):407-415.