A DOMESTIC QUARTER OF LATE CHALCOLITHIC PHASES 3-4 IN ARSLANTEPE

Yıl 2023, , 39 - 50, 31.12.2023

Francesca Balossi Restelli , Gian Maria Di Nocera , Elisa Biancifiori , Metin Batihan , Meral Başaran Mutlu

https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar.1277780

Öz

The paper describes and analyses the domestic quarter in Late Chalcolithic 3-4 Arslantepe (3900/3800-3400 BCE), characterized by the construction and continued use of pebbled streets. The few comparisons with contemporary sites in neighbouring regions testify to a shared tradition of settlement planning and building technology, possibly covering the Upper and Middle Euphrates, Khabur and Upper Mesopotamia in general, even though no real standardization of architecture is seen. Next to the expected house installations and artifacts, ritual pits and burials under the floors of the houses are the expression of the symbolic value embodied by the domestic space. These will be briefly presented and commented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Late Chalcolithic, Settlement planning, Domestic architecture, Upper Euphrates, Domestic burials, Domestic rituality.

ARSLANTEPE GEÇ KALKOLİTİK 3-4 EVRELERİNE AİT DOMESTİK BİR MAHALLE

Öz

Bu çalışmada Arslantepe’nin Geç Kalkolitik Çağ 3-4 (MÖ 3900/3800-3400) evrelerinde inşa edilen ve çakıl taşlı sokakların sürekli kullanımıyla karakterize edilen domestik mahalle tanımlanmakta ve analiz edilmektedir. Komşu bölgelerdeki çağdaş yerleşmelerle yapılan karşılaştırmalar sayesinde her ne kadar mimaride gerçek bir standartlaşma görülmese de muhtemelen Yukarı ve Orta Fırat, Habur ve Yukarı Mezopotamya’yı kapsayan ortak bir yerleşim planlaması ve inşaat teknolojisi geleneği olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ev donanımları ve materyallerin yanı sıra, ev tabanlarının altındaki ritüel çukurlar ve gömütler, domestik mekanın somutlaştırdığı sembolik değerin ifadesi olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada bahsi geçen bu konular kısaca sunulacak ve yorumlanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geç Kalkolitik, Yerleşim planlaması, Konut mimarisi, Yukarı Fırat, Haneiçi gömütler, Haneiçi ritüel.

Destekleyen Kurum

Sapienza Università di Roma

Kaynakça

• Alessio M., Bella F., Improta S., Belluomini G., Calderoni G., Cortesi C., ve Turi B. (1976). University of Rome Carbon-Dates XIV. Radiocarbon, 18(3), 321-349.
• Alessio M., Allegri L., Azzi C., Bella F., Calderoni G., Cortesi C., Improta S., ve Petrone V. (1983). 14C Dating of Arslantepe, Origini, 12(2), 575-580.
• Balossi Restelli, F. (2006a). The Development of ‘Cultural Regions’ in the Neolithic of the Near East: the dark Faced Burnished Ware Horizon, BAR Publishing, S1482.
• Balossi Restelli, F. (2006b). Local Late Chalcolithic (LC3) occupation at Zeytinli Bahçe (Birecik, Șanli-Urfa): the ceramic production. Anatolian Studies, 56, 17-46.
• Balossi Restelli, F. (2012). At the Roots of the Late Chalcolithic Society in the Anatolian Euphrates Valley. Origini, 34, 41-58.
• Balossi Restelli, F. (2015). Hearth and home. Interpreting fire installations at Arslantepe, Eastern Turkey, from the fourth to the beginning of the second millennium BCE. Paléorient, 41(1), 127- 151.
• Balossi Restelli, F. (2019). Arslantepe Period VII. The Development of a Ceremonial/Political Centre in the First Half of the Fourth Millennium BCE (Late Chalcolithic 3-4). Sapienza Università di Roma.
• Balossi Restelli, F., ve Erdal, Y. (2019). Late Chalcolithic Burials and Funerary Rituals. In F. Balossi Restelli (Ed.), Arslantepe Period VII. The Development of a Ceremonial/Political Centre in the First Half of the Fourth Millennium BCE (Late Chalcolithic 3-4) (pp. 222-259). Sapienza Università di Roma.
• Bernbeck, R., ve Costello, S. (2011). Yenice Yanı: Bir Geç Kalkolitik – Demir Çağ Köyü’nde Sondaj Çalışmaları. In N. Tuna ve O. Doonan (Eds.), Ilısu ve Karkamış Baraj Gölleri Altında Kalacak Arkeolojik ve Kültür Varlıklarını Kurtarma Projesi 2002 Yılı Çalışmaları, Cilt II (pp. 653-674). ODTÜ-TAÇDAM.
• Bernbeck, R., Pollock, S., ve Coursey, C. (1999). The Halaf settlement at Kazane Höyük. Anatolica, 25(0), 109-147. https://doi.org/10.2143/ ana.25.0.2015487
• Calderoni G., Caneva I., Cazzella A., Frangipane M., ve Petrone V. (1994). Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Rome Radiocarbon Dates III. Radiocarbon, 36(1), 143-152.
• Carter, R., Wengrow, D., Saber, S. A., Hamarashi, S. J., Shepperson, M., Roberts, K., Lewis, M. P., Marsh, A., Carretero, L. G., Sosnowska, H., D’Amico, A., Sagan, W., ve Lockyear, K. (2020). The later prehistory of the Shahrizor Plain, Kurdistan region of Iraq: Further investigations at Gurga Chiya and Tepe Marani. Iraq, 82, 41-71. https://doi.org/10.1017/ irq.2020.3
• Colantoni, C., ve Ur, J. A. (2011). The architecture and pottery of a late third-millennium residential quarter at Tell Hamoukar, north-eastern Syria. Iraq, 73, 21- 69. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900000073
• Di Nocera G.M., (2000). Radiocarbon datings from Arslantepe and Norşuntepe: the Fourth-Third Millenium absolute Chronology in the Upper Euphrates and Transcaucasian Region. In C. Marro, H. Hauptmann (Eds.), Chronologies des Pays du Caucase et de l’Euphrate aux IVe-IIIe Millenaire (pp. 73-93). De Boccard.
• Emberling, G., ve McDonald, H. (2003). Excavations at Tell Brak 2001-2002: Preliminary report. Iraq, 65, 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/4200533
• Esin, U. (1986). Doğu Anadolu’da Bulunan Obeyd Tipi Çanak Çömlek ve Değirmentepe (Malatya) Kazısı. IX. Türk Tarih Kongresinden Ayrı Basım, 81-91.
• Esin, U. (1989). An Early Trading Centre in Eastern Anatolia. In K. Emre, M. Mellink, B. Hrouda, ve N. Özgüç (Eds.), Anatolia and the Ancient Near East Studies in Honor of Tahsin Özgüç (pp. 135-141). Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
• Esin, U., ve Harmankaya, S. (1987). 1985 Deǧirmentepe (Malatya, Imamlı Köyü) Kurtarma Kazısı, VIII. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı I, 95-137.
• Frangipane, M. (1993). Local Components in the Development of Centralized Societies in Syro- Anatolian Region. In M. Frangipane, H. Hauptmann, M. Liverani, P. Matthie, M. Mellink (Eds.), Between the Rivers and over the Mountains, Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata, (pp. 133-161). Sapienza Università di Roma.
• Frangipane, M. (1997). A 4th-millennium temple/ palace complex at Arslantepe-Malatya. north-south relations and the formation of early state societies in the northern regions of greater Mesopotamia. Paléorient, 23(1), 45-73. https://doi.org/10.3406/ paleo.1997.4644
• Frangipane, M. (2003). Developments in fourthmillennium public architecture in the Malatya plain: from simple tripartite to complex and bipartite pattern. In M. Özdoǧan, H. Hauptmann, ve N. Başgelen (Eds.), From Village to Cities, Studies Presented to Ufuk Esin (pp. 147-169). Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
• Gurdil, B. (2005). Architecture and social complexity in the late Ubaid period: a study of the built environment of Değirmentepe in East Anatolia. Unpublished PhD dissertation, UCLA.
• Hauptmann, H. (1976). Die Grabungen auf dem Norşun-tepe, 1972. Keban Project 1973 Activities, Keban Project Publication series 1, 6, 71-90.
• Hackley, L.D, Yıldırım, B., ve Steadman, S. (2021). Not Seeing Is Believing: Ritual Practice and Architecture at Chalcolithic Çadır Höyük in Anatolia. Religions, 12, 665. https://doi. org/10.3390/rel12080665
• Mallowan, M. E., ve Rose, J. C. (1935). Excavations at tall Arpachiyah, 1933. Iraq, 2(1), 1-178. https:// doi.org/10.2307/4241576
• Marfoe, L., ve Ingraham, M.L. (1990). Excavation Areas and Stratigraphy: Area A. In G. Algaze (Ed.), Town and Country in Southeastern Anatolia - Vol. II: The Stratigraphic Sequence at Kurban Höyük (pp. 23-118). University of Chicago.
• Marro C., ve Yılmaz, Y. (2018). The Infant Jar- Burials From the Late Chalcolithic Village of Ovçular Tepesi (Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan): A Mesopotamian Tradition? In A. Batmaz, G. Bedianashvili, A. Michalewicz ve A. Robinson (Eds.), Context and Connection. Studies on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East in Honour of Antonio Sagona (pp. 29-48). Peeters.
• Mignardi, S., De Vito, C., Botticelli, M., Favero, G., Balossi Restelli, F., Marinacci, L., Alkhasoneh, S., ve Medeghini, L. (2021). Lime production in the late chalcolithic period: The case of Arslantepe (Eastern Anatolia). Heritage, 4(1), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4010005
• Palmieri, A. (1969). Recenti dati sulla stratigrafia di Arslantepe. Origini, 3, 7-66.
• Palmieri, A. (1973). Scavi nell’area sud-occidentale di Arslantepe. Origini, 7, 55-179.
• Palmieri, A.M. (1978). Studio sedimentologico dell’area nord-occidentale di Arslantepe (Malatya, Turchia). Quaderno de la Ricerca Scientifica, 100, 353-64.
• Parker, B. J., Foster, C. P., Nicoll, K., Kennedy, J. R., Graham, P., Smith, A., Hopwood, D. E., Hopwood, M., Butler, K., Healey, E., Uzel, M. B., ve Jensen, R. (2009). The upper Tigris archaeological research project (UTARP). Anatolica, 35(0), 85-152. https://doi.org/10.2143/ ana.35.0.2038073
• Peyronel, L., ve Vacca, A. (2015). Northern Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic 1–3 Periods in the Erbil Plain. New Insights from Recent Researches at Helawa, Iraqi Kurdistan. Origini, 37, 89–127.
• Reichel, C.D. (2009). Hamoukar. Oriental Institute 2008-2009 Annual Report, 77-87.
• Skourtanioti, E., Erdal, Y. S., Frangipane, M., Balossi Restelli, F., Yener, K. A., Pinnock, F., Matthiae, P., Özbal, R., Schoop, U., Guliyev, F., Akhundov, T., Lyonnet, B., Hammer, E. L., Nugent, S. E., Burri, M., Neumann, G. U., Penske, S., Ingman, T., Akar, M., …ve Krause, J. (2020). Genomic history of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, northern Levant, and southern Caucasus. Cell, 181(5), 1158-1175.e28. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.044
• Steadman, S. R., S. Arbuckle, B., ve McMahon, G. (2018). Pivoting east. Documenta Praehistorica, 45, 64-85. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.45.6
• Stein, G.J. (1996). Producers, Patrons, and Prestige: Craft Specialists and Emergent Elites. In B. Wailes (Ed.), Craft Specialization and Social Evolution: In Memory of V. Gordon Childe (pp. 25-38). University of Pennsylvania.
• Stein, G., Eedens, C., Pearce Edens, J., Boden, K., Laneri, N., Özbal, H., Earl, B., Adriaens, A. M., ve Pittman, H. (1998). Southeast Anatolia before the Uruk expansion. Anatolica, 24, 143-193. https://doi. org/10.2143/ana.24.0.2015479
• Vacca, A., ve Peyronel, L. (2022). Towards a Definition of the Late Chalcolithic Period in the Erbil Plain. The Contribution of the Helawa Pottery Sequence. In J.S. Baldi, M. Iamoni, L. Peyronel, ve P. Sconzo (Eds.), Late Chalcolithic Northern Mesopotamia in Context: Papers from a Workshop held at the 11th ICAANE in Munich, April 5th, 2018, Subartu, 48 (pp. 85-103). Brepols.
• Tobler, A. J. (1950). Excavations at Tepe Gawra, II, University of Pennsylvania.
• Vignola, C., Marzaioli, F., Balossi Restelli, F., Di Nocera, G. M., Frangipane, M., Masi, A., Passariello, I., Sadori, L., ve Terrasi, F. (2019). Changes in the near eastern chronology between the 5th and the 3rd millennium BC: New AMS 14C dates from Arslantepe (Turkey). Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 456, 276- 282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.01.033
• Vignola, C., Masi, A., Balossi Restelli, F., Frangipane, M., Marzaioli, F., Passariello, I., Stellato, L., Terrasi, F., ve Sadori, L. (2017). δ 13 C and δ 15 N from 14 C-AMS dated cereal grains reveal agricultural practices during 4300–2000 BC at Arslantepe (Turkey). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 247, 164-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. revpalbo.2017.09.001
• Yıldırım, B., Hackley, L. D., ve Steadman, S. R. (2018). Sanctifying the house: Child burial in prehistoric Anatolia. Near Eastern Archaeology, 81(3), 164- 173. https://doi.org/10.5615/neareastarch.81.3.0164