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ANADOLU HİSARI’NDAN ALINAN MEŞE ÖRNEKLERİNİN TARİHLENDİRİLMESİ, İSTANBUL-TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2024, , 79 - 86, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked.1324004

Öz

Anadolu Hisarı, İstanbul Boğazı’nın Anadolu yakasında, ünlü Rumeli Hisarı’nın karşısında yer alan önemli bir tarihi yapıdır. Hisarın, Osmanlı Padişahı Yıldırım Bayezid döneminde, 1395 yılında inşa edildiği bilinmektedir. 2022 yılında yapılan restorasyonu sırasında, Hisarın bahçesine depolanan meşe hatıllarının 6 tanesinden dendrokronolojik tarihleme için disk şeklinde gövde kesitleri alınmıştır. Standart dendrokronoloji yöntemleri uygulandıktan sonra ahşaplar 1395 yılına tarihlendirilmiştir. Bu sonuç, tarihi kayıtlarda geçen inşaatın tamamlanma tarihi olan 1395/1396 ile tutarlıdır. Tarihlendirme sonucuna göre, Hisardan alınan örneklerin orijinal yerlerinin yapının ilk dönemine ait olduğu ve bu restorasyonla ilk defa değiştirildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışmamız, İstanbul’daki bu tür tarihi binaların restorasyonu sırasında kaldırılan mimari ahşabın tam bağlamının belirlenmesinin, bunların orijinal parçalarının ve geçmişte gerçekleşmiş olabilecek restorasyon faaliyetlerinin zamanının belirlenmesine yardımcı olabileceğini göstermiştir.

Proje Numarası

2016/22/A/HS3/00285.

Kaynakça

  • Akkemik, Ü. (2004). Dendrochronology, İlkeleriBiyolojik-Temelleri-Yöntemleri-UygulamaAlanları, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 4484/479.
  • Akkemik, Ü., & Güzel, S. (2004). Kastamonu civarındaki bazı ahşap yapıların dendrokronolojik yöntemlerle tarihlendirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(1), 65–71.
  • Akkemik, Ü., & Kocabaş, U. (2013). Woods of the old galleys of Yenikapı, Istanbul. Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry, 13(2), 31–41.
  • Akkemik, Ü., & Kocabaş, U. (2014). Woods of Byzantine trade ships of Yenikapı (Istanbul) and changes in wood use from 6th to 11th century. Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry, 14(2), 301–311.
  • Akkemik, Ü., Köse, N., Ważny, T., Kızıltan, Z., & Öncü, Ö.E. (2019). Dating and dendroprovenancing of the timbers used in Yenikapı historical jetty (İstanbul, Türkiye). Dendrochronologia 57, 125628.
  • Akkemik, Ü., & Dağdeviren, N. (2004). Using Dendrochronological Methods to Date the Wooden Materials Used in Balkapanı Han. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(1), s. 45-53.
  • Anonymous (1991). İslam Ansiklopedisi. Volume 3: 147-149.
  • Baillie, M. G. L., & Pilcher, J. R. (1973). A simple cross-dating program for tree-ring research. TreeRing Bulletin, 33, 7–14.
  • Christopoulou, A., Ważny, T., Moody, J., Tzigounaki, A., Giapitsoglou, K., Fraidhaki, A., & Fiolitaki, A. (2021). Dendrochronology of a scrapheap, or how the history of preveli monastery was reconstructed. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15 (10), 1424–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1558305 8.2019.1685023.
  • Fritts, H.C. (1976). Tree rings and Climate. Academic Press, New York, San Francisco
  • Hollstein, E. (1980). Mitteleuropäische Eichenchronologie: Trierer dendrochronologis-che Forschungen zur Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte. P. von Zabern, Mainz.
  • Kızıltan, Z. (2010). Excavations at Yenikapı, Sirkeci and Üsküdar within Marmaray and Metro project. In U. Kocabaş (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Marmaray-Metro Salvage Excavations, 5th– 6th May 2008 (pp. 1–17). İstanbul: Directorate of Istanbul Archaeological Museums.
  • Kuban, D. (2007). Osmanlı Mimarisi. YEM Yayınları, No:134, İstanbul.
  • Kunihom, P.I. (2000). Dendrochronological1y dated ottoman monuments, A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground. In U. Baram, & L. Carrol (Eds). Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers.
  • Kuniholm, P. I., Pearson, C. L., & Ważny, T. J. (2014). Yenikapı ve diğer Marmaray proje alanlarında dendrokronoloji araştırmaları. In Ş. Balta, & Ş. Altun (Eds.), Hayalden Gerçeğe Bir İstanbul Öyküsü-Marmaray (pp.154–159). Gama Holding.
  • Kuniholm, P. I., Pearson, C. L., Ważny, T.J., & Griggs, C. B. (2015). Of harbors and trees: The Marmaray contribution to a 2367-year Oak-Tree-Ring Chronology from 97 Sites for the Aegean, East Mediterranean, and Black Seas. In P. Magdalino, & N. Ergin (Eds.), Istanbul and Water (47, pp. 47–90). Peeters Press.
  • Ljungqvist, F.C., Seim, A., Tegel, W., Krusic, P.J., Baittinger, C., Belingard, C., Bernabei, M., Bonde, N., Borghaerts, P., Couturier, Y., Crone, A., van Daalen, S., Daly, A., Doeve, P., Domínguez-Delmas, M., Edouard, J.-L., Frank, T., Ginzler, C., Grabner, M., …Büntgen, U. (2022). Regional patterns of late medieval and early Modern European building activity revealed by felling dates. Frontier in Ecology and Evolution, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fevo.2021.825751.
  • Savvides, A.G.C. (1997). Constantinople in a vice: Some notes on Anadolu Hisar (1395/1396) and Rumeli Hisar (1452). Acta Patristica et Byzantina, 8. 144- 149.
  • Schweingruber, F.H. (1988). Tree Rings, Basics and Applications of Dendrochronology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London.
  • Pearson, C. L., Griggs, C. B., Kuniholm, P. I., Brewer, P. W., Ważny, T., & Canady, L. (2012). Dendroarchaeology of the Mid-First Millennium AD in Constantinople. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 3402–3414.
  • Rybníček, M., Vavrčík, H., & Hubený R. (2006). Determination of the number of sapwood annual rings in oak in the region of southern Moravia. Journal of Forest Science, 52, 2006 (3), 141–146.
  • Yalçın, N.M., Sezerer-Bulut, M., Pearson, C., Kuniholm, P.I., Algan, O., & Ważny, T. (2019). Establishing a high-resolution stratigraphy in the Holocene marine sequence of the ancient Theodosian harbor of Istanbul with the help of dendrochronology. Geoarchaeology, 34:360–374. https://doi. org/10.1002/gea.21729

DATING OF OAK TIMBERS FROM ANADOLU HİSARI (ANATOLIAN FORTRESS), İSTANBUL-TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2024, , 79 - 86, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked.1324004

Öz

Anadolu Hisarı, or the Anatolian Fortress, is a prominent historic building located on the Anatolian side of the Bosphorus, Istanbul, right across the well-known Rumeli Hisarı (the Rumeli Fortress). The fortress is known to have been built during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan, Yıldırım Bayezid, in 1395. In 2022 during the restoration of the fortress we collected a group of stem discs from 6 timbers stored in its garden for dendrochronological dating. The timbers were dated to 1395 after standard dendrochronological methods were applied. This result is consistent with the completion dates of the construction, 1395/1396, mentioned in historical records. The part of the walls from which the sampled timbers had been removed are from the original construction and were replaced during the recent restoration work. Our study shows that identifying the exact context of architectural wood removed during the restoration of such historical buildings in Istanbul can help identify their original parts and the time of restoration activities that may have taken place in the past.

Destekleyen Kurum

Part of this study was founded by the National Science Center, Poland

Proje Numarası

2016/22/A/HS3/00285.

Teşekkür

We would like to thank Yeşim Kalkan Güngör (Architect) and Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Cultural Heritage Department for their support in providing the materials. Part of this study was founded by the National Science Center, Poland, project nr 2016/22/A/HS3/00285

Kaynakça

  • Akkemik, Ü. (2004). Dendrochronology, İlkeleriBiyolojik-Temelleri-Yöntemleri-UygulamaAlanları, İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 4484/479.
  • Akkemik, Ü., & Güzel, S. (2004). Kastamonu civarındaki bazı ahşap yapıların dendrokronolojik yöntemlerle tarihlendirilmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5(1), 65–71.
  • Akkemik, Ü., & Kocabaş, U. (2013). Woods of the old galleys of Yenikapı, Istanbul. Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry, 13(2), 31–41.
  • Akkemik, Ü., & Kocabaş, U. (2014). Woods of Byzantine trade ships of Yenikapı (Istanbul) and changes in wood use from 6th to 11th century. Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry, 14(2), 301–311.
  • Akkemik, Ü., Köse, N., Ważny, T., Kızıltan, Z., & Öncü, Ö.E. (2019). Dating and dendroprovenancing of the timbers used in Yenikapı historical jetty (İstanbul, Türkiye). Dendrochronologia 57, 125628.
  • Akkemik, Ü., & Dağdeviren, N. (2004). Using Dendrochronological Methods to Date the Wooden Materials Used in Balkapanı Han. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 54(1), s. 45-53.
  • Anonymous (1991). İslam Ansiklopedisi. Volume 3: 147-149.
  • Baillie, M. G. L., & Pilcher, J. R. (1973). A simple cross-dating program for tree-ring research. TreeRing Bulletin, 33, 7–14.
  • Christopoulou, A., Ważny, T., Moody, J., Tzigounaki, A., Giapitsoglou, K., Fraidhaki, A., & Fiolitaki, A. (2021). Dendrochronology of a scrapheap, or how the history of preveli monastery was reconstructed. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 15 (10), 1424–1438. https://doi.org/10.1080/1558305 8.2019.1685023.
  • Fritts, H.C. (1976). Tree rings and Climate. Academic Press, New York, San Francisco
  • Hollstein, E. (1980). Mitteleuropäische Eichenchronologie: Trierer dendrochronologis-che Forschungen zur Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte. P. von Zabern, Mainz.
  • Kızıltan, Z. (2010). Excavations at Yenikapı, Sirkeci and Üsküdar within Marmaray and Metro project. In U. Kocabaş (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Marmaray-Metro Salvage Excavations, 5th– 6th May 2008 (pp. 1–17). İstanbul: Directorate of Istanbul Archaeological Museums.
  • Kuban, D. (2007). Osmanlı Mimarisi. YEM Yayınları, No:134, İstanbul.
  • Kunihom, P.I. (2000). Dendrochronological1y dated ottoman monuments, A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground. In U. Baram, & L. Carrol (Eds). Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers.
  • Kuniholm, P. I., Pearson, C. L., & Ważny, T. J. (2014). Yenikapı ve diğer Marmaray proje alanlarında dendrokronoloji araştırmaları. In Ş. Balta, & Ş. Altun (Eds.), Hayalden Gerçeğe Bir İstanbul Öyküsü-Marmaray (pp.154–159). Gama Holding.
  • Kuniholm, P. I., Pearson, C. L., Ważny, T.J., & Griggs, C. B. (2015). Of harbors and trees: The Marmaray contribution to a 2367-year Oak-Tree-Ring Chronology from 97 Sites for the Aegean, East Mediterranean, and Black Seas. In P. Magdalino, & N. Ergin (Eds.), Istanbul and Water (47, pp. 47–90). Peeters Press.
  • Ljungqvist, F.C., Seim, A., Tegel, W., Krusic, P.J., Baittinger, C., Belingard, C., Bernabei, M., Bonde, N., Borghaerts, P., Couturier, Y., Crone, A., van Daalen, S., Daly, A., Doeve, P., Domínguez-Delmas, M., Edouard, J.-L., Frank, T., Ginzler, C., Grabner, M., …Büntgen, U. (2022). Regional patterns of late medieval and early Modern European building activity revealed by felling dates. Frontier in Ecology and Evolution, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fevo.2021.825751.
  • Savvides, A.G.C. (1997). Constantinople in a vice: Some notes on Anadolu Hisar (1395/1396) and Rumeli Hisar (1452). Acta Patristica et Byzantina, 8. 144- 149.
  • Schweingruber, F.H. (1988). Tree Rings, Basics and Applications of Dendrochronology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London.
  • Pearson, C. L., Griggs, C. B., Kuniholm, P. I., Brewer, P. W., Ważny, T., & Canady, L. (2012). Dendroarchaeology of the Mid-First Millennium AD in Constantinople. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 3402–3414.
  • Rybníček, M., Vavrčík, H., & Hubený R. (2006). Determination of the number of sapwood annual rings in oak in the region of southern Moravia. Journal of Forest Science, 52, 2006 (3), 141–146.
  • Yalçın, N.M., Sezerer-Bulut, M., Pearson, C., Kuniholm, P.I., Algan, O., & Ważny, T. (2019). Establishing a high-resolution stratigraphy in the Holocene marine sequence of the ancient Theodosian harbor of Istanbul with the help of dendrochronology. Geoarchaeology, 34:360–374. https://doi. org/10.1002/gea.21729
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimari Miras ve Koruma
Bölüm İnceleme Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ünal Akkemik 0000-0003-2099-5589

Yasemin Özarslan Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3767-4220

Tomasz Wazny Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6641-0131

Proje Numarası 2016/22/A/HS3/00285.
Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkemik, Ü., Özarslan, Y., & Wazny, T. (2024). DATING OF OAK TIMBERS FROM ANADOLU HİSARI (ANATOLIAN FORTRESS), İSTANBUL-TÜRKİYE. TÜBA-KED Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Kültür Envanteri Dergisi(29), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked.1324004

Bu sistemin içeriği ve TÜBA-KED'de yayınlanan tüm makaleler "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0" altında lisanslanmıştır.

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