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Intensive Care Approach In COVID-19 Patients

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 183 - 193, 30.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.767999

Öz

In the intensive care management of critical patients with severe hemodynamic disorders, severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organ damage, sepsis and septic shock during the COVID-19 pandemic process; clinical researches, reviews, guides have been published which include many different topics such as the identification, treatment of patients who need intensive care and the design of intensive care in this process. The knowledge and experience of intensivists are increasing day by day in the pandemic process. This article was compiled in the light of the recommended information about intensive care management of adult COVID-19 patients from March to June 2020 both in our country and abroad.

Kaynakça

  • 1. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. (Available: https:// www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-generals- opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid- 19%2D%2D-11-march-2020.) [cited 12 Mar 2020].
  • 2. Team NCPERE. Vital surveillances: The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) - China. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(8):113-122.
  • 3. Auld SC, Caridi-Scheible M, Blum JM, Robichaux C et al. ICU and ventilator mortality among critically Ill adults with Coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Med. 2020;26:10.1097
  • 4. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. 2020. (https://www.who. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situationreports).
  • 5. Shang Y, Pan C, Yang X, Zhong M, et al. Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: Statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):73.
  • 6. Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, et al. CoroNerve Study Group. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: A UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;S2215-0366(20)30287-X. d
  • 7. Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR. COVID-19 Iillness in native and immunosuppressed states: A clinical-therapeutic staging proposal. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020;39(5):405-407.
  • 8. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. Jama. 2020 Feb 24. (Online ahead of print).
  • 9. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) Ağır Pnömoni, ARDS, Sepsis ve Septik Şok Yönetimi 1 Haziran 2020. (https:// covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr).
  • 10. Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, et al. Asian Critical Care Clinical Trials Group Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):506-517.
  • 11. Karabıyık L. COVID-19 hastaların yoğun bakım süreci. Gazi Medical Journal 2020;31:331-336
  • 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings. (June 19, 2020. https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-controlrecommendations. html).
  • 13. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) Erişkin Hasta Tedavisi. (19 Haziran 2020. https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov. tr/depo/rehberler/covid-19-rehberi/COVID-19_REHBERI_ ERISKIN_HASTA_TEDAVISI.pdf).
  • 14. Guan W, Liang W, Zhao Y, et al. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000547.
  • 15. Alhazzani W, Moller MH, Arabi YM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the management of critically Ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:854-887.
  • 16. Lamontagne F, Rochwerg B, Lytvyn L, Guyatt HG, Moller MH, Annane D. Corticosteroid therapy for sepsis: A clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018;362:k3284.
  • 17. Tran K, Cimon K, Severn M, Pessoa-Silva CL, Conly J. Aerosol-Generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35797.
  • 18. Clinical management of COVID-19. Interim guidance 27 May 2010. World Health Organization. WHO72019-nCoV/ clinical/2020.5. (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332196).
  • 19. Coppo A, Bellani G, Winterton D, et al. Feasibility and physiological effects of prone positioning in non-intubated patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (PRON-COVID): A prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(8):765-774.
  • 20. Agarwal A, Basmaji J, Muttalib F, et al. High-Flow nasal cannula for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in patientswith COVID-19: Systematic reviews of effectiveness and its risks of aerosolization, dispersion, and infection transmission. Can J Anaesth. 2020;67(9):1217-1248.
  • 21. Talan L, Altıntaș ND. Yoğun Bakımda Hasta Yönetimi/ COVID-19. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi 2020. (E-kitap).
  • 22. Turner JS, Bucca AW, Propst SL, Ellender TJ, Sarmiento EJ, Menard LM, Hunter BR. Association of checklist Use in endotracheal intubation with clinically important outcomes a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(7):e209278.
  • 23. Goh KJ, Wong J, Tien JC, Ng SY, Duu Wen S, Phua GC, Leong CK. Preparing your intensive care unit for the COVID-19 pandemic: Practical considerations and strategies. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):215.
  • 24. Fan E, Brodie D, Slutsky AS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2018;319(7):698-710.
  • 25. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Rossi S. COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not? Crit Care. 2020;24(1):154.
  • 26. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, Busana M, Romitti F, Brazzi L, Camporota L. COVID-19 pneumonia: Different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1099-1102.
  • 27. Tobaiqy M, Qashqary M, Al-Dahery S, Mujallad A, Hershan AA, Kamal MA, Helmi N. Therapeutic management of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Infection Prevention in Practice. 2020;2(3):100061.
  • 28. Srinivas P, Sacha G, Koval C. Antivirals for COVID-19. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020 May 14. (Online ahead of print).
  • 29. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med; 2020;8(5):475-481.
  • 30. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061- 1069.
  • 31. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46:846-8.
  • 32. Zitek T. The Appropriate Use of Testing for COVID-19. West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(3):470-472.
  • 33. Zhang L, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhu J, Zhang N. Focus on a 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Future Microbiol. 2020;10.2217/fmb-2020-0063.
  • 34. Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-CoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395:473-475.
  • 35. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 Rehberi Antisitokin antiinflamatuar tedaviler koagulopati yönetimi. (https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/ depo/rehberler/covid-19-rehberi/COVID-19_REHBERI_ ANTISITOKIN-ANTI_INFLAMATUAR_TEDAVILER_ KOAGULOPATI_YONETIMI.pdf).
  • 36. Chen X, Zhao B, Qu Y, et al. Detectable serum SARSCoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely associated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa449.
  • 37. Shen, C, Wang, Z, Zhao F, et al. Treatment of 5 critically Ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1582-1589.
  • 38. Casadevall A, Pirofski L, The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:1545-1548.
  • 39. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmtleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Kan ve Kan Ürünleri Dairesi Başkanlığı. Covid-19-immunkonvalesan- plazma-tedarik-ve-klinik-kullanim-rehberi (https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/37341,covid-19- immun-konvalesan-plazma-tedarik-ve-klinik-kullanimrehberi- guncel--r1-v1pdf.pdf?0).
  • 40. Zhu Z, Lu Z, Xu T, Chen C, Yang G, Zha T, Lu J, Xue Y. Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;81(1):e21-e23.
  • 41. Fowler AA, Truwit JD, Hite RD, Morris PE, et al. Effect of vitamin C infusion on organ failure and biomarkers of inflammation and vascular injury in patients with sepsis and severe acute respiratory failure: The CITRIS-ALI randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322:1261-1270.
  • 42. Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. J Infect Public Health. 2020;S1876- 0341(20)30531-1.
  • 43. Blaser AR, Starkopf J, Alhazzani W, et al. Early enteral nutrition in critically Ill patients: ESICM clinical practice guidelines. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:380-398.
  • 44. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020 May;97(5):829-838.
  • 45. Adapa S, Aeddula NR, Konala VM , et al. COVID-19 and renal failure: Challenges in the delivery of renal replacement therapy. J Clin Med Res. 2020;12(5):276-285.
  • 46. Huang L, Zhang W, Yang Y, et al. Application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by avian influenza a (H7N9) viral pneumonia: National data from the chinese multicentre collaboration. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:23.
  • 47. Abrams D, Ferguson ND, Brochard L, et al. ECMO for ARDS: From salvage to standard of care? Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(2):108-110.
  • 48. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
  • 49. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically Ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145-147.
  • 50. European resuscitation council COVID-19 guidelines-24.April. 2020 (https://erc.edu/sites/5714e77d5e615861f00f7d18/content_ entry5ea884fa4c84867335e4d1ff/5ea885f34c84867335e- 4d20e/files/ERC_covid19_pages.pdf?1588257310).
  • 51. Centers for disease control and prevention. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for healthcare personnel during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic June 19, 2020. (https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-controlrecommendations. html).
  • 52. The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) COVID-19 Guidelines. Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Challenges and recommendations. (https://www.anzics.com.au/wp-content/ uploads/2020/04/ANZI_3367_Guidelines_V2.pdf)

COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 183 - 193, 30.08.2020
https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.767999

Öz

COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde ağır hemodinamik bozukluklar, ağır pnömoni, solunum yetmezliği, akut solunum sıkıntısı sendromu (ARDS), organ hasarı, sepsis, septik şok gibi sorunları olan kritik hastaların yoğun bakım yönetiminde; yoğun bakıma ihtiyacı olan hastaların belirlenmesi, tedavisi, bu süreçte yoğun bakımların dizaynı gibi pek çok farklı konuyu içeren klinik araştırmalar, derlemeler, kılavuzlar yayınlanmıştır. Pandemi sürecinde her geçen gün yoğun bakımcıların bilgi ve tecrübeleri giderek artmaktadır. Bu makale
Mart-Haziran 2020 ayları arasında gerek ülkemiz gerekse de yurt dışı uygulamalarda erişkin COVID-19 hastalarının yoğun bakım yönetimi hakkında önerilen bilgiler ışığında derlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. (Available: https:// www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-generals- opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid- 19%2D%2D-11-march-2020.) [cited 12 Mar 2020].
  • 2. Team NCPERE. Vital surveillances: The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) - China. China CDC Weekly. 2020;2(8):113-122.
  • 3. Auld SC, Caridi-Scheible M, Blum JM, Robichaux C et al. ICU and ventilator mortality among critically Ill adults with Coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Med. 2020;26:10.1097
  • 4. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. 2020. (https://www.who. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situationreports).
  • 5. Shang Y, Pan C, Yang X, Zhong M, et al. Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: Statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China. Ann Intensive Care. 2020;10(1):73.
  • 6. Varatharaj A, Thomas N, Ellul MA, et al. CoroNerve Study Group. Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: A UK-wide surveillance study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;S2215-0366(20)30287-X. d
  • 7. Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR. COVID-19 Iillness in native and immunosuppressed states: A clinical-therapeutic staging proposal. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020;39(5):405-407.
  • 8. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. Jama. 2020 Feb 24. (Online ahead of print).
  • 9. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) Ağır Pnömoni, ARDS, Sepsis ve Septik Şok Yönetimi 1 Haziran 2020. (https:// covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr).
  • 10. Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, et al. Asian Critical Care Clinical Trials Group Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):506-517.
  • 11. Karabıyık L. COVID-19 hastaların yoğun bakım süreci. Gazi Medical Journal 2020;31:331-336
  • 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare settings. (June 19, 2020. https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-controlrecommendations. html).
  • 13. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) Erişkin Hasta Tedavisi. (19 Haziran 2020. https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov. tr/depo/rehberler/covid-19-rehberi/COVID-19_REHBERI_ ERISKIN_HASTA_TEDAVISI.pdf).
  • 14. Guan W, Liang W, Zhao Y, et al. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: A nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000547.
  • 15. Alhazzani W, Moller MH, Arabi YM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: Guidelines on the management of critically Ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:854-887.
  • 16. Lamontagne F, Rochwerg B, Lytvyn L, Guyatt HG, Moller MH, Annane D. Corticosteroid therapy for sepsis: A clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018;362:k3284.
  • 17. Tran K, Cimon K, Severn M, Pessoa-Silva CL, Conly J. Aerosol-Generating procedures and risk of transmission of acute respiratory infections: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35797.
  • 18. Clinical management of COVID-19. Interim guidance 27 May 2010. World Health Organization. WHO72019-nCoV/ clinical/2020.5. (https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332196).
  • 19. Coppo A, Bellani G, Winterton D, et al. Feasibility and physiological effects of prone positioning in non-intubated patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (PRON-COVID): A prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(8):765-774.
  • 20. Agarwal A, Basmaji J, Muttalib F, et al. High-Flow nasal cannula for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in patientswith COVID-19: Systematic reviews of effectiveness and its risks of aerosolization, dispersion, and infection transmission. Can J Anaesth. 2020;67(9):1217-1248.
  • 21. Talan L, Altıntaș ND. Yoğun Bakımda Hasta Yönetimi/ COVID-19. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi 2020. (E-kitap).
  • 22. Turner JS, Bucca AW, Propst SL, Ellender TJ, Sarmiento EJ, Menard LM, Hunter BR. Association of checklist Use in endotracheal intubation with clinically important outcomes a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(7):e209278.
  • 23. Goh KJ, Wong J, Tien JC, Ng SY, Duu Wen S, Phua GC, Leong CK. Preparing your intensive care unit for the COVID-19 pandemic: Practical considerations and strategies. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):215.
  • 24. Fan E, Brodie D, Slutsky AS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 2018;319(7):698-710.
  • 25. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Rossi S. COVID-19 pneumonia: ARDS or not? Crit Care. 2020;24(1):154.
  • 26. Gattinoni L, Chiumello D, Caironi P, Busana M, Romitti F, Brazzi L, Camporota L. COVID-19 pneumonia: Different respiratory treatments for different phenotypes? Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1099-1102.
  • 27. Tobaiqy M, Qashqary M, Al-Dahery S, Mujallad A, Hershan AA, Kamal MA, Helmi N. Therapeutic management of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. Infection Prevention in Practice. 2020;2(3):100061.
  • 28. Srinivas P, Sacha G, Koval C. Antivirals for COVID-19. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020 May 14. (Online ahead of print).
  • 29. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med; 2020;8(5):475-481.
  • 30. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061- 1069.
  • 31. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020; 46:846-8.
  • 32. Zitek T. The Appropriate Use of Testing for COVID-19. West J Emerg Med. 2020;21(3):470-472.
  • 33. Zhang L, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhu J, Zhang N. Focus on a 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Future Microbiol. 2020;10.2217/fmb-2020-0063.
  • 34. Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-CoV lung injury. Lancet. 2020;395:473-475.
  • 35. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü, COVID-19 Rehberi Antisitokin antiinflamatuar tedaviler koagulopati yönetimi. (https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/ depo/rehberler/covid-19-rehberi/COVID-19_REHBERI_ ANTISITOKIN-ANTI_INFLAMATUAR_TEDAVILER_ KOAGULOPATI_YONETIMI.pdf).
  • 36. Chen X, Zhao B, Qu Y, et al. Detectable serum SARSCoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely associated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa449.
  • 37. Shen, C, Wang, Z, Zhao F, et al. Treatment of 5 critically Ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA. 2020;323(16):1582-1589.
  • 38. Casadevall A, Pirofski L, The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2020;130:1545-1548.
  • 39. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık Hizmtleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Kan ve Kan Ürünleri Dairesi Başkanlığı. Covid-19-immunkonvalesan- plazma-tedarik-ve-klinik-kullanim-rehberi (https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/37341,covid-19- immun-konvalesan-plazma-tedarik-ve-klinik-kullanimrehberi- guncel--r1-v1pdf.pdf?0).
  • 40. Zhu Z, Lu Z, Xu T, Chen C, Yang G, Zha T, Lu J, Xue Y. Arbidol monotherapy is superior to lopinavir/ritonavir in treating COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;81(1):e21-e23.
  • 41. Fowler AA, Truwit JD, Hite RD, Morris PE, et al. Effect of vitamin C infusion on organ failure and biomarkers of inflammation and vascular injury in patients with sepsis and severe acute respiratory failure: The CITRIS-ALI randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322:1261-1270.
  • 42. Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. J Infect Public Health. 2020;S1876- 0341(20)30531-1.
  • 43. Blaser AR, Starkopf J, Alhazzani W, et al. Early enteral nutrition in critically Ill patients: ESICM clinical practice guidelines. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:380-398.
  • 44. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020 May;97(5):829-838.
  • 45. Adapa S, Aeddula NR, Konala VM , et al. COVID-19 and renal failure: Challenges in the delivery of renal replacement therapy. J Clin Med Res. 2020;12(5):276-285.
  • 46. Huang L, Zhang W, Yang Y, et al. Application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by avian influenza a (H7N9) viral pneumonia: National data from the chinese multicentre collaboration. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:23.
  • 47. Abrams D, Ferguson ND, Brochard L, et al. ECMO for ARDS: From salvage to standard of care? Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(2):108-110.
  • 48. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
  • 49. Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically Ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145-147.
  • 50. European resuscitation council COVID-19 guidelines-24.April. 2020 (https://erc.edu/sites/5714e77d5e615861f00f7d18/content_ entry5ea884fa4c84867335e4d1ff/5ea885f34c84867335e- 4d20e/files/ERC_covid19_pages.pdf?1588257310).
  • 51. Centers for disease control and prevention. Interim infection prevention and control recommendations for healthcare personnel during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic June 19, 2020. (https://www. cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-controlrecommendations. html).
  • 52. The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) COVID-19 Guidelines. Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Challenges and recommendations. (https://www.anzics.com.au/wp-content/ uploads/2020/04/ANZI_3367_Guidelines_V2.pdf)
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Hilal Ayoğlu 0000-0002-6869-5932

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2020
Kabul Tarihi 8 Ağustos 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ayoğlu, H. (2020). COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı. Türkiye Diyabet Ve Obezite Dergisi, 4(2), 183-193. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.767999
AMA Ayoğlu H. COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı. Turk J Diab Obes. Ağustos 2020;4(2):183-193. doi:10.25048/tudod.767999
Chicago Ayoğlu, Hilal. “COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı”. Türkiye Diyabet Ve Obezite Dergisi 4, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2020): 183-93. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.767999.
EndNote Ayoğlu H (01 Ağustos 2020) COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi 4 2 183–193.
IEEE H. Ayoğlu, “COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı”, Turk J Diab Obes, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 183–193, 2020, doi: 10.25048/tudod.767999.
ISNAD Ayoğlu, Hilal. “COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı”. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi 4/2 (Ağustos 2020), 183-193. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.767999.
JAMA Ayoğlu H. COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı. Turk J Diab Obes. 2020;4:183–193.
MLA Ayoğlu, Hilal. “COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı”. Türkiye Diyabet Ve Obezite Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 183-9, doi:10.25048/tudod.767999.
Vancouver Ayoğlu H. COVID-19 Hastalarında Yoğun Bakım Yaklaşımı. Turk J Diab Obes. 2020;4(2):183-9.

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