Comparative insights into genomic variability and adaptation in the chloroplast genomes of Salvia japonica and Salvia rosmarinus

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 13

Mehmet Alp Furan

https://doi.org/10.53663/turjfas.1611978

Abstract

Chloroplast genomes provide important information about phylogenetics, plant evolution, and adaptive processes. This study examines the chloroplast genomes of Salvia japonica and Salvia rosmarinus. We conducted structural and functional annotations to identify significant variations in gene content and organization. We found that S. rosmarinus has fewer photosystem II (psb) genes and a greater abundance of hypothetical genes (ycf). This may help maintain genomic stability while facilitating species evolution. There are big differences in insertion-deletion events (indels) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in important gene families, like NADH dehydrogenase and ribosomal proteins. We determined this organizational difference by applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the genomes of the two species, which belong to different and distinct gene categories. Sequence alignment revealed gaps and inconsistencies in genes related to RNA polymerase and photosynthesis. The fact that S. japonica and S. rosmarinus have a lot of different genes and may have adapted to live in different environments suggests that they have had different evolutionary paths. These results give us important information about how Salvia species have evolved and give us a way to think about how chloroplast genomes change in different ecological settings. This study provides a basis for understanding the evolution of the chloroplast genome in the genus Salvia. This study has been significant in clarifying the role of photosynthetic and hypothetical genes in controlling environmental responses. Future study must use transcriptome and ecological data to enhance our understanding of the impact of genetic variants on functionality.

Keywords

Chloroplast genome, evolutionary divergence, genome organization, genus Salvia, phylogenetics

Ethical Statement

This work was not submitted to any other journal in any form, and the results of this study were not used in any animal experiments or human research.

Supporting Institution

The author has not disclosed any funding.

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