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Mezopotamya Yerel Yönetimlerinde Kadının Rolü: Naqī’a/Zakūtū Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 109 - 124, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11577137

Öz

Asur (M.Ö. 2000-612), Mezopotamya'nın en büyük krallıklarından biri olarak sınırlarını genişletmiştir. Bu genişleme politikası, Asur krallığının, aldığı bölgelerde istikrar ve güvenliği sağlamak için çeşitli stratejiler geliştirmesine olanak tanımıştır. Bu stratejiler arasında yer alan iskan politikası, krallığın kozmopolit bir kimlik oluşturmasına katkı sağlamıştır. Yeni fethedilen bölgelerdeki toplulukların şehirler arasında göç etmesi sonucunda kültürel bir mozaik oluşturulmuş ve aynı zamanda krallığa karşı potansiyel isyanların da önüne geçilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, genişleyen bir bölgeyi idare etmek kolay değildi ve Asur İmparatorluğu, bağlılığı sağlamak için çeşitli yöntemlere başvurmuştur.
Bu yöntemlerden biri, alınan bölgelerde kendine sadık valiler atayarak yerel yönetimler oluşturmaktı. Bu bağlamda, Sealand yöneticisi Na’id-Marduk’un, kral Esarhaddon'un annesi Naqī'a/Zakūtū'ya hitaben yazdığı bir mektupta askerî destek talebinde bulunması, imparatorluk içinde heterarşik bir yapıyı işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın odak noktası, kraliçe Naqī'a'nın bahsi geçen askerî ve siyasî gücünün niteliğidir. Bu durum, Asur İmparatorluğu'nun yönetim yapısını, o dönemdeki güç dinamiklerini ve imparatorluğun iç işleyişini anlamak için önemli bir perspektif sunmaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

Kaynakça

  • ALTMAN, Amnon, Tracing the Earliest Recorded Concepts of International Law: The Ancient Near East (2500-300), C. 8, Studies in the History of International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Pub., Leiden, Boston 2012.
  • BAKER, Heather D., The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki 2001.
  • ÇELEBİ, Nurgül, “Yeni-Asur Kraliçesi Naqī’a Zakūtū’nun Politik Gücünün Arka Planı”, Turabdin: Tarih Kültür Din, (ed. Nurgül Çelebi, İsmet Tunç), DTA Yayıncılık, Bursa 2024, ss. 21-36.
  • ERKAL, Mehmet Mustafa, Çeşitli Yönleriyle Türk Töresi, Berikan Yayınevi, Ankara 2023.
  • FÖLDİ, Zsombor J., “Bullussa-rabi’s Hymn to Gula”, (ed. A.C. Heinrich, E. Jiménez), Electronic Babylonian Literature, 2021, ss. 86-90.
  • FRAHM, Eckart, “Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib”, Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography, C. 71. Brill, Leiden 2014, ss. 163-222.
  • KAŁEK, Krzysztof, “Esarhaddon’s Eastern Campaigns”, Palamedes 11, 2016, ss. 5-13.
  • LAMBERT, Wilfred G., “The Gula Hymn of Bulluṭsa-rabi”, Orientalia, C. 36, S. 2, 1967, ss. 105-132.
  • LEICHTY, Erle, The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC), C. 4, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 2011.
  • LEWY, Hildegard, “Nitokris-Naqi’a”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, C. 11, S. 4, 1952, 264-286.
  • MAY, Natalie N., “Neo-Assyrian Women, Their Visibility, and Their Representation in Written and Pictorial Sources”, Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East, (ed. Saana Svärd, Agnès Garcia-Ventura), Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania 2018, ss. 249-288.
  • MELVILLE, Sarah C., “Neo-Assyrian Royal Women and Male Identity: Status as a Social Tool”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, C. 124, S. 1, 2004, ss. 37-57.
  • MIURA, Satoshi, “Heterarchy”, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014, https://www.britannica.com/topic/heterarchy. Erişim Tarihi: 26.05.2024.
  • MIURA, Satoshi, “Hierarchy”, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/hierarchy-social-science. Erişim Tarihi: 26.05.2024.
  • PARPOLA, Simo, “Neo-Assyrian Treaties from the Royal Archives of Nineveh”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, C. 39, S. 2, 1987, ss. 161-189.
  • PARPOLA, Simo, WATANABE, Kazuko, Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1988.
  • POSTGATE, J. N., The land of Assur and the yoke of Assur: Studies on Assyria, 1971-2005, David Brown Book Co, Oxford 2007.
  • RADNER, Karen, “Assyrische tuppi ade als Vorbild fiir Deuteronomium 28,20-44?”, Die deuteronomistischen Geschichtswerke, (ed. Markus Witte), BZAW 365, Berlin&New York 2006, ss. 351-378.
  • READE, Julian, “Was Sennacherib a Feminist?” CRRAI, C. 33, 1986, ss. 139-145.
  • STRECK, Maximilan, Assurbanipal: 1. Teil, Inktank Publishing, Germany 2020.
  • SVÄRD, Saana, Women and Power in Neo-Assyrian Palaces, State Archives of Assyria Studies, C. 23, Helsinki 2015.
  • SVÄRD, Saana, “Women, Power, and Heterarchy in the Neo-Assyrian Palaces”, Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East, (ed. Gernot Wilhelm), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 2012, ss. 507-518.
  • SAA 4 Ivan Starr, Queries to the Sun God: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria, State Archives of Assyria 4, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1990.
  • SAA 6 Theodore Kwasman and Simo Parpola, Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part I: Tiglath-Pileser III through Esarhaddon, State Archives of Assyria 6, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1991.
  • SAA 7 F. M. Fales and J. N. Postgate, Imperial Administrative Records, Part 1: Palace and Temple Administration, State Archives of Assyria 7, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1992.
  • SAA 10 Simo Parpola, Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars, State Archives of Assyria 10, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1993.
  • SAA 13 Steven W. Cole and Peter Machinist, Letters from Priests to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, State Archives of Assyria 13, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1998.
  • SAA 18 F. S. Reynolds, The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon and Letters to Assurbanipal and Sin-šarru-iškun from Northern and Central Babylonia, State Archives of Assyria 18, Helsinki University Press,
  • Eski Ahit, Krallar Kitabı

The Role of Women in Mesopotamian Local Governments: The Case of Naqī'a/Zakūtū

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 109 - 124, 01.07.2024
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11577137

Öz

The Assyrian Empire (2000-612 BC) expanded its borders as one of the greatest kingdoms in Mesopotamia. This expansion policy allowed the Assyrian kingdom to develop various strategies to ensure stability and security in the acquired regions. Alongside settlement policies, this kingdom formed a cosmopolitan identity. The migration of communities between cities in newly acquired territories not only created a cultural mosaic but also preempted significant rebellions against the kingdom. However, ruling over an expanding territory was not easy, leading the Assyrian Empire to resort to various practices to maintain allegiance. One such practice was to create local administrations by appointing loyal governors in the conquered regions. In this context, the request for military support made by Na'id-Marduk, the governor of Sealand, in a letter addressed to Queen Naqī'a/Zakūtū, the mother of King Esarhaddon, suggests a heterarchic structure within the empire. The main focus of this study is the nature of Queen Naqī'a's mentioned military and political power. This circumstance provides a significant perspective to understand the administrative structure of the Assyrian Empire, power dynamics of that era, and the internal workings of the empire.

Etik Beyan

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles have been followed while carrying out and writing this study and that all the sources used have been properly cited.

Kaynakça

  • ALTMAN, Amnon, Tracing the Earliest Recorded Concepts of International Law: The Ancient Near East (2500-300), C. 8, Studies in the History of International Law, Martinus Nijhoff Pub., Leiden, Boston 2012.
  • BAKER, Heather D., The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, Helsinki 2001.
  • ÇELEBİ, Nurgül, “Yeni-Asur Kraliçesi Naqī’a Zakūtū’nun Politik Gücünün Arka Planı”, Turabdin: Tarih Kültür Din, (ed. Nurgül Çelebi, İsmet Tunç), DTA Yayıncılık, Bursa 2024, ss. 21-36.
  • ERKAL, Mehmet Mustafa, Çeşitli Yönleriyle Türk Töresi, Berikan Yayınevi, Ankara 2023.
  • FÖLDİ, Zsombor J., “Bullussa-rabi’s Hymn to Gula”, (ed. A.C. Heinrich, E. Jiménez), Electronic Babylonian Literature, 2021, ss. 86-90.
  • FRAHM, Eckart, “Family Matters: Psychohistorical Reflections on Sennacherib”, Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography, C. 71. Brill, Leiden 2014, ss. 163-222.
  • KAŁEK, Krzysztof, “Esarhaddon’s Eastern Campaigns”, Palamedes 11, 2016, ss. 5-13.
  • LAMBERT, Wilfred G., “The Gula Hymn of Bulluṭsa-rabi”, Orientalia, C. 36, S. 2, 1967, ss. 105-132.
  • LEICHTY, Erle, The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC), C. 4, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 2011.
  • LEWY, Hildegard, “Nitokris-Naqi’a”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, C. 11, S. 4, 1952, 264-286.
  • MAY, Natalie N., “Neo-Assyrian Women, Their Visibility, and Their Representation in Written and Pictorial Sources”, Studying Gender in the Ancient Near East, (ed. Saana Svärd, Agnès Garcia-Ventura), Eisenbrauns, Pennsylvania 2018, ss. 249-288.
  • MELVILLE, Sarah C., “Neo-Assyrian Royal Women and Male Identity: Status as a Social Tool”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, C. 124, S. 1, 2004, ss. 37-57.
  • MIURA, Satoshi, “Heterarchy”, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014, https://www.britannica.com/topic/heterarchy. Erişim Tarihi: 26.05.2024.
  • MIURA, Satoshi, “Hierarchy”, Encyclopedia Britannica, 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/hierarchy-social-science. Erişim Tarihi: 26.05.2024.
  • PARPOLA, Simo, “Neo-Assyrian Treaties from the Royal Archives of Nineveh”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, C. 39, S. 2, 1987, ss. 161-189.
  • PARPOLA, Simo, WATANABE, Kazuko, Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1988.
  • POSTGATE, J. N., The land of Assur and the yoke of Assur: Studies on Assyria, 1971-2005, David Brown Book Co, Oxford 2007.
  • RADNER, Karen, “Assyrische tuppi ade als Vorbild fiir Deuteronomium 28,20-44?”, Die deuteronomistischen Geschichtswerke, (ed. Markus Witte), BZAW 365, Berlin&New York 2006, ss. 351-378.
  • READE, Julian, “Was Sennacherib a Feminist?” CRRAI, C. 33, 1986, ss. 139-145.
  • STRECK, Maximilan, Assurbanipal: 1. Teil, Inktank Publishing, Germany 2020.
  • SVÄRD, Saana, Women and Power in Neo-Assyrian Palaces, State Archives of Assyria Studies, C. 23, Helsinki 2015.
  • SVÄRD, Saana, “Women, Power, and Heterarchy in the Neo-Assyrian Palaces”, Organization, Representation, and Symbols of Power in the Ancient Near East, (ed. Gernot Wilhelm), Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake 2012, ss. 507-518.
  • SAA 4 Ivan Starr, Queries to the Sun God: Divination and Politics in Sargonid Assyria, State Archives of Assyria 4, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1990.
  • SAA 6 Theodore Kwasman and Simo Parpola, Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part I: Tiglath-Pileser III through Esarhaddon, State Archives of Assyria 6, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1991.
  • SAA 7 F. M. Fales and J. N. Postgate, Imperial Administrative Records, Part 1: Palace and Temple Administration, State Archives of Assyria 7, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1992.
  • SAA 10 Simo Parpola, Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars, State Archives of Assyria 10, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1993.
  • SAA 13 Steven W. Cole and Peter Machinist, Letters from Priests to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, State Archives of Assyria 13, Helsinki University Press, Helsinki 1998.
  • SAA 18 F. S. Reynolds, The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon and Letters to Assurbanipal and Sin-šarru-iškun from Northern and Central Babylonia, State Archives of Assyria 18, Helsinki University Press,
  • Eski Ahit, Krallar Kitabı
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eskiçağ Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nurgül Çelebi 0000-0002-8011-0132

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Çelebi, Nurgül. “Mezopotamya Yerel Yönetimlerinde Kadının Rolü: Naqī’a/Zakūtū Örneği”. TÜRKAV Kamu Yönetimi Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2024): 109-24. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11577137.

TÜRKAV Kamu Yönetimi Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.