ARE THE CARIAN PSEUDO-GLOSSES OF SCYTHIAN ORIGIN? A RE-EXAMINATION

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 39, 95 - 113, 07.12.2023

Orçun Ünal

https://doi.org/10.20427/turkiyat.1275842

Öz

Carian is an extinct language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family, which is attested in numerous inscriptions, graffiti, and coins written in the so-called Carian script. The Carian glosses cited by Byzantine writers, mainly by Stephan of Byzantium, are the main secondary source for the Carian language. Despite the hundred-year-long search for etymologies and the almost completed decipherment of the Carian inscriptions, these pseudo-glosses have not been fully explained. The present study links three of the seven most certain of these glosses, namely κόον/κῶν/κοῖον ‘sheep’, γίσσα ‘stone’, and ἄλα ‘horse’, to some Altaic and Xiongnu words and traces their origin back to a non-Indo-European language spoken among the Scythians. The language in question is assumed to be the donor of Proto-Turkic *kōńï̆ ‘sheep’, Proto-Bulgar Turkic *kïsa ‘rock, cliff’, and Early Common Turkic *halan ‘horse’. These forms also entered the Mongolic, Tungusic, and other neighboring languages. The parallelism between the Carian pseudo-glosses and these word forms is the result of the linguistic contact at the two opposite ends of the Scythic culture.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Carian pseudo-glosses, Altaic, Xiongnu, Scythians, language contact

SÖZDE KARCA GLOSSALAR İSKİT KÖKENLİ Mİ? BİR YENİDEN İNCELEME

Öz

Kar dili, Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinin Anadolu kolundan soyu tükenmiş bir dildir ve Kar yazısı olarak adlandırılan yazıyla yazılmış çok sayıda yazıt, grafiti ve sikke üzerinde tanıklanmıştır. Bizanslı yazarların, özellikle de Bizanslı Stephanos’un aktardığı Karca glossaları, Kar dilinin ana ikincil kaynağıdır. Yüzyıllık etimoloji araştırmalarına ve Kar yazıtlarının deşifresinin neredeyse tamamlanmış olmasına rağmen, bu sözde glossalar tam olarak açıklanamamıştır. Bu çalışma, bu glossaların en kesin yedisinden üçünü, yani κόον/κῶν/κοῖον ‘koyun’, γίσσα ‘taş’ ve ἄλα ‘at’ sözcüklerini bazı Altayca ve Hunca kelimelerle ilişkilendirmekte ve kökenlerini İskitler arasında konuşulan Hint-Avrupa dışı bir dile götürmektedir. Söz konusu dilin Proto-Türkçe *kōńï̆ ‘koyun’, Proto-Bulgar Türkçesi *kïsa ‘kaya, uçurum’ ve Erken Genel Türkçe *halan ‘at’ sözcüklerinin kaynağı olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Bu biçimler Moğolca, Tunguzca ve diğer komşu dillere de girmiştir. Sözde Karca glossalar ile bu sözcük biçimleri arasındaki paralellik, İskit kültürünün iki karşıt ucundaki dilsel temasın sonucudur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sözde Karca glossalar, Altayca, Xiongnu, İskitler, dil teması

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