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YENİ SİLAHLARIN TABİ TUTULMASI GEREKEN HUKUKÎLİK DENETİMİ VE OTONOM SİLAH SİSTEMLERİ

Yıl 2023, , 81 - 105, 25.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.59281/turkiz.1258725

Öz

Uluslararası insancıl hukuk kuralları gereği bir silah sisteminin dizayn edilmesi, geliştirilmesi, üretilmesi, satın alınması süreçlerinin hepsi için geçerli olacak bir denetim yükümü mevcuttur. Bu denetim ile söz konusu silahın normal ve beklenen kullanımının uluslararası hukuk kuralları aykırılık teşkil edip etmeyeceğinin incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu denetim, otonom silah sistemleri için de hukukî bir zorunluluktur. Ancak bu sistemlerin kendisine özgü özelliklerinden ötürü denetimin başarı vaad edip etmediğinin ayrıca ele alınması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma bu konuya hasredilmiştir. Öngörülebilirlik ve güvenilirlik gibi vasıfların eksikliği veya yokluğu nedeniyle bu denetimin istenen seviyede icrasının zorluğu çalışmanın temel önermesini teşkil etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Acer, Y., İ. Kaya (2017). Uluslararası Hukuk Temel Ders Kitabı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 8. Baskı.
  • Akkuş, B. (2022). Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun İnsandışılaştırılması: Otonom Silah Sistemlerinin Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk Üzerindeki Potansiyel Etkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 24 (2): 174-196. DOI: 10.54627/gcd.1112457.
  • Aksar, Y. (2015). Teoride ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuk – II. Cilt, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 3. Baskı.
  • Asaro, P. (2012). On Banning Autonomous Weapon Systems: Human Rights, Automation, and The Dehumanization of Lethal DecisionMaking. Int’ l Rev. of the Red Cross, 94: 687-709.
  • Ataş, İ. (2022). Otonom Silah Sistemlerinin İnsancıl Hukukun Temel İlkelerine Uygunluğunun Sağlanmasında Anlamlı İnsan Kontrolünün Etkisi. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (1): 767-809. DOI:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1003551.
  • Blake, D., J. Imburgia, (2010). Bloodless Weapons? The Need to Conduct Legal Reviews of Certain Capabilities and the Implications of Defining Them as Weapons. Air Force Law Review, Vol. 66: 157-203.
  • Boothby W. H. (2018). Dehumanization: Is There a Legal Problem Under Article 36?. in Wolff H.v. H., R. Frau & T. Singer (eds.) Dehumanization of Warfare: Legal Implications of New Weapon Technologies, Springer Verlag: 21-52.
  • Boothby, W. H. (2014). Conflict Law: The Influence of New Weapons Technology, Human Rights and Emerging Actors, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.
  • Boothby, W. H. (2015). Weapons under the Law of Military Operations. In: Gill TD, Fleck D (eds) The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 332–353.
  • Chengeta, T. (2015). The Challenges of Increased Autonomy in Weapon Systems: In Search of an Appropriate Legal Solution, University of Pretoria, Yayımlanmamıs Doktora Tezi.
  • Chengeta, T. (2017). Are autonomous weapon systems the subject of Article 36 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions?. UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 23(1): 65-99.
  • Christie, E.H., Ertan, A., Adomaitis, L. et al. (2023). Regulating lethal autonomous weapon systems: exploring the challenges of explainability and traceability. AI Ethics.
  • Commentary (1987). ICRC Database, Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries, Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of NonInternational Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.
  • Copeland D., R. Liivoja, L. Sanders, (2022). The Utility of Weapons Reviews in Addressing Concerns Raised by Autonomous Weapon Systems. Journal of Conflict and Security Law: 1-32.
  • Dahlmann A., E. Hoffberger-Pippan, L. Wachs. (2021). Autonome Waffensysteme und menschliche Kontrolle: Konsens über das Konzept, Unklarheit über die Operationalisierung. SWP-Aktuell, Nr. 31.
  • Dinstein, Y. (2004). The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Güneysu, G. (2012). Askeri Gereklilik İlkesi ve Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, (4): 91-108.
  • Güneysu, G. (2014). Çevrenin Silahlı Çatışmalar Esnasında Korunması, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.
  • Güneysu, G. (2022). Otonom Silah Sistemleri: Bir Uluslararası Hukuk İncelemesi, Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi.
  • Homayyounnejad, M. (2018). Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems Under the Law of Armed Conflict, King‟s College London, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • ICJ (1996). Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports.
  • ICRC (2006). A Guide to the Legal Review of New Weapons, Means and Methods of Warfare: Measure to implement Article 36 of Additional Protocol I of 1977. International Review of The Red Cross, Vol. 94, Number 864: 931-956.
  • Jensen, E. T. (2020). Autonomy and Precautions in the Law of Armed Conflict. International Law Studies, Vol. 96: 576-602.
  • Kalshoven, F. (1987). Constraints on the Waging of War. International Committee of the Red Cross, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Kempen, B., C. Hillgruber. (2007). Völkerrecht, Verlag C.H. Beck, Schriftenreihe der Juristischen Schulung, Band 182.
  • Kotlik, M. (2020). Reviewing Legal Weapons Review: is it possible to verify compliance?. EJIL:Talk.
  • König, L. (2017). Autonome Waffensysteme und das Humanitaere Völkerrecht. IFAR Fact Sheet: 1-8.
  • Krishnan, A. (2021). Enforced Transparency: A Solution to Autonomous Weapons as Potentially Uncontrollable Weapons Similar to Bioweapons. In: Jai Galliott, Duncan McIntosh, and Jens David Ohlin (eds.), Lethal Autonomous Weapons: Re-Examining the Law and Ethics of Robotic Warfare, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 219-236.
  • McClelland, J. (2003). The review of weapons in accordance with Article 36 of Additional Protocol I. International Review of the Red Cross, 85(850): 397-420. DOI:10.1017/S0035336100115229.
  • Mete, M. D. (2022). New Weapons and Old Law: Can International Humanitarian Law Treaties Deal Adequately with Modern Technologies?. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.51524/uhusbad.940298A.
  • Oktay, C. (2012). Modern Toplumlarda Savaş ve Barış. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özekes, M. (2019). Temel Hukuk Bilgisi. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 10. Baskı.
  • Özer, A. (2019). Savaşlarda Üçüncü Devrim: Otonom Silah Sistemleri ve İnsancıl Hukuk. Security of the Future (Geleceğin Güvenliği). İstanbul: TASAM Yayınları: 251-270. Özer, A. (2022). Silahlandırılmış Yapay Zeka: Otonom Silah Sistemleri ve Uluslararası Hukuk, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.
  • Pazarcı, H. (2014). Uluslararası Hukuk. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S., 3.
  • Sassòli, M. (2019). International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Scharre, P. (2020). İnsansız Ordular: Katil Robotlar, Otonom Silahlar ve Makine Savaşları, İstanbul: Kronik Kitap.
  • Solovyeva A. and Hynek N. (2018). Going Beyond the “Killer Robots” Debate: Six Dilemmas Autonomous Weapon Systems Raise. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies. 12(3): 166–208.
  • Szpak, A. (2020). Legality of Use and Challenges of New Technologies in Warfare - the Use of Autonomous Weapons in Contemporary or Future Wars. European Review, Vol. 28: 118-131.
  • Trumbull, C. P. (2020). Autonomous Weapons: How Existing Law Can Regulate Future Weapons. Emory International Law Review. Vol. 34: 533-594.
  • van Engers, T., Kwik, J. & Zurek, T. (2023). Model of a Military Autonomous Device Following International Humanitarian Law. Ethics and Information Technology, 25(1).
  • Walzer, A. (2017). Haklı Savaş Haksız Savaş: Tarihten Örneklerle Desteklenmiş Ahlaki Bir Tez, İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım. Yamaner, M. B.; et. al. 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, İstanbul: Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları. Sayı 42.

THE LEGAL REVIEW OF WEAPONS AND THE AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS

Yıl 2023, , 81 - 105, 25.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.59281/turkiz.1258725

Öz

In accordance with the rules of international humanitarian law, there is a review obligation that will apply to processes of designing, developing, producing and purchasing any weapon systems. By virtue of this review, it is aimed to examine whether the normal and anticipated use of the said weapon will constitute a violation of international law. This review as a legal requirement happens to be applicable for autonomous weapon systems, as well. However, due to the unique characteristics of these autonomous systems, it is necessary to consider whether the review promises success, at all. This paper is devoted to this subject. The difficulty or even impossibility of performing this review at that level required by law due to the lack or absence of qualifications such as predictability and reliability constitutes the main proposition of this paper.

Kaynakça

  • Acer, Y., İ. Kaya (2017). Uluslararası Hukuk Temel Ders Kitabı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 8. Baskı.
  • Akkuş, B. (2022). Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun İnsandışılaştırılması: Otonom Silah Sistemlerinin Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk Üzerindeki Potansiyel Etkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 24 (2): 174-196. DOI: 10.54627/gcd.1112457.
  • Aksar, Y. (2015). Teoride ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuk – II. Cilt, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık, 3. Baskı.
  • Asaro, P. (2012). On Banning Autonomous Weapon Systems: Human Rights, Automation, and The Dehumanization of Lethal DecisionMaking. Int’ l Rev. of the Red Cross, 94: 687-709.
  • Ataş, İ. (2022). Otonom Silah Sistemlerinin İnsancıl Hukukun Temel İlkelerine Uygunluğunun Sağlanmasında Anlamlı İnsan Kontrolünün Etkisi. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (1): 767-809. DOI:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1003551.
  • Blake, D., J. Imburgia, (2010). Bloodless Weapons? The Need to Conduct Legal Reviews of Certain Capabilities and the Implications of Defining Them as Weapons. Air Force Law Review, Vol. 66: 157-203.
  • Boothby W. H. (2018). Dehumanization: Is There a Legal Problem Under Article 36?. in Wolff H.v. H., R. Frau & T. Singer (eds.) Dehumanization of Warfare: Legal Implications of New Weapon Technologies, Springer Verlag: 21-52.
  • Boothby, W. H. (2014). Conflict Law: The Influence of New Weapons Technology, Human Rights and Emerging Actors, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.
  • Boothby, W. H. (2015). Weapons under the Law of Military Operations. In: Gill TD, Fleck D (eds) The Handbook of the International Law of Military Operations, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 332–353.
  • Chengeta, T. (2015). The Challenges of Increased Autonomy in Weapon Systems: In Search of an Appropriate Legal Solution, University of Pretoria, Yayımlanmamıs Doktora Tezi.
  • Chengeta, T. (2017). Are autonomous weapon systems the subject of Article 36 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions?. UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol. 23(1): 65-99.
  • Christie, E.H., Ertan, A., Adomaitis, L. et al. (2023). Regulating lethal autonomous weapon systems: exploring the challenges of explainability and traceability. AI Ethics.
  • Commentary (1987). ICRC Database, Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries, Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of NonInternational Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.
  • Copeland D., R. Liivoja, L. Sanders, (2022). The Utility of Weapons Reviews in Addressing Concerns Raised by Autonomous Weapon Systems. Journal of Conflict and Security Law: 1-32.
  • Dahlmann A., E. Hoffberger-Pippan, L. Wachs. (2021). Autonome Waffensysteme und menschliche Kontrolle: Konsens über das Konzept, Unklarheit über die Operationalisierung. SWP-Aktuell, Nr. 31.
  • Dinstein, Y. (2004). The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Güneysu, G. (2012). Askeri Gereklilik İlkesi ve Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, (4): 91-108.
  • Güneysu, G. (2014). Çevrenin Silahlı Çatışmalar Esnasında Korunması, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.
  • Güneysu, G. (2022). Otonom Silah Sistemleri: Bir Uluslararası Hukuk İncelemesi, Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi.
  • Homayyounnejad, M. (2018). Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems Under the Law of Armed Conflict, King‟s College London, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • ICJ (1996). Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports.
  • ICRC (2006). A Guide to the Legal Review of New Weapons, Means and Methods of Warfare: Measure to implement Article 36 of Additional Protocol I of 1977. International Review of The Red Cross, Vol. 94, Number 864: 931-956.
  • Jensen, E. T. (2020). Autonomy and Precautions in the Law of Armed Conflict. International Law Studies, Vol. 96: 576-602.
  • Kalshoven, F. (1987). Constraints on the Waging of War. International Committee of the Red Cross, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
  • Kempen, B., C. Hillgruber. (2007). Völkerrecht, Verlag C.H. Beck, Schriftenreihe der Juristischen Schulung, Band 182.
  • Kotlik, M. (2020). Reviewing Legal Weapons Review: is it possible to verify compliance?. EJIL:Talk.
  • König, L. (2017). Autonome Waffensysteme und das Humanitaere Völkerrecht. IFAR Fact Sheet: 1-8.
  • Krishnan, A. (2021). Enforced Transparency: A Solution to Autonomous Weapons as Potentially Uncontrollable Weapons Similar to Bioweapons. In: Jai Galliott, Duncan McIntosh, and Jens David Ohlin (eds.), Lethal Autonomous Weapons: Re-Examining the Law and Ethics of Robotic Warfare, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 219-236.
  • McClelland, J. (2003). The review of weapons in accordance with Article 36 of Additional Protocol I. International Review of the Red Cross, 85(850): 397-420. DOI:10.1017/S0035336100115229.
  • Mete, M. D. (2022). New Weapons and Old Law: Can International Humanitarian Law Treaties Deal Adequately with Modern Technologies?. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.51524/uhusbad.940298A.
  • Oktay, C. (2012). Modern Toplumlarda Savaş ve Barış. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özekes, M. (2019). Temel Hukuk Bilgisi. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 10. Baskı.
  • Özer, A. (2019). Savaşlarda Üçüncü Devrim: Otonom Silah Sistemleri ve İnsancıl Hukuk. Security of the Future (Geleceğin Güvenliği). İstanbul: TASAM Yayınları: 251-270. Özer, A. (2022). Silahlandırılmış Yapay Zeka: Otonom Silah Sistemleri ve Uluslararası Hukuk, Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi.
  • Pazarcı, H. (2014). Uluslararası Hukuk. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977, 1125 U.N.T.S., 3.
  • Sassòli, M. (2019). International Humanitarian Law: Rules, Controversies, and Solutions to Problems Arising in Warfare, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Scharre, P. (2020). İnsansız Ordular: Katil Robotlar, Otonom Silahlar ve Makine Savaşları, İstanbul: Kronik Kitap.
  • Solovyeva A. and Hynek N. (2018). Going Beyond the “Killer Robots” Debate: Six Dilemmas Autonomous Weapon Systems Raise. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies. 12(3): 166–208.
  • Szpak, A. (2020). Legality of Use and Challenges of New Technologies in Warfare - the Use of Autonomous Weapons in Contemporary or Future Wars. European Review, Vol. 28: 118-131.
  • Trumbull, C. P. (2020). Autonomous Weapons: How Existing Law Can Regulate Future Weapons. Emory International Law Review. Vol. 34: 533-594.
  • van Engers, T., Kwik, J. & Zurek, T. (2023). Model of a Military Autonomous Device Following International Humanitarian Law. Ethics and Information Technology, 25(1).
  • Walzer, A. (2017). Haklı Savaş Haksız Savaş: Tarihten Örneklerle Desteklenmiş Ahlaki Bir Tez, İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım Dağıtım. Yamaner, M. B.; et. al. 12 Ağustos 1949 Tarihli Cenevre Sözleşmeleri ve Ek Protokolleri, İstanbul: Galatasaray Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları. Sayı 42.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gökhan Güneysu 0000-0002-1754-953X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Güneysu, G. (2023). YENİ SİLAHLARIN TABİ TUTULMASI GEREKEN HUKUKÎLİK DENETİMİ VE OTONOM SİLAH SİSTEMLERİ. Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz, 14(64), 81-105. https://doi.org/10.59281/turkiz.1258725