THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERCEPTION THAT MUSLIMS ARE RADICALIZED AND THE EVALUATION OF THE RADICALIZATION MODELS CREATED IN THIS CONTEXT

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 63 - 97, 30.04.2024

Özlem Acar

https://doi.org/10.59281/turkiz.1420988

Öz

The concept of radicalization has evolved significantly in terms of its content, with the impact of violent incidents since 2001. Today, the concept is generally understood as the advocacy of extremist ideas by individuals or groups, or even the adoption or practice of violence. The purpose of this study is to emphasize that there are nuances in defining the scope of the concept of radicalization, to show that radical thinking does not necessarily lead an individual or group to adopt violence, and that radical thinking is not at the root of every act of violence. In this context, a literature review was conducted and studies on the history, content and causes of the concept of radicalization were examined. In particular, the factors that pave the way for the emergence of radicalization and subsequent violence between European countries and Middle Eastern countries were compared.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Radicalization, Extremism, Terrorism

MÜSLÜMANLARIN RADİKALLEŞTİĞİ ALGISININ GELİŞİMİ VE BU KAPSAMDA OLUŞTURULAN RADİKALLEŞME MODELLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Öz

Radikalleşme kavramı, 2001 yılından itibaren yaşanan şiddet olaylarının etkisiyle içerik açısından önemli ölçüde evrim geçirmiştir. Günümüzde, kavram genellikle birey veya grupların aşırılık içeren fikirleri savunması, hatta şiddeti benimsemesi veya uygulaması olarak anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, radikalleşme kavramının kapsamının tanımlanmasında nüanslar olduğunu vurgulamak, radikal düşünceye sahip bireyin veya grubun şiddeti zorunlu olarak benimsemesine sebep olmayabileceğini, ayrıca her şiddet eyleminin kaynağında radikal düşüncenin olmadığını ortaya koymaktır.
Bu bağlamda, literatür araştırması yapılarak radikalleşme kavramının tarihçesi, içeriği ve sebeplerini belirlemeye yönelik çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Özellikle Avrupa ülkeleri ile Orta Doğu ülkeleri arasında radikalleşmenin ve ardından gelen şiddetin ortaya çıkmasına zemin hazırlayan faktörler karşılaştırılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Radikalleşme, Aşırılıkçılık, Terörizm

Kaynakça

• A Companion to the ECYC MOOC, (2018). Youth Work as a Preventative Practice against Radicalisation and Violent Extremism, Compiled for a Training of Trainers, Avrupa Birliği, Romanya, https://www.academia.edu/40263491/A_Companion_to_the_ECYC_MOOC_Youth_Work_as_a_Preventative_Practice_against_Radicalisation_and_Violent_Extremism_, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Antil, A., (2006). L’Afrique et la Guerre Contre la Terreur., Politique Etrangère, 3:583-591, https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-etrangere-2006-3-page-583.htm, (Erişim:12.04.2023).
• Avrupa Birliği (2008). Radicalisation, Recruitment and the EU Counterradicalisation Strategy, Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, 17 Ekim 2008, http://www.gdrelsj.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/doc2-WP4-Del-7.pdf, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Avrupa Birliği (2018). A Companion to the ECYC MOOC. Youth Work as a Preventative Practice Against Radicalisation and Violent Extremism. Compiled for a Training of Trainers, Romanya. https://www.academia.edu/40263491/A_Companion_to_the_ECYC_MOOC_Youth_Work_as_a_Preventative_Practice_against_Radicalisation_and_Violent_Extremism_, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Avrupa Parlamento Komisyonu (2005). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council Concerning Terrorist Recuritment, Addressing the Factors Contributing to Violent Radicalisation, 21 Eylül 2005, http://www.eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2005:0313:FIN:EN: PDF, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Avrupa Parlamentosu, (2018), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/621817/E PRS_STU(2018)621817_EN.pd (Erişim:14.02.2024).
• Bagy, E. (2012). Jihad in Syria. Institute for The Study of War Middle East Report-6, Eylül 2012. https://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/Jihad-In-Syria-17SEPT.pdf, (Erişim:04.02.2023)
• Borum R, (2003), Understanding the Terrorist Mindset, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, C: 72, S: 7, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/201462.pdf, s. 7-10. (Erişim:02.01.2022)
• Borum R., (2011), “Rethinking Radicalization”, Journal of Strategic Security, C: 4, S: 4, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26463909, s.2., (Erişim: 11.12.2022).
• Borum, R. (2014) Psychological Vulnerabilities and Propensities for Involvement in Violent Extremism. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, C:32 S:3 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24652686/,(Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Borum, Randy, (2011) “Radicalization into Violent Extremism: A Review of Social Science Theories”, Journal of Strategic Security, C. 4, S. 4, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26463910, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Bouzar, D. (2018). Étapes du Processus de Radicalisation et de Déradicalisation. European Union Research Project, Practicies-74072, Mayıs 2018, https://www.academia.edu/49458253/%C3%89TAPES_DU_PROCESSUS_DE_RADICALISATION_ET_DE_D%C3%89RADICALISATION_RECHERCHE_EUROP%C3%89ENNE_PRACTICIES_WP_3., (Erişim:02.02.2023).
• Combs, C., (2006). Terrorism in the 21st Century, Pearson Prentice, New Jersey.
• Conciliation Resources, Choosing To Engage: Armed Groups and Peace Processes. (2005). Accord. (16). https://www.c-r.org/resource/choosingengage-armed-groups-and-peace-processes-policy-briefi, (Erişim:02.12.2022).
• Coolsaet, R. (2011) Jihadi Terrorism and The Radicalisation Challenge; European and American Experiences, Routledge, London.
• Costanza, W. (2012). An Interdisciplinary Framework to Assess the Radicalization of Youth Towards Violent Extremism Across Cultures, PhD Thesis Washington: Georgetown University, https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/557679/Costanza_georgetown_0076D_11889.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, (Erişim:22.05.2022).
• Calhoun C., (2012) The Roots Of Radicalism: Tradition, The Public Sphere, And Early 19th Century Social Movements, Chicago,
• Crenshaw, M., (1981). The Causes of Terrorism. Comparative Politics. New York. 13 (4):379-399.
• Crisis Group. (2016). Exploiter le Chaos Al-Qaeda et l’Etat Islamique, 16 Mart 2016. https://icg-kprod.s3.amazonaws.com/001-exploiter-le-chaos-al-qaeda-et-l-etat-islamique_0.pdf Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Della Porta D. (2013), Clandestine Political Violence, Cambridge University Press,.p.284-287, içinde McCauley, C., Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding Political Radicalization: The Two-Pyramids Model, American Psychologist, 72 (3):205-216, http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/72/3/205/, (Erişim:13.06.2023).
• Fransa Resmi Gazetesi, 1 Nisan 2018 tarihli ve 77 sayılı Radikalleşmenin Önlenmesine İlişkin Görüş, https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000036758063 (Erişim:12.02.2024)
• From Dava to Jihad, (2004), Hollanda İstihbarat ve Güvenlik Kurumu, Aralık 2004, https://irp.fas.org/world/netherlands/dawa.pdf; The fight Against Terrorism, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• García, M. Vd. (2018) Youth Work Against Violent Radicalisation Theory, Concepts And Primary Prevention In Practice. Council of Europe and European Commission, https://pjp-eu.coe.int/documents/42128013/47261953/YW-against-radicalisationweb.pdf (Erişim:12.02.2024)
• Gersema E., Food Industry Questions PETA's Endorsement Oof Violent Protest, 15 Şubat 2003, https://www.ocala.com/story/news/2003/02/16/food-ndustry-questions-petas-endorsement-of-violent-protest/31273954007/, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Grierson J., (2021) Neo-Nazi groups use Instagram to recruit young people, warns Hope Not Hate, 22.03.2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/22/neo-nazi-groups-use-instagram-to-recruit-young-people-warns-hope-not-hate, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Horgan J., From Profiles to Pathways and Roots to Routes: Perspectives From Psychology on Radicalization into Terrorism”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2008, C: 618, S: 10, s.80-94.
• Horgan, J., (2014). The Psychology of Terrorism. Routledge, Londra, 101-103, içinde McCauley, C. Ve Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding Political Radicalization: The Two-Pyramids Model, American Psychologist, 72 (3):205-2016, http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/72/3/205/, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Introduction to International Terrorism, https://www.mi5.gov.uk/international-terrorism, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Kaya, A. (2020). Aşırıcılık ve Radikalleşme Farkı Yaratan Nedir?, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, İstanbul, https://bpy.bilgi.edu.tr/en/publications/asiricilik-ve-radikallesme-farki-yaratan/, (Erişim:10.10.2023).
• Kaya, A. (2021). A Concise History Of The Term “Radicalisation”: A Struggle For Democracy?, 13 Temmuz 2021, https://bpy.bilgi.edu.tr/en/blog/a-concisehistory-of-the-term-radicalisation-a-str/, (Erişim:19.09.2023).
• Kaya, A. (2021). Geçmişten Günümüze Radikal Kavramını Yapıbozumu. Bilgi Üniversitesi AB Enstitüsü Radikalleşme Mükemmeliyet Alanı Webinar Serisi, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLl18ZV6uVA, (Erişim:10.10.2023).
• Khosrokhavar F., (2014) Nouveau Paradigm de Radicalisation en Prison, Cahiers de la Sécurité et de la Justice c. 30 s.12-21
• Khosrokhavar, F. (2014). Radicalisation, Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris.
• Krueger, A. ve Malečková, J. (2003). Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 17 (4):119-144 https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/089533003772034925, (Erişim:03.09.2023).
• Kundnani, A., (2012) Radicalisation: The Journey of a Concept, Race and Class, C:54, S:2, s.3-25
• Kur’an-ı Kerim, Maide Suresi. https://kuran.diyanet.gov.tr/tefsir/M%C3%A2ide-suresi/713/44-ayet-tefsiri, (Erişim:13.03.2023).
• Managing Risk of Radicalisation in Your Education Setting, 7 Eylül 2023, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-prevent-duty-safeguarding-learners-vulnerable-to-radicalisation/managing-risk-ofradicalisation-in-your-education-setting, (E.T. 12/02/2024)
• Mccauley C. ve Moskalenko S., (2008), Mechanisms of Political Radicalization: Pathways Toward Terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence. Temmuz 2008. 20 (3):15-433, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09546550802073367, (Erişim: 01.02.2023).
• McCauley, C. Ve Moskalenko, S. (2017) Understanding Political Radicalization: The Two-Pyramids Model. American Psychologist. 72(3):205-216. http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/72/3/205/, (Erişim:13.06.2023).
• Mclaughlin, P. (2012) Radicalism: A Philosopical Study. Palgrave Macmillan, 6-18. Içinde Erkmen S. Radikalleşme Tartışmalarına Giriş. (der) Şen O. (2021) Tüm Boyutlarıyla Radikalleşme Süreci ve Radikalleşmeyle Mücadelede Ülke Uygulamaları, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• Moghadam, F.M. (2009) De-radicalisation and the Staircase From Terrorism. 277-292. (der.) Canter, D. (2009) The Faces of Terrorism: Multidisciplinary Perspective. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
• Moskalenko S. (2021). Radicalization and Martyrdom, 2 March 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwRGjeGRre4&t=23s&ab_channel=PieroScaruffi, (Erişim:12.02.2024)
• Neumann, P. (2008). Perspectives on Radicalisation and Political Violence: papers from the first International Conference on Radicalisation and Political Violence. Londra. 17-18 Ocak 2008. International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Perspectives-on-Radicalisation-Political-Violence.pdf, (Erişim:09.02.2022).
• Proscribed Terrorist Groups or Organisations, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groupsor-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisationsaccessible-version, (Erişim:10.01.2023).
• Radicalisation, Recruitment and the EU Counter-radicalisation Strategy, Transnational Terrorism, Security and the Rule of Law, 17.10.2008, http://www.gdr-elsj.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/doc2-WP4-Del7.pdf
• Recruitment of Islamist Terrorists in Europe. Trends and Perspectives, Research Report funded by the Danish Ministry of Justice, 14 Ocak 2005, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=3e7a3b 057f63672e89f3d680713cdc088fcd21ea, (E.T. 14/02/2024)
• Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. University of Pennsylvania Press, içinde McCauley, C. Ve Moskalenko, S. (2017) Understanding Political Radicalization: The Two-Pyramids Model. American Psychologist. 72(3):205-216. http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/72/3/205/, (Erişim:13.06.2023).
• Schmid A. ve Price Eric, (2011), Selected Literature On Radicalization And DeRadicalization Of Terrorists: Monographs, Edited Volumes, Grey Literature And Prime Articles Published Since The 1960s, Crime Law Soc Change, C.55, s.337–348, 5 Mart 2011, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-011-9287-4, (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• Schmid, A. (2013). Radicalisation, De-radicalisation and Counterradicalisation: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague, ICCT.
• SUPO Finlandiya Güvenlik ve İstihbarat Servisi. Radical Islamist Terrorism Remains A Major Threat in Europe, https://supo.fi/en/radical-islamist-terrorism, (Erişim:15.05.2023).
• UK HM Office. (2015). UK Home Office Prevent Duty Report, 36. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2015/9780111133309/pdfs/ukdsiod_9780111133309_en.pdf,(Erişim:21.05.2022).
• US Government. (2010). 110th: Violent Radicalization and Homegrown Terrorism Prevention Act of 2007. 30 Ocak 2010. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h110-1955, (Erişim:11.05.2022).
• Walker S., Greenpeace Activists Could Be Charged With Terrorism After Ship Stormed, 20 Eylül 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/sep/20/greenpeaceship-stormed-russian-coastguard, (E.T. 12/02/2024)
• Wiktorowicz Q. (2005) Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West, Lanham, Md. Rowman & Littlefield, Oxford.
• Wiktorowicz Q. (2006), A Genealogy of Radical Islam 2006 Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, C.28:2, s.75-97, DOI: 10.1080/10576100590905057 (Erişim:12.02.2024).
• https://info-radical.org/fr/
• https://info-radical.org/fr/
• https://www.greenpeace.org
• https://www.peta.org