The cardiovascular risk factors and health-related physical fitness of employees at General Directorate of Youth and Sport of Mazandaran Province in Iran

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 8 - 15, 30.03.2018

Hamid Arazi , Roohollah Amin Shokouhi Ali Sayah Shima Aboutalebi

https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.395165

Öz

The evidence shows that the sedentary life increases the risk of coronary heart disease and decreases physical fitness. However, this study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factors and health-related physical fitness of employees at General Directorate of Youth and Sport of Mazandaran Province in Iran. For this purpose, using random sampling method, 40 employees (age mean= 35.54 ± 7.63 years old, body mass index= 22.61 ± 9.70 kg/m²) at General Directorate of Youth and Sport of Mazandaran were selected as sample. Then, after collecting necessary data by questionnaire, the health-related physical fitness was measured in terms of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, body fat percentage, strength, and flexibility. Also, the sphygmomanometer was used to measure heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Finally, 5 ml blood was taken from subjects to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), fasting blood sugar (FBS), low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL). The findings showed that there was no significant difference between TC, TG, LDL, HDL, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of employees at General Directorate of Youth and Sport of Mazandaran and desirable situation. However, there was significant difference between health-related physical fitness of employees and desirable situation (P < 0.05). It was concluded that due to undesirable situation of physical fitness of employees, it is necessary to take measures to emphasize regular exercise programs and promote their fitness and health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cardiovascular diseases, health, physical fitness, physical inactivity, sports employees

Kaynakça

• American Heart Association. Risk factors and coronary heart disease. AHA scientific Position. Available: http://www.heart.org/heartorg/condition/HeartAttack/Understand Your Risk of Heart Attack/Understand -your- Risk- of- Heart
• Attack_UCM_002040_Article.jsp. Accessed February 10, 2012.
• Asad M. Effect of 8 weeks aerobic, resistance and concurrent training on cholesterol, LDL, HDL and cardiovascular fitness in obesity male. Applied Research of Sport Management and Biology, 2013; 5(3): 57-64.
• Azizi M, Hoseini R. Relationship between physical activity level and risk factors of cardiovascular disease in male college students. J Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 2013; 1(2): 110-123.
• Baker JL, Olsen LW, Sorensen ThI. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Eng J Med, 2007; 357(23): 2329-2337.
• Brown MJ. Fitness and its effects on the military: DTIC Document 2005.
• Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness (CSTF) Operations Manual. Third Edition. Ottawa: Fitness and Amateur Sport, Government of Canada, 1986.
• Commodari E, Guarnera M. Attention and aging. Aging Clin Exp Res, 2008; 20(6): 578-584.
• Drygas W, Kostka T, Jegier A, Kuski H. Long-term effects of different physical activity levels on coronary heart disease risk factors in middle-aged men. Int J sports Med, 2000; 21(04): 235-241.
• Esmail nasab N, Etemad Z. The Relationship between physical activity and some risk factors for coronary heart (CHD) in students. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci, 2012; 17(1): 25-35.
• Fathi K, Ghorbani F, Heidarimoghadam R, mojtahedi H. The effect of six- week aerobic step training on cardiovascular fitness, body composition, flexibility, anaerobic power and quality of life of female students of Isfahan University. J Ergonomics, 2014; 2(2): 29-37.
• Frontera WR, Meredith CN, O'Reilly KP, Knuttgen HG, Evans WJ. Strength conditioning in older men: skeletal muscle hypertrophy and improved function. J Appl Physiol, 1988; 64(3): 1038-1044.
• GarcÍa-lÓpez D, DePaz JA, Moneo E, Jiménez R, Bresciani G, Izquierdo M. Effects of short vs. long rest period between sets on elbow-flexor muscular endurance during resistance training to failure. J Strength Cond Res, 2007; 21(4): 1320-1324.
• Gharakhnlu R, Rajabi H, Nikbakht H, Alijani E, Gaeni A. Basic concepts in science of exercise and physical fitness. National Olympic Committee, 2003: 12-15.
• Gholipour M, Tabrizi A. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among students of Sharif University of Technology. Cardiovasc Nurs J, 2012; 1(2): 48-56.
• Grant S, Aitchison T, Pettigrew AR, Orrell JM. The effects of a university fitness program on health-related variables in previously sedentary males. Br J Sports Med, 1992; 26(1): 39-44.
• Grandys M, Majerczak J, Duda K, Zapart-Bukowska J, Sztefko K, Zoladz JA. The effect of endurance training on muscle strength in young, healthy men in relation to hormonal status. J Physiol Pharmacol, 2008; 59(7): 89-103.
• Greenfeder S. Emerging strategies and agents to lower cardiovascular risk by increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Curr Med Chem, 2009; 16(2): 144-156.
• Haghighi A, balavi A, HamediNia M, Askari R. The effects of aerobic training with different intensities on some cardiovascular risk factors in young girls. J Sport Biosciences, 2005; 13(13): 63-84.
• Hajsheikholeslami F, Hatami M, Hadaegh F, Ghanbarian A, Azizi F. Association of educational status with cardiovascular disease: Teheran Lipid and Glucose Study. Int J Public Health, 2011; 56(3): 281-287.
• Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. Br J Nutr, 1978; 40(3): 497-504.
• Katzmarzyk PT, Malina RM, Bouchard C. Physical activity, physical fitness, and coronary heart disease risk factors in youth: the Quebec Family Study. Prev Med, 1999; 29(6): 555-562.
• Kavanagh T, Shephard RJ. The effects of continued training on the aging process. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1977; 301(1): 656-670.
• Kordi M, Siahkuhian M, Havanlu F, Zollfeghari M. practical exams of respiratory cardiac preparation: institute of education, research management and planning 2004; 4-19.
• Kraemer WJ, Adams K, Cafarelli E, Dudley GA, Dooly C, Feigenbaum MS, Hoffman JR. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34(2): 364-380.
• Lasker DA, Evans EM, Layman DK. Moderate carbohydrate, moderate protein weight loss diet reduces cardiovascular disease risk compared to high carbohydrate, low protein diet in obese adults: A randomized clinical trial. J Nutr Metab, 2008; 5(1): 30.
• Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands MC, Merced DS, Franch HA, Howard B. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006. Circulation, 2006; 114(1): 82-96.
• Lozoff B, Jimenez E, Wolf AW. Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency. N Engl J Med, 1991; 325(10): 687-694. Mackenzie B. Leg press test Available from: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/1press.htm, 2000.
• Mirzaei B, Faraji H, Allami A, Bab L. Evaluate and compare the features of body composition based on national norms for students of University of Gilan and Kurdistan. Sport Biomotor Sci, 2010; 2(3): 38-47.
• Mosca L, Appel LJ, Benjamin EJ, Berra K, Chandra SN, Fabunmi RP, Judelson DR. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Arterioscl Throm Vasc, 2004; 24(3): e29-e50.
• Naghizadeh H, Afzalpour M, Akbarzadeh H. Comparison of antioxidant characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors in zourkhaneh (traditional wrestling) sportsmen and nonsportsmen. J Shaheed Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, 2009; 17(4): 262-269.
• Nielsen GA, Andersen LB. The association between high blood pressure, physical fitness, and body mass index in adolescents. Prev Med, 2003; 36(2): 229-234.
• Norata GD, Catapano AL. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiinflammatory and protective effect of HDL on the endothelium. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2005; 1(2): 119-129.
• Nourbakhsh M. Investigating the relationship between physical activity level and cardiovascular risk factors in male managers at Shahid Chamran University. J Cardiovascular and Activeness, 2003; 1: 27-41.
• Nourshahi M, Rahmani H, ArefiRad T, Zahedi H, Rajaeyan A. Correlation of Mountaineering With Cardiovascular and Physical health in the Elderly. Iran J Aging (Salmand), 2009; 4(3) [In Persian].
• Pollock ML, Wilmore JH, Fox SM. Health and fitness through physical activity. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1978.
• Ready AE, Fitzpatrick DW, Boreskie SL, Hrycaiko DW. The response of obese females to low impact exercise and diet counselling. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1991; 31(4): 587-595.
• Resaland GK, Anderssen SA, Holme IM, Mamen A, Andersen LB. Effects of a 2‐year school‐based daily physical activity intervention on cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Sogndal school‐intervention study. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2011; 21(6): e122-e131.
• Rimmer JH, Heller T, Wang E, Valerio I. Improvements in physical fitness in adults with Down syndrome. Am J Ment Retard, 2004; 109(2): 165-174.
• Robinson JM, Stone MH, Johnson RL, Penland CM, Warren BJ, Lewis Rd. Effects of different weight training exercise/rest intervals on strength, power, and high intensity exercise endurance. J Strength Cond Res, 1995; 9(4): 216-221.
• Salami F. Investigating the changes in physical fitness, motion during the first semester of female students of Tarbiat Moallem University. J Movement Science & Sports, 2004; 2(4): 47-60.
• Sallis JF, Bowles HR, Bauman A, Ainsworth BE, Bull FC, Craig CL, Matsudo V. Neighborhood environments and physical activity among adults in 11 countries. Am J Prev Med, 2009; 36(6): 484-490.
• Santa CH, Fernhall B, Baptista F, Mendes M, Sardinha LB. Effect of a one-year combined exercise training program on body composition in men with coronary artery disease. Metabolism, 2003; 52(11): 1413-1417.
• Shields M, Tremblay MS, Laviolette M, Craig CL, Janssen I, Gorber SC. Fitness of Canadian adults: Results from the 2007-2009 Canadian health measures survey. Health Reports, 2010; 21(1).
• Stewart KJ. Physical activity and aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2005; 1055: 193-206.
• Suzuki I, Yamada H, Sugiura T, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Cardiovascular fitness, physical activity and selected coronary heart disease risk factors in adults. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1998; 38(2): 149-157.
• The National Institues of Health (NIH), and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute (NHLBI). Third Report of the Expert panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood cholesterol in Adult (Adult Treatment panel III) (Washington, DC: U.S Government printing office, 2002.
• Twisk JW, Kemper HC, Van MECHELEN W. Tracking of activity and fitness and the relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2000; 32(8): 1455-1461.
• United States Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office: 1996. DHHS publication [S/N 017-023-00196-5]. [24 http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/sgr.htm]; [Cited 2004 August 15]. Available from: URL.
• Valipour Dehnou V, Mansournejad H, Gharakhanlou R, Sharafi F. Response of Strength, Power and Muscle Endurance to Resistance Training with Different Rest Intervals. J Sport Biosciences, 2015; 7(1): 77-91.
• Vazgen M, Marandi M, Mojtahedi H, Ghasemi Gh. The Evaluation of Health–Related Physical Fitness Status of Men aged 50-65 in Isfahan and compare them with existing norms. J Sport Biosciences, 2012; (14): 111-127.
• Volaklis KA, Spassis ATh, Tokmakidis SP. Land versus water exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: effects on body composition, blood lipids, and physical fitness. Am Heart J, 2007; 154(3): 560- 566.
• Yousefi pour P, Tadibi V, Behpour N, Parno AH, Delbari ME. Effects of aerobic exercise on glucose control and cardiovascular risk factor in type 2 diabetes patients. Med J Mashhad Univ Med Sci, 2015; 57(9): 976-984.