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ARCHEOLOGY AND IMPERIAL RIVALRY: THE DISCOVERY OF SOGDIANS AND SOGDIAN LANGUAGE (19th-20th CENTURIES)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 63 - 76, 22.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.56252/turktarars.1204503

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Albert Regel, Johann, “Turfan”, Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 1880, ss. 205-210.
  • Blair Brysac, Shareen, “Last of the Foreign Devils”, Archaeology, 50/6, Kasım-Aralık. 1997, ss. 53-59.
  • Bodleian Stein MS 199, Mart-Ağustos 1907 saha günlüğü.
  • Bodleian Stein MS 63, Carl Friedrich Andreas’tan Stein’e, 27 Mart 1911.
  • Bromberg, Carol A., “An Iranian Gesture at Miran”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 5, 1991, ss. 45-58.
  • Cowley, A. “Another Unknown Language from Eastern Turkestan.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1911, ss. 159–166.
  • Diaz-Andreu, Margarita, A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaelogy; Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
  • Fay, C.R., Cambridge History of British Empire, C.II, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1940.
  • Gauthiot, R., “A propos de la datation en Sogdien”, JRAS, 1912, ss. 341-353.
  • Gauthiot, R., “Note sur la langue et l'écriture inconnues des documents Stein-Cowley”, JRAS, 1911, ss. 497-507.
  • Gharib, B., Sogdian Dictionary: Sogdian-Persian-English, Farhangan Publications Tahran, 2004.
  • Grenet Frantz; Sims-Williams, Nicholas & de la Vaissière, E., “The Sogdian Ancient Letter V”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 12, 1998, ss. 91-104.
  • Grenet, Frantz; Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Historical Context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters”, Transition Periods in Iranian History, Actes du Symposium de Fribourg-en-Brisgau (22-24 Mayıs 1985), E. Peeters, Leuven, 1987, ss. 101-122.
  • Grünwedel, Albert, Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch Turkistan, Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten von 1906 bis 1907 bei Kuča, Qarašahr und in der Oase Turfan, Berlin 1912.
  • Grünwedel, Albert, Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903, Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, I. Kl., XXIV. Bd., Münih, 1906.
  • Harmatta, Janos, “The Archaelogical Evidence fort he Dtw of the Sogdien ‘Ancient Letters’”, Studies in the Sources on the History of Pre-Islamic Central Asia, Akademiai Kiado, Budapeşte, 1979, ss. 75-90.
  • Hedin, Sven A., Through Asia, Londra 1898.
  • Jasanoff, Maya, Edge of Empire, Harper Publication, London 2006.
  • Kuzakçı, Başak, “Soğd-Türk İlişkileri (V.-VIII. Yüzyıllar)”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Yeditepe Üniversitesi, İstanbul 2022.
  • Mirsky, Jeannette, Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer, Chicago, 1998.
  • Müller, F.W.K., “Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan, Chinesisch-Turkistan II. Teil”, Anhang zu den APAW, s. 7-123.
  • Ol’denburg, S. F., Russkaya Turkestanskaya ekspeditsiya 1909-1910 goda. Kratkiy predvaritel’niy otçyot, St. Petersburg 1914.
  • Özkan, Murat, “Kaşgar’da Bir İngiliz Ailesi:Macartney”, Asia Minor Studies, 5/10, 2017, ss. 73-84.
  • Ragoza, A. N., Sogdiyskiye fragmenty tsentral’no aziatskogo sobraniya Instituta Vostokovedeniya, Moskova, 1980.
  • Raschmann, Simone-Christiane; Reck, Christiane Turfan Studies, ed. Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Druckerei zu Altenburg, Berlin 2007.
  • Reichelt, Hans, Die Soghdischen Handschriftenreste Des Britischen Museums, Umschrift Und Mit Übersetzung. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1928-1931.
  • Salemann, C., “Manichaica” Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, III, 1912, ss. 1-32.
  • Salemann, C., “Manichaica” Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, IV, 1912, ss. 33-50.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Sogdian Ancient Letter II”, Philologica et Linguistica. Historia, Pluralitas, Universitas. Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80. Geburtstag am 4. Dezember 2001, ed. M. G. Schmidt & W. Bisang, Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2001, ss. 267-280.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Sogdian Ancient Letter No. 4 and the personal name Manavaghiçk”, Estudios Iranios y Turanios, 3, 2017, ss. 171-172.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Sogdian Fragments of The British Library,” Indo-Iranian Journal 18, 1976, ss. 43-82.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “Towards a New Edition of the Sogdian Ancient Letters”, Les Sogdiens en Chine, 23-25 Nisan Pekin, 2004, ss. 97-104.
  • Sims-Williams, Ursula, “The Kingdom of Khotan to AD 1000: A Meeting of Cultures”, Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology, 3, 2008, ss. 171-172.
  • Stein, Arthur, “Explorations in Central Asia, 1906-8 (1)”, The Geographical Journal, 34/1, 1909, ss. 35-62.
  • Stein, Arthur, Ancient Khotan, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1907.
  • Stein, Arthur, Sand-Bruied Ruins of Ancient Khotan, Fischer and Undwin, Londra, 1903.
  • The Times, “Dr Stein’s Travels in Central Asia: Archaeological Discoveries,”, 9 Mart 1909, s. 10.
  • Tikhvinskiy, S. L.; Litvinskiy, B.A., Vostoçniy Turkestan v drevnosti i rannem srednevekove, Moskova, 1988.
  • von Le Coq, Albert, “A short account of the origin, journey, and results of the First Royal Prussian (Second German) Expedition to Turfan in Chinese Turkistan,” JRAS, 1909, ss. 299-322.
  • Wang, Helen, Sir Aurel Stein in The Times, London, 2002.
  • Whitfield Susan; Ursula Sims-Williams, The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith, British Library Publication, Londra 2004, ss. 248-249.
  • Williams, Joanna, “The Iconography of Khotanese Painting”, East and West, 23/1-2, 1973, ss. 109-154.
  • Yoshida, Yutaka, “A Handlist of Buddhist Sogdian Texts”, Memoirs of the Faculty of Letters Kyoto University, no. 54, 2015, ss. 167-80.
  • Zaturpanskiy, Choros, “Reisewege und Ergebnisse der deutschen Turfanexpeditionen”, Orientalisches Archiv 3, 1912, ss. 116-127.

ARKEOLOJİ VE EMPERYAL REKABET: SOĞDLARIN VE SOĞDCANIN KEŞFİ (XIX-XX. YÜZYIL)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 63 - 76, 22.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.56252/turktarars.1204503

Öz

Soğdlar ve Soğd medeniyeti XX. yüzyılın başlarından evvel Avrupalılar tarafından ancak Antik dönem yazarlarının kısa ifadelerinden tanınırdı. Onların tarihsel önemlerinin ortaya çıkışı, Türkistan coğrafyasında ve ticaret yollarında oynadıkları ana rolün tespiti ve Soğd dilinin Asya ticaret yolları boyunca lingua franca haline dönüşüm süreci 1903’te Turfan’da keşfedilmeye başlayan Soğdların ürettiği metinlerin, elyazmalarının keşfi ve çözülmesi süreci sonrasında anlaşıldı ve literatürde yerini aldı. Söz konusu süreç uzun döneme yayılmakla birlikte Soğd yazılı eserlerinin keşfi ve 1932’de Soğd dilinin, alfabesinin çözülmesi Soğd tarih araştırmalarının başlangıç noktasını oluşturdu. Bu çalışmanın inceleme nesnesi doğrudan Soğd medeniyet ürünlerinin keşfi sürecidir. Bu çalışmada özellikle Macar-İngiliz kâşif Sir Aurel Stein ve Alman Arkeolog Grünwedel öncülüğündeki çalışmaların Soğdca’nın ve Soğd medeniyetinin ürünlerinin aydınlatılmasındaki rolü yanı sıra XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yoğunlaşan Türkistan’a yönelik Batı arkeolojisi ardındaki kolonyalist hedefler ve emperyal rekabet irdelenmiştir. Bahsi geçen ilim adamlarının notları ve ürettikleri çalışmalar bu bağlamda tetkik edildi.

Kaynakça

  • Albert Regel, Johann, “Turfan”, Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 1880, ss. 205-210.
  • Blair Brysac, Shareen, “Last of the Foreign Devils”, Archaeology, 50/6, Kasım-Aralık. 1997, ss. 53-59.
  • Bodleian Stein MS 199, Mart-Ağustos 1907 saha günlüğü.
  • Bodleian Stein MS 63, Carl Friedrich Andreas’tan Stein’e, 27 Mart 1911.
  • Bromberg, Carol A., “An Iranian Gesture at Miran”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 5, 1991, ss. 45-58.
  • Cowley, A. “Another Unknown Language from Eastern Turkestan.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1911, ss. 159–166.
  • Diaz-Andreu, Margarita, A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaelogy; Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007.
  • Fay, C.R., Cambridge History of British Empire, C.II, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1940.
  • Gauthiot, R., “A propos de la datation en Sogdien”, JRAS, 1912, ss. 341-353.
  • Gauthiot, R., “Note sur la langue et l'écriture inconnues des documents Stein-Cowley”, JRAS, 1911, ss. 497-507.
  • Gharib, B., Sogdian Dictionary: Sogdian-Persian-English, Farhangan Publications Tahran, 2004.
  • Grenet Frantz; Sims-Williams, Nicholas & de la Vaissière, E., “The Sogdian Ancient Letter V”, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 12, 1998, ss. 91-104.
  • Grenet, Frantz; Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Historical Context of the Sogdian Ancient Letters”, Transition Periods in Iranian History, Actes du Symposium de Fribourg-en-Brisgau (22-24 Mayıs 1985), E. Peeters, Leuven, 1987, ss. 101-122.
  • Grünwedel, Albert, Altbuddhistische Kultstätten in Chinesisch Turkistan, Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten von 1906 bis 1907 bei Kuča, Qarašahr und in der Oase Turfan, Berlin 1912.
  • Grünwedel, Albert, Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903, Abhandlungen der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, I. Kl., XXIV. Bd., Münih, 1906.
  • Harmatta, Janos, “The Archaelogical Evidence fort he Dtw of the Sogdien ‘Ancient Letters’”, Studies in the Sources on the History of Pre-Islamic Central Asia, Akademiai Kiado, Budapeşte, 1979, ss. 75-90.
  • Hedin, Sven A., Through Asia, Londra 1898.
  • Jasanoff, Maya, Edge of Empire, Harper Publication, London 2006.
  • Kuzakçı, Başak, “Soğd-Türk İlişkileri (V.-VIII. Yüzyıllar)”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Yeditepe Üniversitesi, İstanbul 2022.
  • Mirsky, Jeannette, Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer, Chicago, 1998.
  • Müller, F.W.K., “Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo-Schrift aus Turfan, Chinesisch-Turkistan II. Teil”, Anhang zu den APAW, s. 7-123.
  • Ol’denburg, S. F., Russkaya Turkestanskaya ekspeditsiya 1909-1910 goda. Kratkiy predvaritel’niy otçyot, St. Petersburg 1914.
  • Özkan, Murat, “Kaşgar’da Bir İngiliz Ailesi:Macartney”, Asia Minor Studies, 5/10, 2017, ss. 73-84.
  • Ragoza, A. N., Sogdiyskiye fragmenty tsentral’no aziatskogo sobraniya Instituta Vostokovedeniya, Moskova, 1980.
  • Raschmann, Simone-Christiane; Reck, Christiane Turfan Studies, ed. Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Druckerei zu Altenburg, Berlin 2007.
  • Reichelt, Hans, Die Soghdischen Handschriftenreste Des Britischen Museums, Umschrift Und Mit Übersetzung. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1928-1931.
  • Salemann, C., “Manichaica” Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, III, 1912, ss. 1-32.
  • Salemann, C., “Manichaica” Bulletin de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg, IV, 1912, ss. 33-50.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Sogdian Ancient Letter II”, Philologica et Linguistica. Historia, Pluralitas, Universitas. Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80. Geburtstag am 4. Dezember 2001, ed. M. G. Schmidt & W. Bisang, Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, 2001, ss. 267-280.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Sogdian Ancient Letter No. 4 and the personal name Manavaghiçk”, Estudios Iranios y Turanios, 3, 2017, ss. 171-172.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “The Sogdian Fragments of The British Library,” Indo-Iranian Journal 18, 1976, ss. 43-82.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas, “Towards a New Edition of the Sogdian Ancient Letters”, Les Sogdiens en Chine, 23-25 Nisan Pekin, 2004, ss. 97-104.
  • Sims-Williams, Ursula, “The Kingdom of Khotan to AD 1000: A Meeting of Cultures”, Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology, 3, 2008, ss. 171-172.
  • Stein, Arthur, “Explorations in Central Asia, 1906-8 (1)”, The Geographical Journal, 34/1, 1909, ss. 35-62.
  • Stein, Arthur, Ancient Khotan, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1907.
  • Stein, Arthur, Sand-Bruied Ruins of Ancient Khotan, Fischer and Undwin, Londra, 1903.
  • The Times, “Dr Stein’s Travels in Central Asia: Archaeological Discoveries,”, 9 Mart 1909, s. 10.
  • Tikhvinskiy, S. L.; Litvinskiy, B.A., Vostoçniy Turkestan v drevnosti i rannem srednevekove, Moskova, 1988.
  • von Le Coq, Albert, “A short account of the origin, journey, and results of the First Royal Prussian (Second German) Expedition to Turfan in Chinese Turkistan,” JRAS, 1909, ss. 299-322.
  • Wang, Helen, Sir Aurel Stein in The Times, London, 2002.
  • Whitfield Susan; Ursula Sims-Williams, The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith, British Library Publication, Londra 2004, ss. 248-249.
  • Williams, Joanna, “The Iconography of Khotanese Painting”, East and West, 23/1-2, 1973, ss. 109-154.
  • Yoshida, Yutaka, “A Handlist of Buddhist Sogdian Texts”, Memoirs of the Faculty of Letters Kyoto University, no. 54, 2015, ss. 167-80.
  • Zaturpanskiy, Choros, “Reisewege und Ergebnisse der deutschen Turfanexpeditionen”, Orientalisches Archiv 3, 1912, ss. 116-127.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Başak Kuzakçı 0000-0002-8730-1898

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kuzakçı, Başak. “ARKEOLOJİ VE EMPERYAL REKABET: SOĞDLARIN VE SOĞDCANIN KEŞFİ (XIX-XX. YÜZYIL)”. Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 7, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 63-76. https://doi.org/10.56252/turktarars.1204503.