Creating an Inventory of Ship Emissions of the Port of Bartın and Calculating the Environmental Cost of Port Emissions

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 4, 208 - 218, 31.12.2020

Aydın Tokuşlu

Öz

In this study, the exhaust gas emissions generated from ships visiting the Bartın port in 2018 were calculated according to operational modes (cruise, manoeuvre and port), and a total of 31,177 tons, including 230 tons of SOX, 551 tons of NOX, 28 tons of PM, 30,347 tons of CO2 and 21 tons of VOC were measured. It was observed that the general cargo vessels (95%), which visited the port the most, were the ones that emitted the most emission and were responsible for 89% of the emissions. General cargo ships are followed by passenger/ro-ro/cargo ships (5%) and chemical ships (3%) in emission ranking. It was analysed that ship emissions occur mostly during cruise mode (87%). Emissions in port mode follow it with a rate of 12%. The total environmental cost of emissions from ships was estimated as $17.3 million and the environmental cost was found to be $48.068 per ship. This study is the first study to estimate ship emissions of the port of Bartın in the Black Sea region. It has been observed that the Bartın port emissions are at a level that cannot be neglected throughout the province. In this context, SOX, NOX and PM emissions that threaten human health in the port area should be carefully monitored and measures to reduce emissions should be taken immediately.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bartın port, emission, port, port, environmental pollution, air pollution

Bartın Limanı Gemi Emisyonlarının Envanterinin Oluşturulması ve Liman Emisyonlarının Çevresel Maliyetinin Hesaplanması

Öz

Bu çalışmada, 2018 yılında Bartın limanını ziyaret eden gemilerin ortaya çıkardığı egzoz gazı emisyonları hareket modlarına (seyir, manevra ve liman) hesaplanmış ve gemilerin 230 ton SOX, 551 ton NOX, 28 ton PM, 30.347 ton CO2 ve 21 ton VOC olmak üzere toplam 31.177 ton emisyon salınımı gerçekleştirdiği ölçülmüştür. Limanı en çok ziyaret eden kuru yük gemilerinin %89 oran ile en çok emisyon salınımına sebep olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Emisyon sıralamasında kuru yük gemilerini, yolcu/ro-ro/kargo gemileri (%5) ve kimyasal taşıyan gemiler (%3) takip etmektedir. Gemi emisyonlarının en çok seyir modu (%87) esnasında ortaya çıktığı analiz edilmiştir. Liman modundaki emisyonlar %12’lik bir oran ile seyir modunu takip etmektedir. Gemilerin salınım yaptığı emisyonların çevresel maliyeti 17,3 milyon dolar olarak hesaplanmış ve çevresel maliyet gemi başına 48.068 dolar olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışma Karadeniz bölgesindeki Bartın limanı gemi emisyonlarının tahmin edildiği ilk çalışmadır. Bartın limanı emisyonlarının il genelinde ihmal edilmeyecek seviyede olduğu görülmüştür. Bu kapsamda liman alanında insan sağlığını tehdit eden SOX, NOX ve PM emisyonları dikkatlice izlenmeli ve emisyonları azaltacak tedbirler vakit geçirilmeksizin alınmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bartın limanı, emisyon, liman, çevre kirliliği, hava kirliliği

Kaynakça

• [1] Buhaug, Ø., Corbett, J.J., Endersen, Ø., Eyring, V., Faber, J., Hanayama, S., Lee, D.S., Lee, D., Lindstad, H., Mjelde, A., Palsson, C., Wanquing, W., Winebrake, J.J., Yoshida, K., 2009, Updated study on greenhouse gas emissions from ships. Second IMO GHG Study. London, UK: International Maritime Organization.
• [2] Endresen, O., Sorgard, E., Sundet, J.K., Dalsoren, S.B., Isaksen, I.A., Berglen, T.F., Gravir. G., 2003, Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (17), 28-29.
• [3] UNCTAD, 2019, Review of Maritime Transport 2018. New York. October 2018. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2018_en.pdf.
• [4] Tokuşlu, A., 2019, İstanbul Boğazı’nda Gemi Kaynaklı Hava Emisyonlarının Analizi ve Etkilerinin Ortaya Konulması, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Deniz Bilimleri ve İşletmeciliği Enstitüsü.
• [5] Kıyı Emniyeti Genel Müdürlüğü (KEGM), 2019, Liman İstatistikleri, web sayfası: https://atlantis.udhb.gov.tr/istatistik/istatistik_gemi.aspx, erişim tarihi: 21.12.2019.
• [6] Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 2004, Harboring Pollution: Strategies to Clean up U.S. Ports. NewYork, USA: The Natural Resources Defense Council.
• [7] California Air Resources Board (CARB), 1998, Draft Diesel Exposure Assessment, A-7.
• [8] Mauderly J.L., 1992, Diesel exhaust, Environmental Toxicants: Human Exposures and Their Health Effects, ed. M Lippman (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold).
• [9] Ulfvarson, U., Alexandersson, R., Dahlgvist, M., Elkolm, U., Bergstrom, B., 1991, Pulmonary function in workers exposed to diesel exhausts: The effect of control measures,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 19, 3 (1991): 283–289.
• [10] Alver, F., Sarac, B.A., Şahin, U.A., 2018, Estimating of shipping emissions in the Samsun Port from 2010-2015. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9 (2018) 822-828, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.02.003
• [11] Goldsworthy, L., Goldsworthy, B., 2015, Modelling of ship engine exhaust emissions in ports and extensive coastal waters based on terrestrial AIS data; An Australian case study, Environmental Modelling & Software 63 (2015) 45-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.09.009.
• [12] Deniz, C., Kilic, A., 2009, Estimation and assessment of shipping emissions in the region of Ambarlı Port, Turkey, Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy 107-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.10373.
• [13] Lopez-Aparicio, S., Tønnesen, D., Thanh, T.N., Neilson, H., 2015, Shipping emissions in a Nordic port: Assessment of mitigation strategies, Transportation Research Part D 53 (2017) 205–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.04.021.
• [14] Popa, C., Filorin, N., 2014, Shipping Air Pollution Assessment. Study Case on Constanta Port, 14th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM 2014. doi:10.5593/sgem2014/b42/s19.067
• [15] Yang, D.Q., Kwan, S.H., Lu, T., Fu, Q.Y., Cheng, J.M., Streets, D.G., Wu, Y.M., Li, J.J., 2007, An emission inventory of marine vessels in Shanghai in 2003, Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 5183-5190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es061979c.
• [16] Lonati, G., Cernuschi, S., Sidi, S., 2010, Air quality impact assessment of at-berth ship emissions: Case-study for the project of a new freight port, Science of the Total Environment 409 (2010) 192–200. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.029.
• [17] Saraçoglu, H., Deniz, C., Kilic, A., 2013, An investigation on the effects of ship sourced emissions in Izmir port, Turkey, Sci. World J. 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/218324.
• [18] Song, S., 2014, Ship emissions inventory, social cost and eco-efficiency in Shanghai Yangshan port, Atmos. Environ. 82, 288-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.006.
• [19] Mersin, K., Bayırhan, İ., Gazioğlu, C., 2019, Review of CO2 Emission and Reducing Methods in Maritime Transportation, Thermal Sciences, 1-8.
• [20] Bayırhan, İ., Mersin, K., Tokuşlu, A., Gazioğlu, C., 2019, Modelling of Ship Originated Exhaust Gas Emissions in the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 6 (3), 238-243. DOI: 10.30897/ijegeo.641397. [21] Mersin, K., 2020, A New Method for Calculating Fuel Consumption by Using Speed Loss Function, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics (IJEGEO), 7(1): 64-67. DOI: 10.30897/ijegeo
• [22] Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı (ÇSB), 2017, Kuzey İç Anadolu Temiz Hava Merkez Müdürlüğü, Bartın İli Hava Kalitesi Analiz Raporu (2010-2016), 98s.
• [23] TMMOB Çevre Mühendisleri Odası, 2019, Hava Kirliliği Raporu 2018.
• [24] Karadeniz, V., 2010, A Sample to The Estuary Ports: The Port of Bartın, The Journal of International Social Research Volume: 3 Issue: 12 Summer 2010.
• [25] Trozzi, C., Vaccaro, R., 1998, Methodologies for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships. European Commission Under the Transport RTD Programme of the 4th Framework Programme Technical Report, Roma, Italy:Techne.
• [26] Trozzi, C., Vaccaro, R., 2006, Methodologies for estimating air pollutant emissions from ships: a 2006 update. Environment & Transport 2th International Scientific Symposium including 15th conference Transport and Air Pollution, Proceedings 108, 425, 12-14 June 2006, Reims, France.
• [27] Trozzi, C., 2010, Emissions estimate methodology for maritime navigation, Techne Consulting Report, San Antonio, Texas:Techne.
• [28] Corbett, J.J., Fishbeck, P.S., 1997,. Emissions from ships. Science, 5339, 823-824.
• [29] Davies, M.E., Plant, G., Cosslett, C., Harrop, O., Petts, J.W., 2000,. Final Report for European Commission Contract: Study on the Economic, Legal, Environmental and Practical İmplications of a European Union System to Reduce Ship Emissions of SO2 and NOX. England: BMT Murray Fenton Edon Liddiard Vince Limited.
• [30] Entec, 2002, European Commission Final Report: Quantification of emissions from ships associated with ship movements between ports in the European Community. England: Windsor House Gadbrook Business Centre.
• [31] Entec, 2005, European Commission, Directorate General Environment Service Contract on Ship Emissions: Assignment, Abatement and Market-based Instruments, Task 1 - Preliminary Assignment of Ship Emissions to European Countries, Final Report, August 2005
• [32] Environ International Corporation (EIC), 2012, Port of Oakland, Seaport Air Emissions Inventory, Novato, California November 5, 2013.
• [33] Tichavska, M., Tovar, B., 2015, Port-city exhaust emission model: An application to cruise and ferry operations in Las Palmas Port, Transportation Research Part A 78 (2015) 347–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.05.021.
• [34] Tokuşlu, A., 2020, Estimating Exhaust Gas Emissions from Ships on Port of Zonguldak, International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling, Vol. 3(2): 49-55.
• [35] Tokuşlu, A., 2020, Analyzing the Shipping Emissions in Port of Ereğli and Examining the Contribution of SOX Emissions Reduction to the Port Emissions, Journal of Environmental and Natural Studies, Vol. 2 (1), 23-33.
• [36] Tokuşlu, A., 2020, Assessing the Environmental Costs of Port Emissions: The Case of Trabzon Port, J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, Vol. 15(2): 127-134.
• [37] Berechman, J., Tseng, P.H., 2010, Estimating the environmental costs of port related emissions: The case of Kaohsiung, Transportation Research Part D 17 (2012) 35–38. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2011.09.009.
• [38] Maragkogianni, A., Papaefthimiou, S., 2015, Evaluating the social cost of cruise ships air emissions in major ports of Greece, Transportation Research Part D. 36 (2015), 10-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.02.014
• [39] Lee, P.T.W., Hu, K.C., Chen, T., 2010, External costs of domestic container transportation: short-sea shipping versus trucking in Taiwan, Transport Reviews 30, 315-335.