DİJİTAL ÇAĞDA ENTELEKTÜEL SERMAYENİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ VE ŞİRKETLERİN REKABET GÜÇLERİNE ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 18, 7 - 26, 31.12.2020

Türkmen Derdiyok Çağlar Doğru Serkan Ünal

Öz

İnternetin insan hayatına girmesiyle birlikte teknolojik gelişmelerde ciddi bir eğilim yakalanmış, bilişim teknolojilerini kullanarak dünya çapında etkinlik gösteren firmalar çok büyük ölçeklere ulaşabilmiştir. Bu dönemde şirketlerin sahip oldukları finansal sermayenin önemi görece azalırken, entelektüel sermaye çeşitli boyutlarıyla ön plana çıkmıştır. Sermayenin dönüşümü belirli şirketlerin çok yüksek satış hacmi ve kâr marjlarını yakalamasına fırsat verirken, küçük ve orta ölçekli birçok firma ise pazar paylarını kaybetmişler ya da gelirlerini teknoloji tekelleriyle paylaşmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Belirli alanlarda tekelleşen teknoloji şirketleri, üreten tüketici (prosumer) kavramının doğuşuyla önemli maliyet avantajları yakalamış ayrıca tüketiciye ait veriyi kullanarak hızla büyümeyi başarmışlardır. Bazı ülkeler büyük teknoloji şirketlerine ev sahipliği yaptıkları için bu dönüşümden karlı çıkarken, kalan çoğunluk ise hem beyin göçüne hem de gelir kaybına uğramıştır. ARGE yatırımları ve Teknoloji şirketlerinin ekonomideki ağırlığı düşünüldüğünde Türkiye’de gerekli dönüşümün henüz sağlanamadığı görülmektedir. Bu makalede, entelektüel sermayenin farklı bileşenleri ve sermayenin dönüşümü incelenmiştir ve Türkiye’deki karar vericiler için aksiyon önerileri sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entelektüel Sermaye, Üretim faktörleri, Sermayenin Dönüşümü

Kaynakça

• Aramburu, N., & Sáenz, J. (2011). Structural capital, innovation capability, and size effect: An empirical study. Journal of Management and Organization, 17(3), 307.
• Arvidsson, A., & Colleoni, E. (2012). Value in Informational Capitalism and on the Internet. The Information Society, 28(3), 135-150.
• Bandulet, M., & Morasch, K. (2005). Would you like to be a prosumer? Information revelation, personalization and price discrimination in electronic markets. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 12(2), 251-271.
• Barro, R. J. (2001). Human capital and growth. American economic review, 91(2), 12-17. Black, S. E., & Lynch, L. M. (2005). Measuring organizational capital in the new economy. In Measuring capital in the new economy (pp. 205-236). University of Chicago Press.
• Bloomberg. (2020). China Clear Winner in Trump's TikTok. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-24/china-clear-winner-in-trump-s-tiktok-showdown-with-china.
• Brander, J., & Song, V. (2019). Financial Structure and Oligopoly: The R&D Effect (Preliminary and Incomplete).
• Bontis, N. (1998). Intellectual capital: an exploratory study that develops measures and models. Management decision, 36(2), 63–76
• Bontis, N. (2001). Assessing knowledge assets: a review of the models used to measure intellectual capital. International journal of management reviews, 3(1), 41-60.
• Boyd, D., & Crawford, K. (2012). Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, communication & society, 15(5), 662-679.
• Burkholder, L. (2019). Philosophy and the Computer. Routledge.
• Carlson, A., & Isaacs, A. M. (2018). Technological capital: An alternative to the digital divide. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 46(2), 243-265.
• Chen, J., Zhu, Z., & Xie, H. Y. (2004). Measuring intellectual capital: a new model and empirical study. Journal of Intellectual capital, 5(1), 195-212
• Chen, M., Mao, S., & Liu, Y. (2014). Big data: A survey. Mobile networks and applications, 19(2), 171-209.
• Cantillon, R. (1755). Essay on the nature of general commerce. Henry Higgs, trans. London: Macmllan
• Cohen, S. S., & Fields, G. (1999). Social capital and capital gains in Silicon Valley. California management review, 41(2), 108-130.
• Choi, K. H., & Shin, S. (2015). Population aging, economic growth, and the social transmission of human capital: An analysis with an overlapping generations model. Economic modelling, 50, 138-147.
• Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American journal of sociology, 94, S95-S120.
• Dakhli, M., & De Clercq, D. (2004). Human capital, social capital, and innovation: a multi-country study. Entrepreneurship & regional development, 16(2), 107-128.
• Dean, A., & Kretschmer, M. (2007). Can ideas be capital? Factors of production in the postindustrial economy: A review and critique. Academy of Management Review, 32(2), 573-594.
• Deccanherald. (2020). Countries with the most Unicorns. Find out where India ranks. Retrieved from https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/countries-with-the-most-unicorns-find-out-where-india-ranks-858430
• Dolata, U. (2017). Apple, Amazon, Google, Facebook, Microsoft: Market concentration-competition-innovation strategies (No. 2017-01). SOI Discussion Paper.
• Dorrego, P. F., Costa, R., & Fernández, C. F. J. (2013). The influence of relational capital on product innovation performance at innovative SMEs. In Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Intellectual Capital: ECIC (p. 91).
• Edvinsson, L., & Richtner, A. (1999). Words of value – giving words to IC. Sweden: Skandia
• Ennew, C.T. & Binks, M.R. (1996). The impact of service quality and service characteristics on customer retention: The small businesses and their banks in the UK. British Journal of Management, 7, 219–230.
• Euronews. (2019). Türkiye'nin Ar-Ge harcaması ne kadar? En çok hangi ülkeler Ar-Ge'ye yatırım yapıyor? Erişim adresi: https://tr.euronews.com/2019/11/06/turkiye-nin-ar-ge-harcamasi-oecd-ortalamasinin-gerisinde-hangi-ulkeler-lider (25.11.2020)
• Finance.Yahoo. (2020). Tesla, Inc. (TSLA), Retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/TSLA?p=TSLA&.tsrc=fin-srch
• Fornell, C. (1992). A national customer satisfaction barometer: the Swedish experience. Journal of Marketing, 56(1), 6-21.
• Galbraith, J. K. (1969). The consequences of technology. Journal of Accountancy, 127(6), 44-56
• Galloway, S. (2017). The four: the hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook and Google. Random House.
• Gathmann, C., & Schönberg, U. (2010). How general is human capital? A task-based approach. Journal of Labor Economics, 28(1), 1-49.
• Grigoriev, S. N., Yeleneva, J. Y., Golovenchenko, A. A., & Andreev, V. N. (2014). Technological capital: a criterion of innovative development and an object of transfer in the modern economy. Procedia CIRP, 20, 56-61.
• Haskel, J., & Martin, C. (2001). Technology, wages, and skill shortages: evidence from UK micro data. Oxford Economic Papers, 53(4), 642-658.
• Hennings, K. H. (1990). Capital as a Factor of Production. In Capital Theory (pp. 108-122). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
• İşyatırım. (2020). Hisse Değerleri ve Oranları. Erişim adresi: https://www.isyatirim.com.tr/tr-tr/analiz/hisse/Sayfalar/Temel-Degerler-Ve-Oranlar.aspx?endeks=01#page-1 (25.11.2020)
• Kale, P., Singh, H., & Perlmutter, H. (2000). Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: Building relational capital. Strategic management journal, 21(3), 217-237.
• Keenan, J., & Aggestam, M. (2001). Corporate governance and intellectual capital: some conceptualisations. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 9(4), 259-275.
• Kızılkaya, Z. Z. (2020). Sosyal Medya Kullanıcılarının Metalaşması: YouTuberlar Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 35, 63-91. Martín-de-Castro, G., Delgado-Verde, M., López-Sáez, P., & Navas-López, J. E. (2011). Towards ‘an intellectual capital-based view of the firm’: origins and nature. Journal of business ethics, 98(4), 649-662.
• MIT. (2020). MIT Facts. Retrieved from https://web.mit.edu/facts/financial.html
• Economides, N. (2001). The Microsoft antitrust case. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 1(1), 7-39.
• Mjeda, T., Tomisa, M., & Milkovic, M. (2016). The impact of intellectual capital on firm's development. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 145.
• Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of management review, 23(2), 242-266.
• Nimtrakoon, S. (2015). The relationship between intellectual capital, firms’ market value and financial performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(3), 587-618.
• Ordóñez de Pablos, P. (2004). Measuring and reporting structural capital: Lessons from European learning firms. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 5(4), 629-647.
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (1999). Guidelines and instructions for OECD Symposium, International Symposium Measuring Reporting Intellectual Capital: Experiences, Issues, and Prospects, June, Amsterdam, OECD, Paris.
• Peck, H., Christopher, M., Clark, M., & Payne, A. (2013). Relationship marketing. Taylor & Francis.
• Pelinescu, E. (2015). The impact of human capital on economic growth. Procedia Economics and Finance, 22(1), 184-190.
• Petty, R., & Guthrie, J. (2000). Intellectual capital literature review. Journal of intellectual capital. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(2), 155-176.
• Pulic, A. (2004). Intellectual capital–does it create or destroy value?. Measuring Business Excellence, 8(1), 62-68
• Reynolds, M. (2017). If you can't build it, buy it: Google's biggest acquisitions mapped. Retrieved from https://www.wired.co.uk/article/google-acquisitions-data-visualisation-infoporn-waze-YouTube-android.
• Ritzer, G. (2015). Prosumer capitalism. The Sociological Quarterly, 56(3), 413-445.
• Ricardo, D. (1821). On the principles of political economy. London: J. Murray.
• Sadowski, J. (2019). When data is capital: Datafication, accumulation, and extraction. Big Data & Society, 6(1), 1-12.
• Saint-Onge, H. (1996). Tacit Knowledge: The Key to the Strategic Alignment of Intellectual Capita. Strategy & Leadership 24, 10–16
• Saxenian, A. (2002). Silicon Valley’s new immigrant high-growth entrepreneurs. Economic development quarterly, 16(1), 20-31.
• Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American economic review, 1-17.
• Siblisresearch. (2020). U.S. Stock Market Sector Weightings. Retrieved from https://siblisresearch.com/data/sp-500-sector-weightings/
• Smith, P. A. C. (2005). Knowledge sharing and strategic capital. The Learning Organization, 12(6), 563-574
• Smith, A. (2010). The Wealth of Nations: An inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations [1776]. Harriman House Limited.
• Togg. (2020). Keşfet, Erişim adresi: https://togg.com.tr/content/kesfet
• The Guardian. (2019). The Cambridge Analytica scandal changed the world – but it didn't change Facebook. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/mar/17/the-cambridge-analytica-scandal-changed-the-world-but-it-didnt-change-Facebook
• Toffler, A. (1980). The third wave/Alvin Toffler. New York: Morrow.
• Udemy. (2020). Home. Retrieved from https://about.udemy.com/?locale=tr-tr
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2019). Digital Economy Report 2019. Value Creation and Capture: Implications for Developing Countries.
• Wang, J. C. (2008). Investigating market value and intellectual capital for S&P 500. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9(4), 546-563.
• Wikipedia. (2020). List of public corporations by market capitalization. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization#2019
• Ycharts. (2020). S&P 500 Market Cap, Retrieved from https://ycharts.com/indicators/sp_500_market_cap Zaric, S., & Babic, V. (2016). Influence of human capital and the rule of law on gdp: European countries' comparıson. Knowledge International Journal, 15(2), 507-512.