TRAUMA ANALYSIS OF HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE ASSYRIAN TRADE COLONIES PERIOD AT KÜLTEPE, CENTRAL ANATOLIA/TURKEY

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 349 - 365, 30.06.2023

Tolga Köroğlu , Ayla Sevim Erol , Fikri Kulakoğlu

https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1284766

Cited By: 1

Öz

The subject of the study is the demographic analysis and traumas of the people who lived during the Middle Bronze Age Assyrian Trade Colonies Period, excavated from Kültepe on the Central Anatolian plateau. A total of 61 individuals were identified from the examined human skeletal remains, including 25 males, 24 females, 6 individuals of undetermined gender, and 6 children and adolescents. Various traumas were detected on the skeletal remains of these individuals. After analyzing the distribution of traumas based on age and gender, the types of these traumas were explained. Comparisons were made with other societies that existed in Anatolia during the same period. While various traumas caused by violence were encountered in other societies, it is understood that the traumas observed in the population of Kültepe were mainly the result of accidents, falls, and occupational incidents. It is stated that the inhabitants of Kültepe consisted of various ethnic communities. Archaeological studies indicate that the residents of Kültepe, comprised of multiple ethnic groups, lived in accordance with the laws and rules established by the regional authorities. The results obtained from human skeletal remains support these archaeological results.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kültepe, Middle Bronze Age, Skeletal Traumas, Anthropology, Bioarchaeology

KÜLTEPE (İÇ ANADOLU/TÜRKİYE) ASUR TİCARET KOLONİLERİ DÖNEMİNE AİT İNSAN İSKELET KALINTILARININ TRAVMA ANALİZİ

Öz

Çalışmanın konusunu, Orta Anadolu platosunda yer alan Kültepe’den çıkarılan ve Orta Tunç Çağı Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Dönemi’nde yaşamış insanların demografik analizi ve travmaları oluşturmaktadır. İncelenen insan iskelet kalıntılarından 25 erkek, 24 kadın, 6 cinsiyeti saptanamamış ve 6 çocuk ve adölesan olmak üzere toplam 61 birey saptanmıştır. Bireylere ait iskeletler üzerinde çeşitli travmalar saptanmıştır. Bireylerin yaş ve cinsiyete göre travma dağılımları yapıldıktan sonra, bu travmaların çeşitleri açıklanmıştır. Anadolu’da aynı dönemde yaşamış olan diğer toplumlar ile karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Diğer toplumlar içerisinde şiddet kaynaklı çeşitli travmalar ile karşılaşılırken, Kültepe popülasyonunda karşılaşılan travmaların kazalardan, düşmelerden ve mesleki travmalardan kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Yaşanılan dönemde Kültepe’nin sakinlerinin çeşitli etnik topluluklardan oluştuğu bilinmektedir. Çoklu etnik grupların oluşturduğu Kültepe sakinlerinin bölge yöneticilerinin oluşturduğu yasa ve kurallara uygun şekilde yaşadığı, arkeolojik çalışmalarda belirtilmektedir. İnsan iskelet kalıntılarından elde edilen sonuçlar, elde edilen arkeolojik sonuçları desteklemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kültepe, Orta Tunç Çağı, İskelet Travmaları, Antropoloji, Biyoarkeoloji

Kaynakça

• Agnew, A. M., Betsinger, T. K., & Justus, H. M. (2015). Post-Cranial Traumatic Injury Patterns in Two Medieval Polish Populations: The Effects of Lifestyle Differences. PLoS ONE 10 (6), 1-18.
• Alt, K. W., Rösing, F. W., & Teschler-Nicola, M. (1998). Dental Anthropology - An Introduction. K. W. Alt, F. W. Rösing, & M. Teschler-Nicola içinde, Dental Anthropology. Vienna: Springer.
• Amponsah, G., & Gorleku, P. N. (2015). Bony Injuries in Trauma Patients Diognased by Radiological Examination. Ghana Medical Journal Vol. 49 No. 2, 97-101.
• Atıcı, L. (2014). Food and Ethnicity at Kültepe-Kanesh: Preliminary Zooarchaeological Evidence. L. Atıcı, F. Kulakoğlu, G. Bajramovic, & A. Fairbairn in, Current Research at Kültepe/ Kanesh: An Interdisciplinary and Integrative Approach to Trade Networks (s. 195-212). Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
• Aufderheide, A. C., & Rodiguez-Martin, C. (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Baker, B., Dupras, T. J., & Tocheri, M. T. (2005). The Osteology of Infants and Children. Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
• Barjamovic, G., Hertel, T., & Larsen, M. T. (2012). Ups and Downs at Kanesh. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor Het Nabije Oosten.
• Bennike, P. (2008). Trauma. R. Pinhasi, & S. Mays in, Advances in Human Palaeopathology (s. 309-329). Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Brooks, S., & Suchey, J. M. (1990). Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: A comparison of the Acsádi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Hum. Evol. 5, 227-238.
• Brothwell, D. R. (1981). Digging up Bones. New York: Cornell University Press.
• Buikstra, J. E., & Ubelaker, D. (1994). Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. Fayetteville, Arkansas: Arkansas archeological survey research series no 44.
• Çeker, D. (2014). Adli Antropolojide Perimortem ve Postmortem Kırıkların Ayırımı ve Travma Analizlerindeki Önemi. Antropoloji 27, 47-64.
• Erdal, Y. S. (2005). İkiztepe Erken Tunç Çağı İnsanlarında Trepanasyon: Olası Nedenleri. 20. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı, 101-112.
• Erdal, Y. S. (2006). Cranial traumas and their probable reasons in İkiztepe (Northern Anatolia, Early Bronze Age Population). 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Madrid.
• Erdal, Y. S. (2010). İkiztepe Yerleşimi Işığında Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi İnsanlarının Antropolojik Analizi. Anadolu Araştırmaları 19 (1), 67-97.
• Galloway, A. (2014). The Upper Extremity Clavicle. V. L. Wedel, & A. Galloway in, Broken Bones: Anthropological Analysis of Blunt Force Trauma (s. 196198). Springfield: Charles C Thomas.
• Galloway, A., Zephro, L., & Wedel, V. L. (2014). Diagnostic Criteria for The Determination of Timing And Fracture Mechanism. V. L. Wedel, & A. Galloway in, Broken bones : anthropological analysis of blunt force trauma Second Edition (s. 47-58). Springfield Illinois: Charles C Thomas.
• Grauer, A. L., & Roberts, C. A. (1996). Paleoepidemiology, Healing, and Possible Treatment of Trauma in The Medieval Cemetery Population of St. Helen-on-The-Walls, York, England. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100 (4), 531-544.
• Güleç, E., & Açıkkol, A. (2000). Küçükhöyük İskeletler Serisinde Bir Trepanasyon Vakası. 16. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı, 71-80.
• Güleç, E., Yılmaz, H., Sevim, A., Şimşek, N., & Açıkkol, A. (2004). Çavlum Toplumunda Bir Trepanasyon Olgusu. 19. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı, 40-50.
• İşcan, Y., & Kennedy, K. A. (1989). Reconstruction of life from the skeleton. New York: Wiley-Liss. Judd, M. (2002). Ancient Injury Recidivism: An Example from The Kerma Period of Ancient Nubia. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 12, 86-106.
• Khudaverdyan, A. Y. (2012). Bioarchaeological Analysis of Human Skeletal Remains of Iron Age from the Shirakavan Cemetery, Shirak Plateau, Armenia. Advances in Anthropology 2, 224-233.
• Kulakoğlu, F. (2011). Kültepe Kaniş Karumu: Anadolu’nun En Eski Uluslararası Ticaret Merkezi. Anadolu’nun Önsözü Kültepe-Kaniš Karumu, 40-51.
• Larsen, C. S. (1998). Bioarchaeology Interpreting behavior from the human skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Licata, M., Ronga, M., Cherubino, P., & Armocida, G. (2014). Different Types of Traumatic Lesions on Mediaeval Skeletons from Archaeological Sites in Varese (North Italy): Diagnosis on Ante Mortal Fractures Using Macroscopic, Radiological and CT Analysis. Injury 45.
• Lovejoy, C. O., Meindl, R. S., Pryzbeck, T. R., & Mensforth, R. P. (1985). Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: A new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 15-28.
• Lowell, N. C. (2008). Analysis and interpretation of skeletal trauma. M. A. Katzenberg, & S. R. Saunders in, Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton (s. 341-386). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
• Mann, R. W., & Hunt, D. R. (2005). Photographic regional atlas of bone disease : a guide to pathologic and normal variation in the human skeleton. Springfield: Charles C Thomas Publisher LTD.
• Mays, S. (1998). The Archaeology of Human Bones. New York: Routledge.
• Merbs, C. F. (1983). Patterns of activity-induced pathology in a Canadian Inuit population. national museum of man mercury series archaeological survey of Canada, Paper No.119.
• Milner, G. R., & Smith, V. G. (1989). Carnivore Alteration of Human Bone from a Late Prehistoric Site in Illinois. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 79, 43-49.
• Novak, M., & Slaus, M. (2010). Bone Traumas in Late Antique Populations from Croatia. Collegium Anthropologicum 34 (4), 1239-1248.
• Orthoinfo. (2022, 05 03). Distal Femur (Thighbone) Fractures of the Knee. https://orthoinfo.aaos.org: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/distal-femur-thighbone-fractures-of-the-knee/ adresinden alındı
• Ortner, D. J., & Putschar, W. G. (1985). Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
• Özgüç, T. (2003). Kültepe/Kaniş-Neşa. The Earliest International Trade Center and the Oldest Capital City of the Hittites. İstanbul: The Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan.
• Özgüç, T. (2005). Kültepe - Kanis / Nesa. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları. Paladini, P., Pellegrini, A., Merolla, G., Campi, F., & Porcellini, G. (2012). Treatment of Clevicle Fractures. Translational Medicine 2 (6), 47-58.
• Phenice, T. W. (1969). A newly developed visual method of sexing the os pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 30, 297-302.
• Robinson, C. M. (1998). Fractures of The Clavicle in The Adult: Epidemiology and Classification. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 80 (3), 476-484.
• Rogers, J., & Waldron, T. (1995). A Field Guide to Joint Disease in Archaeology. New York: Wiley.
• Rösing, F. W., Graw, M., Marre, B., Ritz-Timme, S., Rothschild, M. A., Rötzscher, K., . . . Geserick, G. (2007). Recommendations for the forensic diagnosis of sex and age from skeletons. Journal of Comparative Human Biology 58, 75-89.
• Sauer, N. J. (1998). The timing of injuries and manner of death: Distinguishing among antemortem, perimortem and postmortem trauma. K. Reichs in, Forensic Osteology (s. 321-332). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
• Scheuer, L., & Black, S. (2000). Developmental Juvenile Osteology . San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press. Sevim, A., Pehlevan, C., Arman, O., Yiğit , A., & Güleç, E. (1999). Birecik Barajı Eski Tunç Mezarlığı’ndan Çıkarılan İskeletlerin Paleantropolojik Analizi. 14. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı, 65-73.
• Sigurdardottir, K., Halldorsson, S., & Robertsson, J. (2011). Epidemiology and Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures in Reykjavik, Iceland, in 2004. Acta Orthopaedica, 82:4, 494-498.
• Smith, M. O. (1997). Osteological indications of warfare in the Archaic period of the western Tennessee Valley.
• D. Martin, & D. Frayer in, Troubled Times: Violence and Warfare in the Past. Langhorne: Gordon and Breach.
• Steyn, M., İşcan, M. Y., De Kock, Kranioti, E. F., Michalodimitrakis , M., & L'abbe, E. N. (2010). Analysis of Ante Mortem Trauma in Three Modern Skeletal Populations. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 20, 561-571.
• Surul, Ö., Erkman, A. C., Türktüzün, M., Alkan, Y., Sağır, S., & Şimşek , Ö. (2011). Çiledir Höyük ve Tokul Şapel Kazısı İskeletlerinin Paleoantropolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. 27. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı, 179-195.
• Şenyürek, M. S. (1952). A Study Of The Human Skeletons From Kültepe, Excavated Under The Auspıces - Of The Turkish Historical Society. Belleten 63, 323-343.
• Ubelaker, D. H. (1981). Ayalán Cemetery: A Late Integration Period Burial Site on the South Coast of Ecuador. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
• Ubelaker, D. H. (1989). Human Skeletal Remains. Washington: Taraxacum.
• Üstündağ, H. (2014). Human Remains from Kültepe-Kanesh: Preliminary Results of the Old Assyrian Burials from the 2005-2008 Excavations. L. Atıcı, F. Kulakoğlu, G. Bajramovic, & A. Fairbairn in, Current Research at Kültepe-Kanesh. An Interdisciplinary and Integrative Approach to Trade Networks, Internationalism, and Identity (s. 157-176). Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
• Van Staa, T. P., Dennisson, E. M., Leufkens, H. G., & Cooper, C. (2001). Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales. Bone 6, 517-522.
• Walker, P. L. (2001). A Bioarchaeological Perspective on The History of Violence. Annual Review of Anthropology 30, 573-596.
• WEA. (1980). Recommendations for Age and Sex Diagnosis of Skeletons. Journal of Human Evolution 9, 517-549.
• Wurmb-Schwark, N., Ringleb, A., Gebühr, M., & Simeoni, E. (2005). Genetic Analysis of Modern and Historical Burned Human Remains. Anthropologischer Anzeiger 63, 1-12.
• Yiğit, A., Gözlük Kırmızıoğlu, P., & Yavuz, A. (2007). Nif Olympos Dağ Kazısı. 23. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı, 111-126.
• Yüce, A. (2021). An Evaluation of the Mechanisms of Isolated Orthopedic Injuries in Farm Accidents. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 187-193.
• Zimmerman, M. R., & Kelley, M. A. (1982). Atlas of human paleopathology. New York: Preager.